老年人居家和社区养老服务利用影响因素研究——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

本文利用北京大学国家发展研究院(CCER)发布的中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS),以安德森医疗服务利用行为模型为分析框架,实证研究了影响我国老年人居家和社区养老服务利用的因素。统计分析结果显示,我国老年人居家和社区养老服务的利用程度整体偏低,其中社区养老服务的利用程度高于居家养老服务;影响我国老年人居家和社区养老服务利用的因素有所交集,但不完全相同。为提高我国老年人居家和社区养老服务利用程度,促进我国养老照护事业发展,应加大政策宣传、提升认知程度,完善基层功能、提升服务质量,重视预防保健、强化精神慰藉,做好需求评估、实现精准供给。     

社区居家养老意愿下居住方式和子女支持对老年人基层卫生服务需求的影响

目的:探讨居住方式和子女支持对老年人基层卫生服务需求的影响,使基层卫生服务更具针对性,以满足不同居家类型老年人的卫生服务需求.方法:利用2016年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,采用负二项Hurdle回归模型(NBH模型)分析.结果:与子女同住会显著提高城乡居家老年人对基层卫生服务的需求(P<0.05),子女经济支持则会显著...     

我国居家老人对社区三类健康服务需求的影响因素分析

目的 综合分析我国居家老人对社区保健知识、精神蔚籍和上门看病送药三类健康服务需求的影响因素。方法 利用CLHLS2017—2018调查数据,运用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析,采用二元logistic回归分析方法,探寻我国居家老人对社区三类健康服务需求的影响因素。结果 我国居家老人社区三类健康服务（保健知识:χ2 = 935.263,P＜0.001;精神蔚籍:χ2 = 406.578,P＜0.001;上门看病送药:χ2 = 325.448,P＜0.001）的需求与供给差异显著;除居住地、退休前职业、地区和抑郁程度是影响居家老人对三类健康服务需求的共同因素之外,两周患病（否:OR = 1.282,95%CI:1.072～1.534,P = 0.007）、每年体检（是:OR = 1.19,95%CI:1.021～1.387,P = 0.026）以及高血压诊断（否:OR = 1.224,95%CI:1.045～1.433,P = 0.012）等也影响居家老人对保健知识的需求,居住方式（独居:OR = 1.321,95%CI:1.094～1.594,P = 0.004）也影响居家老人对精神蔚籍的需求,年龄（70～79岁:OR = 0.792,95%CI:0.649～0.966,P = 0.022）和每年体检（是:OR = 0.821,95%CI:0.716～0.941,P = 0.005）也影响居家老人对上门看病送药的需求。结论 建议社区卫生机构全方位开展对健康居家老人的保健知识宣传;重视对独居和抑郁居家老人的心理健康服务;权衡自身资源和居家老人的实际情况,逐步推进上门看病送药服务。     

A Description of the Health Needs of Elderly Home Care Patients with Chronic Illness

Although trends in health care point to the increasing use of home health services in caring for the chronically ill elderly, little attention has been focused on assessing the specific services that these patients perceive as most needed. Twenty eight elderly patients with chronic illness who had been referred for home health agency service self reported their functional status using items from the Barthel Index. These patients also ranked their perceived need for 32 home health services derived from the literature on a four point Likert scale. The items which averaged more than "little need" were: heavy lifting, assessment of a health condition, having questions answered, coordination of services, physical or occupational therapy, help obtaining special equipment, help organizing the home, checking on the elder, collecting laboratory specimens, teaching about diet and nutrition, referrals to community groups, help coping with stress or fears and companionship. There was a significant negative relationship between functional status scores and perceived needs (p < .05). Patients with higher functional status scores perceived less need for services. This data indicates that functional status measures are good indicators of the degree of perceived need for home health services. Continued research in home care is imperative if effective services aimed at the multiple needs of the chronically ill aging population and their families are to be developed.     

A description of the health needs of elderly home care patients with chronic illness.

Although trends in health care point to the increasing use of home health services in caring for the chronically ill elderly, little attention has been focused on assessing the specific services that these patients perceive as most needed. Twenty eight elderly patients with chronic illness who had been referred for home health agency service self reported their functional status using items from the Barthel Index. These patients also ranked their perceived need for 32 home health services derived from the literature on a four point Likert scale. The items which averaged more than "little need" were: heavy lifting, assessment of a health condition, having questions answered, coordination of services, physical or occupational therapy, help obtaining special equipment, help organizing the home, checking on the elder, collecting laboratory specimens, teaching about diet and nutrition, referrals to community groups, help coping with stress or fears and companionship. There was a significant negative relationship between functional status scores and perceived needs (p less than .05). Patients with higher functional status scores perceived less need for services. This data indicates that functional status measures are good indicators of the degree of perceived need for home health services. Continued research in home care is imperative if effective services aimed at the multiple needs of the chronically ill aging population and their families are to be developed.     

The unmet needs of the elderly with diabetes in home health care

The implementation of the Prospective Payment System (PPS) in Medicare home health care has raised concern about health outcomes of elderly patients since its intention is to curb spending. This study examines the unmet needs of older diabetic patients while receiving home health care and post-discharge from home health care (N = 129) in order to explore any effects of PPS on patients' need. The study found that a higher proportion of elders had unmet needs 30 days post-discharge compared with while receiving home health care. The specific unmet needs identified by the elderly diabetic patients included social work services, home health aide, homemaker services, and need for medical equipment. The study explores the role of social work to better manage the unmet needs of diabetic elders who live in the community.     

北京市失能老人社区照顾现状及需求分析

目的:通过研究北京市失能老人的社区照料现状与需求,为完善老人社区照顾体系提供建议。方法:利用北京市社区老人社会支持状况调查数据,运用描述性统计分析、单因素卡方检验及多元Logistic回归分析方法,对失能老人的社会照顾情况进行分析。结果:失能老人健康状况不容乐观,其对社区提供公益性医疗卫生服务和为老设施建设均有很高需求,对社区提供钟点工入户、日间照料、志愿者服务也有需求,但社区供给服务与设施建设不足。结论:我国失能老人基数大、增长快,但社区照顾供给不足,难以满足老人的需求,亟需完善社区医疗卫生服务建设与社区居家照顾体系。     

徐州市主城区高知老年人养老需求及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨高知老年人的养老需求特征及其影响因素。方法 采取分层整群随机抽样的方法对徐州市主城区988位高知老年人进行入户调查;应用二分类Logistic回归分析养老需求的影响因素。结果 高知老年人的养老需求程度由高到低依次为:医疗保健(3.50±2.13)分、居住环境改造(2.85±2.22)分、精神生活(2.13±2.01)分、生活照料(0.82±1.63)分;独居、患慢性疾病、自觉健康状况较差、对老年生活满意度感觉一般的老年人对生活照料、医疗保健服务需求较高;独居、小学学历、低收入、采取社区养老的老年人对居住环境改造、精神生活服务需求较高。结论 高知老年人对医疗保健、居住环境服务需求较高,应根据老年人特征与需求完善社区医疗与养老环境建设,推动社区医疗与养老融合发展。     

海南省居家老年人长期照护服务需求调查研究

目的 了解海南省社区居家老年人长期照护服务需求现状及其影响因素,为完善精准供给策略提供参考依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取海南省10个市县2 346例老年人进行问卷调查;采用单因素及多重线性回归分析方法分析影响老年人长期照护服务需求的因素。结果 老年人长期照护服务需求总得分为（39.96±4.71）,其中,医疗保健服务需求子维度得分最高（13.35±2.21）;社会参与需求子维度得分最低（7.70±1.34）。单因素分析结果显示:性别（t = - 2.892）、年龄（F = 54.328）、户籍类型（t = - 2.749）、户籍地（t = 2.604）、婚姻状况（t = - 4.869）和文化程度（F = 10.823）对长期照护服务需求总得分有影响,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多重线性回归分析结果显示:性别（β = 0.530,95%CI:0.150～0.910）、年龄（β = 1.175,95%CI:0.908～1.443）、户籍类型（β = 0.463,95%CI:0.074～0.852）、户籍地（β = - 0.691,95%CI: - 1.356～ - 0.026）和婚姻状况（β = 0.620,95%CI:0.098～1.142）是长期照护服务需求总得分的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论 不同特征老年人长期照护服务需求具有差异性,应以多样化多层次需求为导向,实现社区居家长期照护服务的精准化供给。     

Explaining Inequality in the Use of Public Health Care Services: Evidence from Spain

The aim of this article is to identify those factors which produce differences in the use of public health care services among individuals whose medical needs are similar. The empirical analysis employs Spanish data for three separate years and obtains results for four types of medical attention: visits to a GP, visits to a specialist, visits to the emergency services and hospital inpatient days. The results show that the influence of demand factors upon the probability of consuming more medical attention than expected depends on the type of health care considered.In addition, the minimal impact of supply factors is demonstrated.     

社区居家养老和机构养老老年人 长期照护需求Meta分析*

摘 要：目的：整合国内外社区居家养老和机构养老老年人长期照护需求的质性研究并进行对比分析,为不同养老方式 下老年人长期照护服务内容的设计与完善提供参考。方法：检索国内外数据库 PubMed、CRS核心论文数据库、Web of Sci⁃ ence、中国知网、万方数据库和维普期刊资源整合数据库中建库至2022年10月的文献,筛选与老年人长期照护需求相关的 质性研究。采用 《澳大利亚 JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准》 对文献质量进行评价,对文献结果进行 Meta整 合。结果：共纳入8篇文献,提炼出42个主题,归纳成10个新类别,即基本生活照料、临床医疗服务、康复保健服务、精 神心理支持、社会环境与功能支持、政策支持、经济支持、信息支持、支持性服务和社会功能维持。结论：老年人长期照护 需求具有多样化、个性化的特点。社区应加强支持性服务,机构应重视对老年人的精神心理支持,满足老年人在不同养老方 式下的长期照护需求,健全多元化养老服务体系,进一步完善长期照护服务。     

Inter-organizational networks on the Dutch home health care market

The demand for home care in the Netherlands is growing and changing. A decreasing rate of institutionalization, combined with an increasing number of elderly people with special age-related, often complex health problems, has led to new groups of patients, to be cared for in their home settings. This requires a strong coordination of services between suppliers from the primary and secondary health care sectors. In order to promote coordinated care, Dutch health care providers are building inter-organizational networks. The development of such arrangements was the target of 12 demonstration projects, selected by the Ministry of Health for the National Home Care Programme. This article presents some of the results of an evaluation study of the Programme, with special attention given to the question of the extent to which such inter-organizational networks contribute to the balance between quality and cost.     

Client demands and the allocation of home care in the Netherlands. A multinomial logit model of client types,care needs and referrals

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the volume and composition of referrals to home care on the basis of applicant characteristics. The relationships between the background and care needs of applicant groups on the one hand and the referral of home care packages on the other, are studied by means of a multinomial logit model. The model is estimated on the basis of more than 7000 requests for home care in the northern part of the Netherlands. Home health care institutions have to deal with clients who arrive from many different branches of the health care system. As a result the services or products provided by home health care institutions are characterized by wide variation. In the modeling emphasis has, therefore, been placed on the differentiation of clients and products. We find for instance that elderly chronically ill applicants have a greater chance of being referred for domestic help only, while applicants with psychosocial disorders are more liable to be offered packages that include social support. Patients discharged from hospital have a greater chance of a referral to domestic help only when they are slightly disabled, and are more likely to be offered packages including physical care when they are more disabled. The model has a range of policy applications in assessing the impact of changes in the health care system on the volume and structure of the demand for home care services. Examples are presented of the consequences of the ageing population and earlier discharge from hospitals on demand for home care packages.     

东部地区社区居家医养结合服务老年人生命质量研究

目的 了解东部地区社区居家医养结合服务老年人生命质量状况,并探讨其影响因素,为我国政府制定促进健康老龄化政策提供理论依据。方法 采用多阶段分层抽样的方法,对苏州、广州两地接受社区居家医养结合服务的老年人进行问卷调查。使用欧洲5维健康量表(EQ-5D量表)计算其健康效用值,单因素分析使用秩和检验,多因素分析使用Tobit回归模型。结果 社区居家医养结合服务老年人健康效用值中位数为0.699。在5个维度中,存在困难比例依次为日常活动能力(56.8%)、行动能力(55.0%)、自我照顾能力(50.8%)、疼痛/不适(42.0%)、焦虑/抑郁(24.7%)。Tobit回归模型结果显示：城镇职工基本医疗保险、月收入1 001～5 000元、未患有慢性病、每日睡眠时间6～8 h是东部地区社区居家医养结合服务老年人健康相关生命质量的保护因素。结论 东部地区社区居家医养结合服务老年人生命质量较差,需采取针对性措施改善社区居家医养结合服务老年人生命质量。     

青岛市社区虚拟养老需求现状及影响因素的调查分析

目的 调查与分析青岛市社区虚拟养老需求现状及影响因素.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,选取青岛市6个主城区的12所社区中符合纳入标准的600名老年人进行问卷调查.主要采用描述性分析、卡方检验、二分类Logistic回归进行统计分析.结果 当前老年人对社区虚拟养老需求主要集中在医疗保健服务、日常生活照料、家政服务和精神文...     

农村养老院老人医养结合服务需求现状及影响因素分析

目的了解农村养老院老人的医养结合服务需求,并分析其影响因素,为采取针对性干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用自行设计并经过信效度检验的《农村养老院老人医养结合服务需求问卷》,便利选取河南省部分地区农村养老院470名老人进行问卷调查。结果农村养老院老人医养结合服务需求总得分为(111.18±13.06)分,平均得分为(3.97±0.47)分,处于较高水平,其中各维度平均得分为:精神文化娱乐(4.75±0.38)、健康指导服务(4.09±0.52)、日常生活照料(3.93±0.69)、医疗康复护理(3.74±0.56)、后勤保障服务(3.73±0.77),多元回归分析结果得自理情况、经济来源、每月医疗费用、每月养老费用、入住时长是影响农村养老院老人医养结合需求的因素(P<0.05)。结论农村养老院老人医养结合服务需求较大,尤其在精神文化娱乐及健康指导服务方面,亟待整合多方优质医疗资源、建立家庭社会支持网络等,以全面推行农村医养结合。     

The use of long-term care services by the Dutch elderly

The main focus of this paper is the development of an appropriate framework to characterize the process of long-term care utilization by the Dutch elderly. Three broad categories of care services are considered, namely, informal care, formal care at home, and institutional care. The use of these care alternatives is modelled jointly, and stochastic dependence is allowed between the various care options. Special attention is given to the concept of health status and to the potential endogeneity of this variable in the model. We apply a flexible non-parametric method to summarize the multidimensional concept of health status into a limited set of interpretable indices. The model is applied on the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam (LASA). We find strong effects of health status, gender, socio-economic variables, and prices on the utilization of long-term care services.     

家庭无酬照料劳动供给对中老年人健康的影响

伴随人口老龄化的加剧与三孩政策的放开,照料需求也不断增长。在有酬照料服务供给相对不足且质量欠佳,女性越来越多地进入劳动力市场的背景下,由中老年群体提供家庭照料成为了理性的选择。本文利用CHARLS数据库,构建面板数据固定效应模型,探究了家庭无酬照料劳动供给对中老年群体健康的影响。结果表明,提供家庭照料劳动对中老年群体的身体健康不存在显著性影响,但对其精神健康存在显著的负面冲击。提供家庭照料劳动对女性中老年人与农村中老年人精神健康的负面影响更强。中介效应分析表明,家庭照料劳动通过增加家庭总支出与减少花费在主要工作上的工作时间两种渠道对精神健康产生影响。文章最后从关注弱势群体精神健康、增加公共照料服务供给等角度提出了政策建议。     

Factors associated with health care utilization by the elderly in a public health care system

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the factors associated with the use of health care services by the elderly residing in the community. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 787 elderly people over 64 years of age from Albacete City (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). The study was carried out by personal home interviews during a 9-month period. The dependent variables were: health care utilization, and characteristics. The independent variables were: self-reported health status, self-reported morbidity, medication use, functional status, mental health, lifestyle habits, social support, and sociodemographic status. RESULTS: The health care services were used by 74.5% in the last 3 months of which 59.4% were general practitioner visits, 18.4% were to nursing staff, and 16.5% were specialist visits. Laboratory tests were performed in 39.2% and radiological examinations in 24.9%. Emergency visits accounted for 2.4%, and hospitalization, 2.9%. Users of health care services among the elderly population were objectively more ill, although there was a group of healthy individuals who also visited the physician and a large group of elderly with considerable health problems who never saw their physician. In the multivariate analysis, general practitioner utilization was independently associated with a perceived unmet need for care (OR = 3.15), a negative self-reported health status (OR = 2.51), and a lower educational level (OR = 2.41). CONCLUSIONS: Subjective factors as perceived need for care, a negative self-reported health status and lower educational level are important factors that influence in the utilization of health care services.