几种工业X射线机防护性能监测与评价

为对X射线机防护性能做出评价 ,按照国家规定的放射卫生防护监测方法进行测试 ,结果9台工业探伤机X射线管1m处的泄漏辐射空气比释动能率监测有7台合格 ,合格率为77.78 %(其中有一个测试点超标即为不合格)。要进一步搞好防护管理 ,保障工业探伤人员及探伤场所周围公众的健康与安全     

浅谈医学科研物资应急保障体系的建立

目的:保障在公共卫生学、流行病学及突发事件等疾病控制预防方面承担国家下达的多项医学应急救治等研究任务的完成.方法:科研物资保障部门通过信息保障、储备保障、配送保障、机关协调以及企业直接参与等方式建立应急保障体系.结果:完成了“SARS”、“H1N1”病毒以及“抗震救灾”等一系列公共卫生突发事件所急需的检测试剂盒和应急物资保障任务.结论:通过应急保障体系的建立,科学、合理地储备应急物资可最大限度的缩短应急物资到货时间,及时保证应急研究工作的顺利开展,为应急科研公关项目的完成提供有力地条件支撑.     

Development of composite materials for non-leaded gloves for use in radiological hand protection

Lead is a hazardous material, and the U.S. Congress has mandated the rapid reduction of all hazardous waste generation as a matter of national policy. With the large amount of plutonium handling in numerous projects including the development of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel, 238Pu power sources, etc., hand glove protection for the emitted alpha, beta, and low energy photons is an important issue. Leaded gloves are the prime shields used for radiological hand protection. U.S. Department of Energy laboratories require a substitute material for the lead oxide in the gloves as a way to reduce mixed waste. To solve this problem, a new blend of non-hazardous materials that have the same radiological properties and approximately the same cost of production have been investigated. The investigations have produced alternative materials using calculations and experiments. The selection of the constituent compounds for the new composite materials was based on the k-absorption edge energy of the main constituent element(s) in the compounds. The formulations of these composites were fashioned on the principle of blending Neoprene rubber formulation with several constituent compounds. Calculations based on the Lambert-Beer attenuation law together with the mass attenuation coefficient values from the XCOM cross section database program were used to determine the transmission fractions of these proposed composite materials. Selected composite materials that compared favorably with the leaded-Neoprene were fabricated. These fabricated composite materials were tested with attenuation experiments and the results were in excellent agreement with the calculations using the Lambert-Beer attenuation law.     

有害职业呼吸防护用品使用前培训工作重要性的研究

据报告,我国接触生产性粉尘的作业工人占工人总数的16.3%,虽然各种防尘设备发展很快,但是部分作业场所粉尘浓度仍然不能完全控制在国家职业卫生允许限值以下,并且个别场所无法安装防尘设备,这时需要使用有效的呼吸防护用品来保护作业者的健康。个人呼吸防护用品(PPT)是利用与佩戴者脸部紧     

生物防护服穿透性噬菌体指标筛选

目的 研究PhiX-174、f₂、MS₂3种噬菌体的生物学性质,为生物防护服抗微生物悬浮液穿透性能评价选择合适的指示噬菌体.方法 从噬菌体形态大小、繁殖能力、耐压性及其所形成噬菌斑的特征等方面,对PhiX-174、f₂、MS₂3种噬菌体的生物学性质进行观察.结果 PhiX-174形成噬菌斑最大、形成时间最短,培养5h后,噬菌斑直径可达2.57mm,繁殖能力最强,4h即可迅速增殖到1.67×10¹⁰PFU/mL,最终可达10¹²PFU/mL以上,3种噬菌体大小相当,直径均为25nm左右,远小于人类血源性病毒和呼吸道病毒,均有一定耐压力,在1.75、3.5、7、14、20kPa下作用5min后,均未见噬菌体滴度明显减少.结论 噬菌体PhiX-174最适于作为生物防护服尤其高危生物污染环境作业人员防护服抗病毒效果评价的指示病毒.     

Common materials for emergency respiratory protection: leakage tests with a manikin

In areas where respirators are not routinely used, emergencies (such as fires) may occur in which protection from airborne particles is necessary. The following readily available materials were tested on a manikin connected to a breathing simulator to determine the fraction of an approximately 2-micron diameter aerosol that would leak around the seal between the materials and the manikin's face: cotton/polyester shirt material, cotton handkerchief material, toweling (a wash cloth), a surgical mask (Johnson & Johnson Co., Model HRI 8137), and a NIOSH-approved disposable face mask (3M Corp., Model #8710). The leakage tests were done to supplement the measurements of penetration through the materials reported previously. Leakage fractions were determined by comparing the penetration of the same aerosol for the materials held to the face versus being fully taped to the face. At a breathing rate of 37 liters per minute, mean leakages for the materials ranged from 0.0 percent to 63 percent, depending on the material. Mean penetrations exclusive of leakage ranged from 0.6 percent to 39 percent. Use of nylon hosiery material ("panty hose") to hold the handkerchief material or the disposable face mask to the face was found to be very effective in preventing leakage. Such a combination could be expected to reduce leakage around the handkerchief to about 10 percent or less in practice, and around the mask to less than one percent, which suggests the adaptation and use of such an approach for industrial hygiene.     

13家医疗体检机构车载式诊断X射线机放射防护检测结果分析

目的 调查广州13家私营体检机构13台车载式诊断X射线机放射影像质量、防护性能参数和防护情况。
方法 按照GBZ 264-2015、GBZ 130-2013和WS 76-2011等标准规范进行检测。
结果 车载式X射线机房射线泄漏的点集中位于防护门缝、车体机房外左右两侧及车头处。13家单位的车载式诊断X射线机中, 有8家机构14处机房存在防护门门缝泄漏现象, 超过2.5 μSv/h, 最高达到6.64 μSv/h; 6家机构12处车体两侧超过2.5 μSv/h, 最高达到7.57 μSv/h, 3家机构车头处超过2.5 μSv/h, 最高达到4.7 μSv/h。其余机房外的周围剂量当量率均符合《医用X射线诊断放射防护要求》(GBZ 130-2013)的要求。防护性能方面, "管电压指示偏离" "输出量重复性""输出量线性"合格率均为92.3%, "光野与照射野四边的偏离"合格率为84.6%, 其余检测指标项目均为合格。
结论 车载X射线机的防护门、车体两侧及车头处超标较为严重, 建议放射科医生每次作业时进行巡检。同时应加大自主监测和巡检的力度, 保障医疗放射人员的职业健康。
     

Evaluation of various clothing materials for protection and worker acceptability during application of pesticides

Seven different garment materials were examined for resistance to penetration by eight commonly used sprays and one concentrated pesticide formulation. The lightweight materials were four types of spunbonded olefin and a water repellent cellulostic and were compared to heavy cotton drill and rubberized cotton. The latter two materials are used for making coveralls and raingear commonly employed as applicator's protective clothing. Penetration tests were designed to mimic repeated exposure to drifting spray and exposure to concentrated pesticide formulation splashed on a worker during preparation of spray. Lightweight materials were penetrated by more pesticide than would penetrate rubberized rainwear. All of the materials tested would provide significant protection for applicators who chose to wear only short-sleeved shirts and cotton trousers during hot weather rather than endure the discomfort of rubberized cotton garments. Only polyethylene-coated spunbonded olefin and rubberized cotton provided adequate protection against concentrated pesticide formulations. In direct sunlight, the interior surface temperatures of black or dark green, rubberized raingear averaged 70°C (158°F) and reached as high as 83°C (181°F). Under similar conditions the interior surface of white, lightweight jackets averaged 40°C (104°F). Cellulostic material tore too easily for use in orchard spraying. Some garments leaked around the seams, but this may be corrected by use of other seam designs. Spraymen indicated they would wear lightweight garments during hot weather.