慢性肛裂发病机理和外科治疗并发症的重点评估(英)

对慢性肛裂的发病机理与括约肌张力亢进的关系尚有争论，自1971年开展外侧内括约肌切开术(LIS)以来，该手术已成为慢性肛裂的首选治疗，但仍有一定的并发症率。作者在1990~1991年连续对44例慢性肛裂施行LIS，重点对上述问题进行了探讨。在皮下采     

改良侧方外括约肌皮下部切断、内括约肌松解术治疗陈旧性肛裂的效果分析

目的探讨改良侧方外括约肌皮下部切断、内括约肌松解术治疗陈旧性肛裂的效果。方法选取2016-06—2018-03间商水县中医院收治的92例陈旧性肛裂患者,根据治疗方案不同分为2组,各46例。对照组采用内括约肌松解术,观察组采用改良侧方外括约肌皮下部切断、内括约肌松解术。比较2组疗效、术后创面愈合时间及疼痛时间等指标。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,创面愈合时间、疼痛持续时间短于对照组,并发症总发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良侧方外括约肌皮下部切断、内括约肌松解术治疗陈旧性肛裂,能有效降低术后并发症发生率,促进患者康复,疗效显著。     

内括约肌侧切术治疗慢性肛裂66例临床观察

肛裂是一种常见的肛管疾患,好发于青壮年,男略多于女。内括约肌痉挛和收缩是造成慢性肛裂的主要原因,如早期不及时治疗,可转为慢性。作者采用开放式内括约肌侧方切断术治疗慢性肛裂66例,效果良好。现报道如下:     

两种内括约肌切断术治疗慢性肛裂286例疗效比较

为观察两种内括约肌切断术治疗慢性肛裂的效果,将286例肛裂患者分为两组,I组采用肛裂切除术加后位内括约肌切断术．Ⅱ组采用侧方皮下内括约肌切断术进行治疗。结果显示,两组近期均治愈,I组术中出血较多,创口愈合慢,但肛门括约肌松解彻底,无复发,术后并发症少;Ⅱ组术中出血较少,创口愈合快,但易形成血肿,易复发。结果表明,对慢性肛裂患者行内括约肌切断术治疗应视其具体情况而定,术式选择应个体化。     

括约肌切断术治疗陈旧性肛裂之我见

陈旧性肛裂的治疗．绝大多数学者主张采用切断部分括约肌的方法。我国流行的侧方括约肌切断术，疗效较好，复发率也低．然而，术中应切断的是内括约肌，还是外括约肌?由何处切断最合理?至今仍有争论。认为；外括约肌是主要的，应切断的是外括约肌皮下部及内括约肌下部表层增厚的肌纤维．以侧位挑出切断为佳。同时具体介绍了手术方法，术后处理及注意事项。讨论了本法的理论依据．     

潜行侧方内括约肌松解术对慢性肛裂患者术后创面愈合时间及生活质量的影响

目的探讨潜行侧方内括约肌松解术对慢性肛裂术后创面愈合时间及生活质量的影响。方法根据不同术式将2016-08—2018-08间信阳市第三人民医院收治的108例慢性肛裂患者分为2组,各54例。对照组采取肛裂切除术,观察组采取潜行侧方内括约肌松解术。结果观察组术中出血量、并发症发生率、住院时间及创面愈合时间等指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后1个月SF-36生活质量评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对慢性肛裂患者采取潜行侧方内括约肌松解术,可减少出血量和并发症,缩短创面愈合时间,提高生活质量。     

内括约肌切断术配合中药熏洗治疗慢性肛裂90例

目的：观察内括约肌切断术配合中药熏洗治疗慢性肛裂的临床疗效。方法：将180例慢性肛裂患者随机分为两组,治疗组（90例）采用侧位内括约肌切断术结合中药熏洗治疗,对照组（90例）采用内括约肌切断术治疗,观察两组切口愈合时间、切口感染率及综合疗效。结果：两组总有效率比较无统计学意义,但治疗组切口愈合时间明显短于对照组,且切口感染率亦少于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：侧位内括约肌切断术结合中药熏洗治疗慢性肛裂疗效较好。     

微创潜行侧方内括约肌松解术治疗慢性肛裂42例报告

目的探讨微创潜行侧方内括约肌松解术治疗慢性肛裂的安全性和可行性。方法 2012年5月~2014年5月,行微创潜行侧方内括约肌松解术治疗慢性肛裂42例,用自制细钢丝从肛缘外1 cm处刺入括约肌间沟,由齿状线上穿出,然后经皮下由肛门外缘穿入口穿出,提起钢丝两头,穿过针筒管,助手固定针筒管,牵拉钢丝游离端,瞬间离断内括约肌组织。结果手术均顺利完成,未见并发症。以患者症状消失、裂口愈合为痊愈标准,痊愈时间7~14 d,平均9 d。随访3~6个月,平均4个月,未见复发。结论微创潜行侧方内括约肌松解术治疗慢性肛裂安全、可行,具有操作简单、疗效可靠、治愈时间短、术后并发症少等优点。     

闭式和开放式内括约肌侧方切断术治疗陈旧性肛裂疗效比较

目的：比较闭式和开放式内括约肌侧方切断术治疗陈旧性肛裂的临床疗效。方法：将72例患者随机分为两组,分别采用开放内括约肌侧方切断术（34例）和闭式内括约肌侧方切断术（38例）,随访观察1～2年。结果：两组疗效相当（P〉0.05）,闭式组疼痛轻于开放组（P〈0.05）,两组在出血、尿潴留、肛门控便能力方面的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,闭式组发生肛周脓肿1例,均无复发病例。结论：闭式和开放式内括约肌侧方切断术治疗陈旧性肛裂均有较好疗效,闭式内括约肌侧方切断术具有疼痛相对较轻的优点。     

闭孔内肌移植术治疗耻骨直肠肌综合征的体会

方法：对２６例耻骨直肠肌综合征病人采用耻骨直肠肌后方切断术，同时再游离并切断闭孔内肌坐骨附着端断端与侧方耻骨联合肌及部分括约肌缝合。结果：２６例病人均有一定程度症状缓解，大便１￣２次／ｄ，随访６个月至３年，无１例复发。讨论：把游离的闭孔内肌与侧方耻骨直肠肌作缝合，可拮抗耻骨直肠肌的反常收缩，防止术后再粘连。结论：该方法对治疗耻骨直肠肌痉挛引起的便秘有满意的疗效。     

Real world outcomes of lateral internal sphincterotomy vs botulinum toxin for the management of chronic anal fissures

BackgroundLateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) remains the gold standard surgical approach for the management of chronic anal fissures (CAF). The procedure however, is complicated by the risk of postoperative incontinence. Intrasphincteric Botulinum Toxin (BT) has gained popularity as an alternative approach, despite being inferior to LIS with regards to cure rates. In the real world, patients at high risk for postoperative incontinence are likely to be offered BT as a preliminary procedure. The aim of this study was to explore the real-world outcomes of LIS and BT for a cohort of CAF patients.Methods251 consecutive patients treated with either BT or LS for CAF by a single surgeon were reviewed. Patients were offered BT as a preliminary procedure if they had risk factors for faecal incontinence, whereas all other patients underwent LIS. Primary outcomes included rates of recurrence and faecal incontinence.ResultsLIS was superior to BT with regards to recurrence rates throughout the mean follow up period of five years (5% vs 15%, p = 0.012). A total of 17 patients experienced a minor degree of flatal incontinence at the 6-week follow up, although there was no difference between LIS and BT (7% vs 6%, p = 1.000). Four LIS patients (2%) continued to experience some minor incontinence to flatus at the 12-month follow up and were managed with biofeedback.ConclusionFor patients with CAF, individualizing the treatment approach according to risk factors for incontinence could mitigate this risk in LIS. High risk patients should be offered BT as a preliminary procedure.     

Type of Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy Incision: Parallel or Vertical?

Background  

The lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) technique is considered the optimal surgical treatment for chronic anal fissures (CAFs), although questions remain regarding the best technique. The present study investigated whether the type of anoderm incision (vertical or parallel to the anus) affects wound healing, wound-related complications, incontinence, and recurrence rates in CAF patients undergoing open LIS.     

Medical and Surgical Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure: A Prospective Study

The aim of this prospective study was to assess the efficacy of different medical treatments and surgery in the treatment of chronic anal fissure (CAF). From 1/04 to 09/06, 156 patients with typical CAF completed the study. All patients were treated with 0.2% nitroglycerin ointment (GTN) or anal dilators (DIL) for 8 weeks. If no improvement was observed after 8 weeks, patient was assigned to the other treatment or a combination of the two. Persisting symptoms after 12 weeks or recurrence were indications for either botulinum toxin injection into the internal sphincter and fissurectomy or lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS). During the follow-up (19 ± 8 months), healing rates, symptoms, incontinence scores, and therapy adverse effects were prospectively recorded. Overall healing rates were 65.3 and 96.3% after GTN/DIL or BTX/LIS. Healing rate after GTN or DIL were 39.8 and 46%, respectively. Thirty-six patients (23.1%) responded to further medical therapy. Fifty-four patients (34.6%) underwent BTX or LIS. Healing rate after BTX was 81.8%. LIS group showed a 100% healing rate with no morbidity and postoperative incontinence. In conclusion, although LIS is far more effective than medical treatments, BTX injection/fissurectomy as first line treatment may significantly increase the healing rate while avoiding any risk of incontinence. Presented at the SSAT Annual Meeting, May 2007,Washington, DC, USA.     

Comparative Study of Glyceryl Trinitrate Ointment Versus Surgical Management of Chronic Anal Fissure

Chronic Anal Fissure (CAF) is common perineal condition and well-known painful entity. Standard surgical treatment even though available, may require long hospital stay and sometimes have worrying complications like anal incontinence. So non-surgical treatment, Glyceryl Trinitrate has been shown to be an effective for chronic anal fissure. It decreases anal tone and ultimately heals the anal fissure. The present study is the attempt to know the efficacy of 0.2% Glyceryl Trinitrate ointment in the treatment of chronic anal fissure and to compare the effectiveness of 0.2% Glyceryl Trinitrate ointment (GTN) versus fissurectomy with lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) and fissurectomy with posterior internal sphincterotomy (PIS) in the management of chronic anal fissure. This is a prospective comparative study of management of chronic anal fissure done in our hospital during the period of one and half year from October 2005 to March 2007. Thirty patients treated with 0.2% Glyceryl Trinitrate ointment and 30 patients treated with fissurectomy and lateral internal sphincterotomy and 30 patients treated with posterior internal sphincterotomy, for chronic anal fissure were selected for study. A single brand of 0.2% Glyceryl Trinitrate ointment (Nitrogesic) used for trial arm. Dose of administration was 1.5 cm to 2 cm in the anal canal with device provided by manufacturers of the proprietary preparation and applied twice a daily for 12 weeks. Patients were followed up for 12 weeks and thereafter evaluated for relief of symptoms in all three groups. Observations were recorded at 2 weeks; 6 weeks and 12 weeks of follow up period, regarding symptoms like pain and bleeding during defecation, healing of CAF and also for side effects like headache in GTN group and flatus, fecal incontinence in surgical groups. Data collected in proforma and analyzed. Study revealed CAF was more in male 59 patients (66%) than the female 31 patients (34%), the ratio being 1: 0.52. The maximum number of patients was encountered in the age group of 20 to 40 years with mean duration of age 34.14 years. In all three groups symptoms like pain, bleeding, constipation and sphincter spasm were present. Sentinel pile was present in 56% of the patients. Common site of fissure was found to be posterior in 94% of patients. Observations with respect to relief of pain, no bleeding and healing were recorded at 2, 6 and 12 weeks of duration. Lateral sphincterotomy remains effective but should be reserved for the patients who fail to respond to initial chemical sphincterotomy or GTN therapy. GTN is good alternative mode of therapy for patients who refuse surgery and prefer medical line of treatment.     

Cost-saving effect of treatment algorithm for chronic anal fissure: A prospective analysis

Evidence-based medicine suggests that in the management of chronic anal fissure (CAF), lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) is far more effective than medical treatment in lowering the anal sphincter tone and curing the fissure. In the current study, we developed a treatment algorithm from topical nitroglycerin (NTG) to botulinum toxin type A (Botox [BTX]) to LIS and analyzed its cost benefit by calculating the effective and potential costs based on the treatment success and the rate of avoided surgeries. Patients presenting between November 2003 and December 2004 with CAF and symptoms for greater than 3 months were prospectively treated according to a treatment algorithm which started with (1) topical NTG, in case of failure (2) injection of BTX, thus limiting (3) surgery to those who failed both nonsurgical options or at any point chose the surgical approach. Based on the primary end points of fissure healing or surgery, we calculated the true cost (algorithm) and the potential incremental cost (BTX plus surgery or surgery in all patients, respectively). Sixty-seven patients with CAF (25 men and 42 women; median duration of symptoms, 16 weeks) were treated according to the algorithm. NTG alone was successful in fissure healing in 31 of 67 patients (46.2%). Two developed a recurrent fissure and then received BTX as part of the protocol. Of the 36 patients who failed NTG trial, 3 requested surgery; the others were treated with BTX, which was successful in 84.8%. Five patients (15.2%) failed BTX and subsequently required surgery. The overall surgery rate in the whole study group was 11.9%, whereas CAF healed in 88.1% of our patients with medical treatment alone. Cost for NTG is $10; for 100 units BTX, $528; and for outpatient surgery, $1119. The total cost for these 67 patients therefore was $33,252 ($290 for NTG, $20,580 for NTG plus BTX, $3,357 for NTG plus LIS, and $9,025 for NTG plus BTX plus LIS). If all patients had received BTX with a 15% failure rate, the total cost would have been $56,688 (70.3% cost increase). If all patients had undergone surgery as initial/only treatment, the total cost would have been $74,973 (125% cost increase). Our treatment algorithm for CAF with stepwise escalation can avoid surgery in 88% of the patients. It is highly cost-efficient and resulted in savings of 41% (compared with BTX plus LIS) and up to 70% (compared with surgery in all patients), respectively. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation).     

Conservative versus surgical treatment for chronic anal idiopathic fissure: a prospective randomized trial

Anal fissure is a tear in the lining of the anal canal distal to the dentate line, which most commonly occurs in the posterior midline. Anal fissure was defined chronic if the patient presented with history of anal pain during defecation for at least 2 months with the observation of sphincter fibers at the base of the lesion. One hundred and forty-two consecutive patients with a chronic anal fissure with hypertonicity of internal sphincter on proctological examination were selected for this study from October 2008 to October 2010. Patients enrolled for the study were randomized to two groups by using a computer-generated list. Patients who underwent lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) were operated as day surgery procedures under local or epidural anesthesia. Patients randomized to conservative treatment were prescribed to use warm anal dilator with a nifedipine ointment 5 min twice daily for 4 weeks. Patients were clinically examined after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment to evaluate if there was complete healing of the fissure. All patients were required to record pain after the first defecation, on 3rd and 7th postoperative day on a self-administered VAS scale in cm (0–10). Sixty-eight patients were randomly assigned to LIS, 74 to the conservative approach. Fifty-one patients of topical nifedipine group (68.9 %) and 60 patients of LIS group (88.2 %) presented an anal fissure healed at 8 weeks with a p value of 0.0077. As regards post-operative pain, 43 patients of LIS group (63.2 %) and 25 patients of topical nifedipine group (33.7 %) referred first defecation as painless. In the topical nifedipine group 43 (58.1 %) after 3 days since treatment and 35 (47.3 %) after 7 days had pain. In the LIS group 22 (32.3 %) after 3 days and 9 (13.2 %) after 7 days referred pain. There was no statistical difference between LIS and topical nifedipine group concerning side effects. Lateral internal sphincterotomy is an effective, less painful, fast recovery treatment for chronic anal fissure. Incontinence rate is overestimated and often the fear of a continence disturbance, albeit with a low incidence following surgery, may obscure the need to relieve symptoms which may be so severe as to make the patient’s life intolerable.     

Oral nifedipine in the treatment of chronic anal fissure

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of oral nifedipine on maximal resting anal pressure (MRAP) in healthy volunteers and to evaluate its role in the treatment of chronic anal fissure (CAF). METHODS: MRAP was measured in 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with CAF before and after oral nifedipine (20 mg b.i.d.). Patients were assessed on the first visit and every fortnight for measurement of MRAP, pain scores, blood pressure, pulse rate, healing of the fissure and adverse effects. Treatments were continued until healing had occurred or for up to 8 weeks. RESULTS: MRAP values before and after nifedipine were 73.2 and 49.3 cm H2O, respectively, in healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). Nifedipine caused a reduction in mean MRAP from 105.2 to 74.0 cm H2O (p < 0.001) in patients with CAF. Pain scores were significantly reduced after 2 weeks of treatment with nifedipine (p < 0.001) and continued throughout the treatment period. At the end of the study 6 of the 10 patients treated with nifedipine were deemed to be healed (n = 5) or improved (n = 1). Headache occurred in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: We conclude that oral nifedipine is effective in reducing MRAP and should become the first-line treatment for CAF.     

Lateral internal sphincterotomy together with haemorrhoidectomy for treatment of haemorrhoids: a randomised prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate anorectal manometric findings in patients with haemorrhoids and to evaluate the clinical effects and physiological consequences of adding a lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) to haemorrhoidectomy. DESIGN: Randomised prospective study. SETTING: Teaching hospital, Naples. PATIENTS: 48 consecutive patients with prolapsed piles who had anorectal manometry; 10 healthy volunteers served as controls. INTERVENTIONS: Resting and squeeze pressures, sphincter length and rectoanal inhibitory reflex were recorded. 6 patients were excluded because anal pressures were not raised, so 42 patients were randomised. 22 patients had haemorrhoidectomy plus LIS; and 20 had haemorrhoidectomy alone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morbidity, continence, and anorectal manometry. RESULTS: Sphincter anomalies were found in 87.5% (n = 42) of patients. Haemorrhoidectomy alone did not affect anal pressures, which returned to the normal ranges after sphincterotomy. Those who had LIS did better postoperatively than those who had did not. 4 patients who did not have a sphincterotomy developed anal strictures. No patient who had LIS developed incontinence of faeces. CONCLUSIONS: High anal pressures are common in patients with haemorrhoids suggesting that they may have a pathogenetic role; anorectal manometry is useful in the investigation of anal pressure patterns; and when indicated, lateral sphincterotomy avoids pain, urinary retention, and stenosis, and is safe.     

The usefulness of lateral internal sphincterotomy combined with hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a randomized prospective study

The aim of this prospective randomized study was to investigate anorectal manometric findings in hemorrhoid patients and to evaluate the clinical benefits and physiological consequences of additioning a lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) to haemorrhoidectomy. Anorectal manometry was preoperatively performed in forty-eight consecutive patients with prolapsed piles; resting and squeeze pressures, sphincter length and rectoanal inhibitory reflex were recorded. Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. Six patients were excluded because no raised and pressures were found. Forty-two patients were randomised: Group 1 (n = 22) patients underwent haemorrhoidectomy plus LIS; Group 2 (n = 20) patients underwent haemorrhoidectomy alone. Postoperative course was carefully evaluated; all patients were questioned about continence and anorectal manometry was repeated twice. Sphincter anomalies were found in 87.5% of patients. Haemorrhoidectomy alone did not affect anal pressures, which returned into the normal ranges after sphincterotomy. Postoperative course was better in LIS group. Anal stricture was seen in four patients without sphincterotomy; no patients with LIS experienced and incontinence. This study shows that high and pressures are very frequent in hemorrhoid patients; they are not due to hypertensive and cushions and might have a pathogenetic role. Anorectal manometry is very useful to identify patients with raised anal pressures; in these cases additioning a lateral internal sphincterotomy to haemorrhoidectomy seems justified; it significantly improves postoperative course and can be safely performed.     

Botulinum toxin injection versus lateral internal sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: randomized prospective controlled trial

Purpose

Lateral internal sphincterotomy has been the gold standard treatment for chronic anal fissure, but it still carries the risk of permanent damage of the anal sphincter, which has led to the implementation of alternative treatment like botulinum toxin injection. The aim of this randomized prospective controlled trial was to compare the efficacy and morbidity of botulinum toxin injection and lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure.

Methods

Fifty consecutive adults with chronic anal fissure were randomly treated with either lateral internal sphincterotomy or botulinum toxin (BT) injection with 50 U BT into the internal sphincter. The complications, healing and recurrence rate, and incontinence score were assessed 2, 3, 6, 12 months after the procedure.

Results

Inspection at the 2-month visit revealed complete healing of the fissure in 11 (44?%) of the patients in the BT group and 22 (88?%) of the patients in the lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) group (p?=?0.001). At the 3-month visit, there was no significant difference between the two groups in healing. The overall recurrence rate after 6 months in the BT group was higher than in the LIS group (p?<?0.05). In the 3-month follow-up, the LIS group had a higher rate of anal incontinence compared to the BT group (p?<?0.05). The final percentage of incontinence was 4?% in the LIS group (p?>?0.05).

Conclusions

The treatment of chronic anal fissure must be individualized depending on the different clinical profiles of patients. Botulinum toxin injection has a higher recurrence rate than LIS, and LIS provides rapid and permanent recovery. However, LIS carries a higher risk of anal incontinence in patients.