淋巴结比率在淋巴结阳性阴茎癌预后中的价值

目的探讨淋巴结比率在淋巴结阳性阴茎癌中的预后价值。方法分析1990年至2008年间复旦大学附属肿瘤医院诊治的60例淋巴结转移性阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者的临床资料。所有患者均接受了区域淋巴结清扫手术。阳性淋巴结数和淋巴结比率都转化为分类变量加以分析。无复发生存曲线通过Kaplan-Meier方法绘制并通过Log-rank检验加以分析。结果本组患者的阳性淋巴结数中位数为2个（1～27）,淋巴结比率的中位数为0.0896（0.031～0.406）。随着淋巴结清扫总数的增多,阳性淋巴结数目也逐渐增多。Log-rank成对比较的结果显示淋巴结比率比阳性淋巴结数能更好地区分各组间的生存差异。结论淋巴结比率是比阳性淋巴结数目更好的预后指标,更进一步的大宗病例研究有助于确定淋巴结比率的界值来具体界定低危和高危患者。     

Nomogram predictive of pathological inguinal lymph node involvement in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

PURPOSE: In penile cancer the therapeutic benefits of early inguinal lymphadenectomy must be counterbalanced by the high rates of morbidity, postoperative complications and mortality. A relevant aim is optimizing the selection of the patients who could really have the highest survival advantage from inguinal lymphadenectomy, limiting the cases in which this surgery might be considered over treatment with a risk of severe complications. We generated a nomogram estimating the risk of pathological inguinal lymph node involvement according to clinical lymph node stage and pathological findings of the primary tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected the clinical and pathological data of 175 patients who had undergone surgical therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis from 1980 to 2002 at 11 urological centers in northeastern Italy. A logistic regression model was used to construct the nomogram. RESULTS: The presence of palpable groin lymph nodes and the histological findings of vascular and/or lymphatic embolization were important predictors of metastatic inguinal lymph node involvement. The nomogram predicting the risk of metastatic lymph node involvement showed a good concordance index (0.876) and good calibration. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical stage of groin lymph nodes and pathological findings of penectomy specimens allowed us to generate a nomogram to predict the probability of metastatic lymph node involvement in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. The statistical model showed an excellent ability to identify the patients with lymph node metastases and good calibration.     

Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy: a new minimally invasive procedure for radical management of inguinal nodes in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy is a recently described lymphadenectomy with the same template of the open technique but performed with laparoscopic instruments under video guidance. It was developed to decrease procedure related morbidity while maintaining good oncological results. We report our initial results in a trial comparing video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy with standard inguinal lymphadenectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2003 to 2005, 10 patients with penile carcinoma who were at high risk for inguinal metastases underwent bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. We performed standard lymphadenectomy in 1 limb and video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy on the contralateral side. Perioperative results and followup data were compared. RESULTS: No intraoperative complications occurred. Mean operative time was 92 and 126 minutes for open and endoscopic surgery, respectively (p=0.00002). Despite the small number of patients we noted a decrease in cutaneous complications with video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (0% vs 50%, p=0.017) and a trend toward decreased overall morbidity with this endoscopic technique (20% vs 70%, p=0.059). The mean number of retrieved and positive lymph nodes were similar for the 2 techniques. At a mean followup of 18.7 months (range 12 to 31) no signs of recurrence or disease progression were noted. In the postoperative period 9 of the 10 patients identified video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy as the preferred technique in terms of surgical morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy is a safe and feasible technique in patients with penile carcinoma and nonpalpable nodes. These preliminary results suggest that video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy may decrease postoperative morbidity without compromising oncological control. Future studies should include the bilateral procedure, longer term followup and a greater number of patients.     

Standardization of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for bladder cancer: a collaborative group report

PURPOSE: We propose standards for radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection in the surgical treatment of patients with invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compiled the consecutive cystectomy experience of 16 experienced surgeons during the last 3 years (2000 to 2002) from 4 institutions. We evaluated patient, tumor and surgical variables of margin status, extent of pelvic node dissection, number of nodes examined and surgeon volume associated with bladder cancer outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1,091 cystectomy cases were evaluated. Surgical margins and number of nodes retrieved correlated with patient age, prior treatments, pathological tumor stage and extent of node dissection, but not surgeon volume. CONCLUSIONS: Standards for radical cystectomy can be established and achieved by experienced surgeons operating on patients presenting with diverse clinical situations.     

腹股沟淋巴结清扫对cN0阴茎癌患者的意义

目的评估腹股沟淋巴结清扫在cN0阴茎癌患者中的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月—2021年1月41例实施预防性腹股沟淋巴清扫(清扫组)和51例未实施预防性淋巴清扫(未清扫组)的cN0期阴茎癌患者的临床资料,对比其3年疾病特异性生存率。结果随访10个月~10年,3年疾病特异性生存率清扫组为97.6%(40/41),未清扫组为78.4%(40/51),差异有统计学意义(P=0.007)。其中,T1G1+T1G2期患者3年疾病特异性生存率:清扫组为100%(26/26),未清扫组为82.1%(32/39),差异有统计学意义(P=0.022)。结论cN0期阴茎癌患者行预防性腹股沟淋巴清扫可改善患者生存,尤其对于经济条件差、依从性差的患者更为受益。     

Long-term followup of penile carcinoma treated with penectomy and bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy

PURPOSE: We evaluated modified inguinal lymphadenectomy in the treatment of penile carcinoma, analyzing the rate of complications compared to complete inguinal lymphadenectomy, the complications in performing lymphadenectomy and penectomy concomitantly, and the long-term locoregional recurrence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 26 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were clinically assessed, and underwent penectomy and bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy at the same operative time. Frozen section analysis of lymph nodes was performed and if metastases were detected a complete ipsilateral inguinal dissection was performed. RESULTS: A total of 52 modified lymphadenectomies were performed. In 10 procedures lymph node metastasis was present. Clinical staging presented false-positive and false-negative rates of 50% and 7.9%, respectively. The complication rate for modified lymphadenectomy was 38.9% and for complete inguinal lymphadenectomy it was 87.5%. Followup ranged from 5 to 112 months and mean followup of recurrence-free cases was 78 months (range 38 to 112). A total of 18 patients underwent bilateral negative modified inguinal lymphadenectomy and 2 of these experienced locoregional recurrence within 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy causes a lower complication rate than complete inguinal lymphadenectomy. Bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy performed at the same time as penectomy does not increase the complication rate. When frozen section analysis is negative bilaterally, 5.5% of inguinal regions might still harbor occult metastasis. Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy is recommended as a staging procedure in all patients with T2-3 penile carcinoma. A straight followup is required for 2 years since all recurrence was within this period.     

Extent of pelvic lymph node dissection and the impact of standard template dissection on nomogram prediction of lymph node involvement

Background

Our current lymph node involvement (LNI) nomogram was created using patients receiving both limited and standard lymph node dissection (LND). Over time, refinements in technique could affect the diagnostic yield from LND.

Objective

Our aim was to validate our existing LNI nomogram or develop a new nomogram with updated prediction coefficients that reflect the current standard LND template during radical prostatectomy (RP). We hypothesized that the existing nomogram would demonstrate good discrimination but poor calibration in a contemporary series of standard LND.

Design, setting, and participants

A retrospective analysis of 4176 consecutive primary RP patients was performed, including open procedures (3097 patients from 2000 to 2008) and laparoscopic procedures (1079 patients from 2005 to 2008). After excluding 127 patients (3%) with limited LND, 10 (0.2%) with pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >50 ng/ml, and 318 (8%) with incomplete data, the final cohort totaled 3721 patients. The nomograms were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis, calibration plots, and decision-curve analysis.

Interventions

Patients received open or laparoscopic (conventional and robot-assisted) RP and standard LND in our center.

Measurements

Assessments were obtained using preoperative PSA, biopsy Gleason score, and clinical stage.

Results and limitations

The median number of nodes removed was 11, with ∼60% of patients having at least 10 nodes removed (n = 2224). Overall, 5.2% of patients (n = 194) had positive lymph nodes. The new nomogram had very high discriminative accuracy (area under the curve: 0.862). The decision-curve analysis showed that the new nomogram had the highest clinical net benefit for all reasonable threshold probabilities.

Conclusions

The new nomogram shows improved calibration when predicting lymph node invasion in a contemporary cohort of patients with prostate cancer exclusively treated with RP and standard LND. This nomogram will be used as the preferred predictive model for counseling patients and developing studies at our institution.     

阴茎癌淋巴结转移危险度分组在中国人群中的验证研究

目的验证3种阴茎癌淋巴结转移危险度分组（Solsona、Ornellas和欧洲泌尿外科协会分组）在中国人群中的预测准确性。方法回顾性分析110例腹股沟淋巴结ll缶床阴性的阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者。所有的患者均接受了原发灶切除和区域淋巴结清扫手术。通过受试者工作特征曲线评估各个分组系统的预测价值,曲线下面积的计算和比较通过bootstrap方法进行。结果本组110例阴茎癌患者中26例（23．6％）有淋巴结转移。根据Solsona分组,低、中、高危组患者的淋巴结转移几率分别为5．9％、17。O％和65．2％。在3个危险度分组中,Solsona分组具有最好的预测准确性（曲线下面积为0．79）,显著优于Orenallas和欧洲泌尿外科指南分组。砖论在中国人群中,Solsona分组的预测准确性优于Orenallas和欧洲泌尿外科指南分组。然而,此类危险度分组的预后价值仍有待提高。     

Complications of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testis cancer

PURPOSE: Post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC RPLND) is a tool in the management of testis cancer. Our impression has been that the short-term morbidity of standard PC RPLND has diminished with time. Therefore, we attempted to verify this hypothesis by evaluating the morbidity of the procedure in 2 comparable groups of patients from 2 different periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared 150 patients who underwent post-chemotherapy RPLND between July 2000 and July 2002 to 79 patients who underwent the same procedure between 1990 to 1992. All patients had clinical stage II-III testis cancer and had received 3 to 4 courses of standard platinum based chemotherapy before surgery. We compared surgical morbidity and postoperative complications in both groups. We also assessed a number of factors (patient characteristics, mass size, pathological features and surgical aspects) that could impact the rate of complications. RESULTS: The 2 groups were comparable regarding preoperative clinical stage, patient characteristics and postoperative pathological findings. PC RPLND procedures were performed using the same technique. Compared to patients in the 1990 to 1992 group, the patients from the 2000 to 2002 group had fewer intraoperative complications and additional procedures (44 [29.3%] of 150 versus 41 [51.9%] of 79, p = 0.0008), a trend toward a lower postoperative complication rate (10 [6.7%] compared to 11 [13.9%], p = 0.07) and shorter hospital stay (average 5.6 versus 8.4 days [p <0.0001]). CONCLUSIONS: With time morbidity and hospital stay after standard PC RPLND have decreased. This finding probably reflects differences in patterns of care rather than changes in surgical technique. Therefore, comparing newer surgical techniques to historical controls is inappropriate since differences may not actually represent the technical advances of the newer procedure.     

Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for low rectal cancers: A review on current practice

The management of rectal cancer with lateral lymph node involvement is distinctly different between Japan and Western countries. In Japan, total mesorectal excision (TME) surgery followed by autonomic nerve‐preserving lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPND) is the standard surgical treatment, whereas in Western countries, patients are subjected to neoadjuvant cheomoradiotherapy followed by TME surgery. The present study aims to explore the current practice and role of LPND in rectal cancer.     

Repeat retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testis cancer

PURPOSE: We report pathological results, perioperative complications and patient outcome in 21 men after repeat retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testis cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed an institutional tumor registry at our cancer center and identified 417 patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testis cancer during a 21-year period. Of these 417 patients 21 underwent repeat retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. We reviewed preoperative patient characteristics, operative data and pathological findings from repeat lymphadenectomy, and determined patient disease status, morbidity and mortality after surgery. RESULTS: We identified viable germ cell tumor in 5 patients (24%), teratoma in 14 (67%) and fibrosis or necrosis only in 5 (24%). Intraoperatively subadventitial dissection of the aorta occurred in 2 cases, which was severe enough in 1 to require an aortic graft. The most common postoperative complications were prolonged ileus or partial bowel obstruction and chylous ascites in 6 and 3 patients, respectively. Six patients died, including 5 of disease progression and 1 of postoperative pulmonary embolus. At a mean followup of 4.7 years (range 0.1 to 14) 15 patients (71%) were alive and 14 (67%) were disease-free. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is safe and effective in the majority of patients with recurrent or residual retroperitoneal masses after initial multimodality treatments for metastatic testis cancer. Overall perioperative morbidity and mortality are low and yet the potential for significant vascular complications warrants careful preoperative planning and intraoperative judgment.     

Microarray gene-expression profiling to predict lymph node metastasis in penile carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To determine the value of gene‐expression profiling as a predictor of the status of the regional nodes in patients with penile carcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tumour samples of 56 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma were analysed for the gene expression on 35 k oligoarrays; 32 were from patients with histopathologically confirmed lymph node metastases and 24 from those with no lymph node involvement. The 56 patients were divided into a training and validation set. For the training set, 15 patients with histopathologically confirmed nodal metastases and 15 without were selected. The validation set consisted of the remaining 26 patients, containing 17 node‐positive and nine with no nodal metastases.

RESULTS

A 44‐probe classifier had the best performance within the training set; this classifier correctly assigned 29 of 30 specimens in the training set to the two outcome groups. In the validation set of 26 tumours, the classifier correctly assigned 14 of the 26 (54%) specimens to the two outcome groups. Of the 17 specimens with histologically confirmed nodal involvement, 12 were classified as node‐positive and five as node‐negative, resulting in a sensitivity of 71%. Of the nine specimens from node‐negative patients, two were correctly classified as node‐negative and seven as node positive, resulting in a specificity of 22%.

CONCLUSIONS

In this series, gene expression profiling did not produce a useful classifier to predict nodal involvement in patients with penile carcinoma.     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术侧方淋巴结清扫术

对腹膜反折以下cT3或N＋的直肠癌行侧方淋巴结清扫术可减少局部复发率及提高生存率。该术式采用五孔法完成,按日本学组提出的三间隙原则进行清扫：①分离保护输尿管及下腹神经,清扫下腹神经丛及下腹神经与髂总动脉、髂内动脉之间的第二间隙淋巴结;②清扫髂内外动脉间及闭孔内的第三间隙淋巴脂肪组织;③切除髂内血管及盆丛神经。应视肿瘤部位、浸润深度以及侧方淋巴结肿大情况,选择性行单或双侧清扫。腹腔镜下完成侧方淋巴结清扫具有视野好、狭小间隙操作方便、出血少等优势,是一种安全可行的手术方式。