覆膜内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘临床分析

目的评价覆膜食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床效果。方法本组89例食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘的患者,其中并发食管气管瘘28例。食管内覆膜支架置入均在数字减影血管造影机(DSA)监视下进行。结果 89例患者均成功置入覆膜内支架,27例中上段食管气管瘘完全被封闭,进水呛咳症状消失。18例术后再狭窄,再次置入支架。结论食管覆膜内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘安全有效,能提高患者生活质量,延长生存期。     

食管覆膜金属支架置入术治疗食管癌放疗后食管气管瘘

目的探讨食管覆膜金属支架置入术治疗放疗后食管气管瘘的临床疗效。方法 2008年~2013年本院食管癌放疗后食管气管瘘患者43例,其中21例行食道支架置入术,22例置入十二指肠营养管以营养支持,比较两组患者的生存质量,肺部感染控制有效率及生存期。结果支架组患者共有20例成功置入食管覆膜金属支架,技术成功率95.2%,营养管组患者均一次性置入成功,技术成功率100%。治疗后支架组患者的生活质量和肺部感染控制有效率明显优于营养管组(P0.05),术后随访,支架组患者平均存活3.4个月(1~9个月),营养管组患者平均存活1.7个月(1~5个月),两组患者生存期差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论食管覆膜金属支架置入术对于食管癌放疗后的食管气管瘘患者是一种有效的姑息性治疗方法,能明显缓解患者症状,提高患者生活质量,有效控制肺部感染,延长患者生存期。     

食管癌放疗后狭窄食管内支架治疗方法的探讨

目的　评价食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄的临床效果及方法探讨。方法　本组 3 6例食管癌放疗后狭窄的患者 ,其中食管 -纵隔瘘 4例 ,食管 -气管瘘 5例 ,食管 -纵隔 -气管瘘 1例。 40枚食管内支架置入均在X线电视监视下进行 ,术后给予抗生素、止血药及镇静止痛药。结果　 3 6例患者均成功置入 ,其中 4例置入 2枚支架 ,1例食管气管瘘合并气管狭窄者先置入气管支架 1枚后置入食管支架 ,所有患者术后吞咽困难完全消除或明显缓解 ,食管 -气管或纵隔瘘完全封闭。 1～ 12月随诊观察 ,应用支架直径 1.8cm以上的患者 ,术后反应较大 ,并发症较多。结论　食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄 ,选用直径 1.8cm以下的支架 ,更为安全、有效     

食管胸腔胃吻合口内支架并发食管气管瘘的内支架再置入治疗

目的 探讨食管癌术后食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄行支架置入后形成食管-气管瘘,再次采取支架置入治疗的疗效.方法 6例食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管气管瘘.X线监视下,取出原食管支架,再次置入1枚较长的食管覆膜支架,消除食管与支架成角现象.结果 本组原支架取出顺利,未出现严重并发症.均再次置入较原支架长20 ～ 40 mm的支架,支架置入后均出现不同程度咽部疼痛不适,患者能够耐受,进食顺利.结论 食管胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管-气管瘘,可以置换稍长支架进行补救.     

覆膜食管支架置入治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床应用

目的评价覆膜食管支架置入术治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床效果并探讨手术并发症的相关因素和对策。方法102例食管恶性狭窄患者在X线监视下经口置入覆膜食管支架。支架使用国产和进口2种类别、规格多样。92例于支架置入前(后)完成了放射治疗。随访。结果手术成功率100%,共置入覆膜食管支架110枚。术后患者临床症状消失或显著好转。并发症包括:胸骨后疼痛36例(35.3%),再狭窄7例(6.9%),食管返流6例(5.9%),支架移位6例(5.9%),食管出血4例(3.9%),支架端瘘1例(1%),支架腔嵌塞1例(1%)及支架脱落并部分丝线断裂1例(1%)。中位生存期10.6个月。结论覆膜食管支架置入治疗食管恶性狭窄是一种非常有效且简便易行的方法,但并不十分安全。     

暂时性食管覆膜支架治疗食管良性病变的并发症

目的:探讨暂时性食管覆膜支架治疗食管良性病变的并发症。材料和方法:透视下,经口腔将覆膜支架放置到20例食管良性狭窄和10例食管纵隔瘘患者的病变部位,2~3个月后将支架取出,观察食管内径变化、食管纵隔瘘口的封闭情况、临床改善和并发症。结果:本组30例食管良性病变,放置和取出全覆膜食管支架34枚,20例食管良性狭窄患者食管内径由术前4.1±2.1mm扩张到术后14.6±1.9mm,10例食管纵隔瘘患者瘘口均封闭,临床治愈。并发症:胸痛20例、支架移位5例、食管再狭窄4例、严重感染1例。结论:食管良性病变放置支架应持谨慎态度,针对不同病变选择合适的支架和合适的治疗措施,并掌握好支架取出时机。     

自膨式覆膜支架在食管、十二指肠恶性狭窄及瘘的临床应用

目的 评价食管、十二指肠恶性狭窄及瘘应用自膨式覆膜支架治疗的价值,探讨支架植入后常见的并发症及处理方法 .方法 87例上消化道狭窄或梗阻患者中,50例食管恶性狭窄,23例贲门-胃吻合口狭窄,5例胃、十二指肠恶性狭窄,3例食管瘘,6例食管吻合口瘘,共置入国产带膜网状支架95枚.结果 内支架置入全部一次成功,除1例患者术中急性出血外,余病例无即刻并发症,术后患者狭窄解除,饮食得到恢复,瘘道封闭,远期疗效与疾病性质和相关治疗情况有关.结论 自膨式覆膜支架治疗食管、十二指肠恶性狭窄及瘘疗效可靠,并发症少,术后加放疗和(或)化疗可进一步提高疗效.     

可回收食管覆膜支架治疗良性食管瘘的疗效分析

目的分析总结置入可回收食管覆膜支架治疗由于多种原因引起的良性食管瘘的疗效及堵漏失败后的治疗策略。方法收集苏州大学附属第一医院自2006年1月至2011年6月经食管碘水造影确诊的21例良性食管瘘患者,在DSA监视下置入可回收食管覆膜支架,支架在体内放置28～250 d后取出并行食管造影检查评估瘘口封闭情况,对堵漏失败的病例,尝试胃镜下钛夹夹闭、DSA下生物胶堵漏及永久食管覆膜支架堵漏后进行成功补救治疗。结果入组所有病例中,可回收食管覆膜支架均一次性置入,技术成功率100%,术中无严重并发症。14例支架取出术后复查食管造影显示瘘口完全封闭,首次支架治愈率66.7%,未成功患者中5例取出支架复查食管造影见对比剂外溢,提示瘘口未完全封闭,其中2例各放置永久性覆膜食管支架1枚,6个月后食管造影复查成功堵漏。2例在用钛夹夹闭瘘口;1例用生物胶堵漏后未成功。2次支架治疗成功率为76.2%,通过其他微创方式补救治疗后成功率85.7%。所有堵漏成功的患者支架取出后或微创补救堵漏成功后行上消化道造影证实无对比剂外溢。支架相关并发症包括不同程度胸骨后疼痛不适或异物感21例(100%),支架移位3例(14.3%);严重并发症为迟发性支架所致大出血、休克、死亡2例(9.5%)。结论应用可回收食管覆膜支架封堵由多种病变引起的良性食管瘘技术成功率及回收率高,封堵瘘口疗效确切,严重并发症少,对堵漏失败者可尝试永久支架或钛夹夹闭方法治疗。     

双支架（覆膜）治疗食管胃胸内吻合口瘘

目的：探讨双（覆膜）支架治疗食管-胃胸内吻合口瘘的疗效及操作方法。方法：回顾分析9例接受覆膜支架治疗食管-胃胸内吻合口瘘患者的临床资料。结果：9例患者,共植入9个双喇叭口自膨式镍钛记忆合金覆膜食管支架和8个覆膜针织支架。8例植入双支架的患者瘘口均达到完全封堵,另1例患者只放置1个覆膜食管支架的,术后1周造影发现经支架上口边缘仍有少许对比剂进入瘘口,给予保守治疗瘘口愈合。术后有5例患者出现胸骨后隐痛,1周后自动缓解。结论：双覆膜支架能完全封堵瘘口,安全有效。     

覆膜食管支架置入术60例临床应用分析

目的：分析晚期食管癌狭窄、纵隔淋巴结增大侵犯食管狭窄、贲门失弛缓症和食管术后吻合口狭窄、腐蚀性食管狭窄及食管破裂、食管-纵隔瘘、食管-气管瘘等病变的食管支架置入术的治疗方法及效果。方法60例中,晚期食管癌患者22例;食管癌并食管-气管瘘1例;纵隔内淋巴结增大侵犯食管导致食管狭窄10例;贲门失弛缓症18例;食管癌术后狭窄5例及腐蚀局限性食管狭窄2例;食管胸腔瘘1例、食管-纵隔瘘1例;60例均采用数字多功能X线机透视引导,其中部分病例同时采用胃镜下置入导丝放置支架治疗。结果60例患者中恶性狭窄永久性植入支架33例;良性狭窄暂时性置入支架27例,暂时性置入支架均在3-28 d安全取出;支架留置以后98％（59/60）患者的摄食能力有了很大提高,生活质量明显改善。结论食管支架置入术,简捷、安全、有效,对提高食管狭窄及食管瘘患者的生活质量、延长生命是一个好的治疗方法。     

食管支架术后支架贴壁不良综合征的初步探讨

目的探讨食管支架置入术后贴壁不良综合征(dys-seal syndrome,DSS)的发生原因及相关处理。方法收集我科2001年6月至2008年6月行食管支架手术患者98例,共置入99枚金属支架。其中术后吻合口肿瘤复发狭窄19例,术前有食管癌放疗病史26例,伴食管-气管瘘34例。结果术后7例患者出现DSS(发生率7.1%)。其中有放疗病史及梗阻上段食管明显扩张患者DSS发生率明显升高(χ2=0.017,0.005,P=0.036,0.013)。经禁食,静脉输液或鼻饲等营养支持治疗后,1例患者逐渐恢复至进食半流质;1例于原支架上端再次置入较大直径支架,术后症状无缓解,后失访;2例改行鼻饲管置入;余3例内镜下取出支架。结论食管支架置入术后发生DDS为并发症之一,临床处理预后不良。取出已经置入的支架是较好的治疗措施。应在术前进行适当的评估以排除危险因素,选择合适的支架,加强围手术期管理等有助于DSS的预防。     

覆膜支架在治疗食管狭窄中的应用

目的：探讨食道覆膜支架在治疗食管狭窄等疾病的临床疗效。方法：在X线监视下对73例食管狭窄的患者置入覆膜金属食道支架。结果：本组71例食管狭窄的患者一次性成功置入支架,2例患者置入支架时由于技术原因支架移位,经胃镜取出移位支架,再次置入后成功。结论：食道覆膜支架置入术治疗食管狭窄,是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

国产金属内支架置入治疗良恶性食管狭窄(附25例分析)

目的 :采用国产金属内支架置入治疗良恶性食管狭窄。方法 :2 5例良恶性食管狭窄患者 ,均在 X线监视下 ,经口将导丝安全通过狭窄段 ,行球囊扩张后置入金属支架。结果 :全部病例均顺利置入支架 ,不仅有效地缓解了进食困难 ,改善了营养状况 ,同时还使食管气管瘘及食管纵隔瘘患者瘘口封闭 ,为其减轻感染及进一步治疗造成狭窄的原发病提供了时机。结论 :食管内支架置入术是治疗良恶性食管狭窄的一种安全有效地方法、应用国产金属内支架 ,既可减轻患者经济负担 ,又可达到进口支架同样的效果而成首选。     

食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的随访评价

目的　评价食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的长期随访疗效。方法92例食管狭窄做了内支架或球囊扩张 ,有较完整的随访资料。 5 9例恶性食管狭窄均置入了内支架 ,其中置入支架前后行放射治疗 (简称放疗 )和 (或 )化学药物治疗 (简称化疗 ) 3 7例 ,占 63 % ;3 3例良性食管狭窄做了单纯球囊扩张治疗。内支架置入类型 :国产镍钛记忆合金网孔支架 2 4例 ,带膜支架2 2例 ;国产GianturcoZ形支架 7例 ,带膜支架 4例 ;Ultreflex支架 2例。门诊行食管造影和内窥镜检查随访 78例 ,14例通过电话或信件随访。结果　本组病例经过 1～ 4 1个月的随访观察 ,仅 1例支架发生轻度移位 ,但仍能覆盖病变全长。食管恶性狭窄 17例死亡 ,术后生存时间 2～ 3 0个月 ,平均 8 2个月。死亡原因 :肿瘤多脏器转移 15例 ,心肌梗死 1例 ,其他原因引起死亡 1例。恶性食管狭窄内支架置入后再狭窄 11例 ,因食物在支架内阻塞 1例 ,发生食管 气管瘘 1例 ,因肿瘤组织生长发生狭窄 8例 ,因支架上端组织增生发生狭窄 1例。发生再狭窄的 11例均再次做了内支架置入或球囊扩张治疗。结论　中晚期食管癌内支架置入是解除吞咽困难有效的姑息治疗方法 ,应用带膜支架和同时行放疗、化疗可防止因肿瘤生长而发生再狭窄 ,延缓患者生命。球囊扩     

老年食管癌的金属支架姑息性治疗

目的 评价带膜食管支架在老年食管癌患者姑息治疗中的疗效。方法 ３２例带膜食管支架均在Ｘ线电视监视下置入,置入支架前不同球囊扩张狭窄段,直接将置入器沿导丝插送病变段并释放支架。结果 ３２例均一次置入支架成功,成功率１００％。支架置入后所有患者吞咽困难症均改善。无与支架置入术有关的严重并发症发生。平均生存期６．５个月。结论应用带膜食管支架对老年食管癌患者进行姑息性治疗,能有效地缓解食管梗阻症状,改善患     

Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and clinical effectiveness of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under fluoroscopic guidance, covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture and were removed with a retrieval hook 1-8 weeks later. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful in all patients, with no procedural complications. After stent placement, all patients could ingest solid food. The stents were successfully removed from all but two patients. One patient passed the stent via the rectum, and the other regurgitated a high cervical stent. After stent removal, one patient developed a small esophagobronchial fistula, which spontaneously sealed within 1 week of stent removal. After stent removal or migration, all patients could ingest solid food. During follow-up (mean, 13 months; range, 2-25 months) after stent removal or migration, 12 patients maintained their improvement in dysphagia and needed no further treatment. Thirteen patients with recurrence were treated by means of repeat balloon dilation. CONCLUSION: Use of retrievable expandable nitinol stents seems to be a safe and effective method of treatment in selected patients with benign esophageal strictures.     

Malignant tracheobronchial strictures: palliation with covered retrievable expandable nitinol stent

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of a covered retrievable expandable nitinol stent for the treatment of malignant tracheobronchial stricture and/or esophagorespiratory fistula (ERF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: With fluoroscopic guidance, stents were placed in 35 symptomatic patients with malignant tracheobronchial stricture and/or ERF in most cases caused by lung or esophageal cancer. The site of stricture was most commonly at the trachea or left main bronchus. If there were complications, the stent was removed with a retrieval set. Nine patients had combined symptomatic ERF. RESULTS: A total of 47 tracheobronchial stents were placed and were technically successful and well-tolerated in all patients. Improvement of dyspnea was achieved in 92% of the patients (24 of 26 patients). Associated ERF in nine patients was effectively treated with tracheobronchial stent placement with or without esophageal stent placement. Stent migration, tumor overgrowth, symptomatic sputum retention, and hemoptysis occurred in 17% (6/35), 6% (2/35), 20% (7/35), and 17% (6/35) of patients, respectively. There were no documented cases of tumor ingrowth. Stent removal was performed easily in five patients when stent migration (n = 2), severe pain (n = 1), tumor overgrowth (n = 1), or persistent gastrobronchial fistula (n = 1) developed. All patients died 2 days to 26 weeks (mean, 9.62 weeks) after stent placement because of disease progression (n = 18), pneumonia (n = 9), hemoptysis (n = 5), or unknown cause (n = 3). CONCLUSION: Use of a covered retrievable expandable nitinol stent is a safe and effective method for relieving dyspnea. This procedure contributed to improved quality of life for patients with malignant tracheobronchial stricture and/or ERF. Stent retrievability was useful in resolving stent-related complications.     

Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents

Purpose: To assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of the parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.

Material and Methods: Under fluoroscopic guidance, parallel stents were placed in 12 symptomatic patients with both malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures. Seven of these 12 patients also had an esophagorespiratory fistula (ERF) and one patient had an esophagocutaneous fistula. Technical success, clinical improvement, complications, and survival rates were evaluated.

Results: A total of 28 esophageal and airway stents were successfully placed. The grade of dysphagia and dyspnea score significantly decreased after stent placement (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). ERF and esophagocutaneous fistula were sealed off in all eight patients after esophageal stent placement; however, the esophagocutaneous fistula reopened 1 month later. Complications included stent migration or expectoration (n = 3), tracheal compression by the esophageal stent (n = 3), new fistula development due to covering membrane degradation of the esophageal stent (n = 1), and symptomatic sputum retention (n = 1). Stent removal was easily performed for two stents; one migrated stent and the other with covering membrane degradation. All 12 patients died within the mean survival period of 72.50 days (range 7-375 days).

Conclusion: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.