低剂量X射线对小鼠树突状细胞与T淋巴细胞之间免疫反应的影响

低剂量辐射(low dose radiation,LDR)兴奋效应机制的研究,涉及了基因调控、信号转导、细胞功能和整体调节等方面,但电离辐射对免疫细胞间反应影响及机制研究的报道不多,特别是在体外采用两种免疫细胞共培养体系,探讨LDR对其细胞间反应的研究尚少见报道.树突状细胞( dendriticcells,DC)作为体内功能最强大的专职性抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC),在启动适应性免疫应答中起着独特的作用.本研究从体外DC与T淋巴细胞共培养体系着手,着重观察低剂量电离辐射对DC与T淋巴细胞表面共刺激分子CD80/CD28及其IL-12、IFN-γ、 TGF-β1细胞因子含量的影响,探讨DC和T淋巴细胞免疫细胞间反应的变化.     

细胞凋亡与辐射免疫损伤研究进展

免疫系统对电离辐射极度敏感。近年来研究表明,细胞凋亡在辐射诱发的免疫损伤中起着重要作用。从辐射所致免疫系统损伤和细胞凋亡的特点、凋亡的基因调控以及研究辐射与凋亡的临床意义等方面,简述了细胞凋亡在辐射所致免疫损伤中的作用的研究进展。     

姜黄素作为潜在的甲基化抑制剂与2型糖尿病关系的研究进展

2型糖尿病(T2DM)是由遗传与环境因素共同作用引起的胰岛素分泌和(或)利用障碍所致的以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,发病机制主要是胰岛β细胞功能障碍和胰岛素抵抗,越来越多的研究发现组织相关基因甲基化状态的改变参与T2DM发生发展。姜黄素能够改善胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能,并且姜黄素作为甲基化抑制剂,能够通过下调靶基因甲基化水平发挥去甲基化作用。本文对姜黄素和甲基化调控胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能相关基因的相关进展进行阐述。     

细胞凋亡与辐射免疫损伤研究进展

免疫系统对电离辐射极度敏感。近年来研究表明，细胞凋亡在辐射诱发的免疫损伤中起着重要作用。从辐射所致免疫系统损伤和细胞凋亡的特点、凋亡的基因调控以及研究辐射及凋亡的临床意义等方面，简述了细胞凋亡在辐射所致免疫损伤中的作用的研究进展。     

MicroRNA及其靶基因在预测直肠癌放化疗疗效中的作用

目的 MicroRNA及其靶基因参与直肠癌放化疗疗效应答,本研究旨在筛选直肠癌放化疗疗效相关的microRNA及其靶基因,推动直肠癌放化疗疗效的基础研究。方法 基于PubMed数据库挖掘与直肠癌放化疗疗效相关的microRNA,结合microRNA-mRNA调控关系以及基因芯片表达谱数据,寻找与直肠癌放化疗疗效相关的靶基因。通过DAVID、IPA等工具对靶基因进行基因本体论和信号转导通路富集分析。结果 通过文本挖掘,共搜集到38个与直肠癌放化疗相关的microRNA,结合实验验证和计算机预测的microRNA-mRNA调控关系,共得到潜在的靶基因3 545个。其中,131个在基因芯片表达谱（GSE35452）中具有显著的差异表达现象（P<0.05）。基因本体论以及信号转导通路富集结果表明,这些基因与直肠放化疗疗效密切相关。结论 上述microRNA及其调控的差异表达基因参与了直肠癌放化疗疗效相关的多条信号通路,在一定程度上从生物机制的角度解释了直肠癌放化疗疗效的差异。同时,筛选出的microRNA及其靶基因也为预测直肠癌放化疗疗效的研究提供了理论依据。     

长链非编码RNAs与心血管疾病的研究进展

近年来,越来越多的研究表明非编码RNA在调节组织内稳态和病理生理中扮演着重要的角色.长链非编码RNA(lncRNAs)是一类转录本长度超过200nt、不编码蛋白质的功能性RNA分子,它能干预基因的表达和信号通路.虽然对lncRNAs功能和作用机制的研究尚处于起步阶段,但已有不少证据表明lncRNAs与临床疾病有着密切联系.本文就lncRNAs的特点、主要功能及其在心血管系统疾病的研究进行综述.     

电离辐射对小鼠免疫器官SOD基因转录以及蛋白活性的影响

电离辐射通过水的辐解作用可产生出各种自由基 ,并可由自由基引发脂质过氧化反应影响生物膜的结构与功能并进而影响整个细胞的功能。超氧化物歧化酶 (ＳＯＤ)作为机体抗氧化酶系的一种 ,在防御氧的毒性、抗辐射损伤、预防衰老以及细胞间信号传导等方面具有重要作用。我室多年来对低剂量电离辐射的免疫功能进行了系统的研究 ,但对免疫系统的抗氧化功能 ,尤其从分子水平的研究 ,国内外报道较少。本研究从基因转录和蛋白活性两个水平 ,检测了小鼠胸腺和脾脏ＳＯＤ的基因转录和酶活性 ,为进一步丰富低剂量电离辐射免疫兴奋效应理论 ,探讨免疫细…     

电离辐射诱发的非编码小分子RNA改变

非编码小分子RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是近年来发现的一类普遍存在于动植物体内的非编码单链小分子RNA,长约19～25 nt,其通过碱基互补配对的方式作用于靶mRNA,导致靶mRNA降解或转录后翻译受抑[1].miRNA掌握真核细胞许多功能,影响基因表达、细胞周期调控和个体发育等多种行为[2].大量研究表明,miRNA与肿瘤的形成有密切的关系[3-4].细胞中miRNA的表达受多种环境因素的影响[5],电离辐射作为一种外界的损伤因素,能直接穿透组织细胞,将能量沉积在细胞中,对细胞造成损伤,是诱发肿瘤的重要因素.本文对电离辐射引起miRNA的表达改变作一综述,探讨miRNA在辐射致癌及肿瘤放射治疗中的功能研究.     

电离辐射诱发的非编码小分子RNA改变

非编码小分子RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是近年来发现的一类普遍存在于动植物体内的非编码单链小分子RNA,长约19～25 nt,其通过碱基互补配对的方式作用于靶mRNA,导致靶mRNA降解或转录后翻译受抑[1].miRNA掌握真核细胞许多功能,影响基因表达、细胞周期调控和个体发育等多种行为[2].大量研究表明,miRNA与肿瘤的形成有密切的关系[3-4].细胞中miRNA的表达受多种环境因素的影响[5],电离辐射作为一种外界的损伤因素,能直接穿透组织细胞,将能量沉积在细胞中,对细胞造成损伤,是诱发肿瘤的重要因素.本文对电离辐射引起miRNA的表达改变作一综述,探讨miRNA在辐射致癌及肿瘤放射治疗中的功能研究.     

电离辐射诱发的非编码小分子RNA改变

非编码小分子RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是近年来发现的一类普遍存在于动植物体内的非编码单链小分子RNA,长约19～25 nt,其通过碱基互补配对的方式作用于靶mRNA,导致靶mRNA降解或转录后翻译受抑[1].miRNA掌握真核细胞许多功能,影响基因表达、细胞周期调控和个体发育等多种行为[2].大量研究表明,miRNA与肿瘤的形成有密切的关系[3-4].细胞中miRNA的表达受多种环境因素的影响[5],电离辐射作为一种外界的损伤因素,能直接穿透组织细胞,将能量沉积在细胞中,对细胞造成损伤,是诱发肿瘤的重要因素.本文对电离辐射引起miRNA的表达改变作一综述,探讨miRNA在辐射致癌及肿瘤放射治疗中的功能研究.     

电离辐射对淋巴管的影响研究进展

电离辐射会造成淋巴管内皮细胞死亡,导致淋巴管结构破坏、功能紊乱和数量减少,对放疗产生负面影响,但也会诱导肿瘤细胞和肿瘤浸润性免疫细胞等细胞分泌多种细胞因子,促进肿瘤相关淋巴管生成,增强抗肿瘤免疫,有利于抗肿瘤治疗。研究电离辐射后淋巴管变化可能是探索放疗与免疫治疗协同抗肿瘤作用的一个途径。本综述从电离辐射后淋巴管形态学改变、电离辐射影响淋巴管分子机制和电离辐射后淋巴管变化在临床中的价值3个角度进行了归纳分析,以期为开展电离辐射对淋巴管影响的研究提供思路。     

一例职业性放射性皮肤癌的诊断与劳动能力鉴定

当今电离辐射已成为威胁人类健康的重要因素,探索有效的防护策略是放射医学领域研究的重要课题。及时使用辐射防护剂是减少电离辐射对机体正常组织损害最直接有效的方法,大量基于清除自由基、增强DNA损伤修复、诱导辐照组织缺氧及旁效应阻滞等机制的新型辐射防护剂逐渐被开发。本文总结了近年来国内外研究报道的多种辐射防护剂及其潜在的分子生物学机制,为探索新型电离辐射医学防护制剂提供理论参考。     

电离辐射损伤医学防护剂研究进展

当今电离辐射已成为威胁人类健康的重要因素,探索有效的防护策略是放射医学领域研究的重要课题。及时使用辐射防护剂是减少电离辐射对机体正常组织损害最直接有效的方法,大量基于清除自由基、增强DNA损伤修复、诱导辐照组织缺氧及旁效应阻滞等机制的新型辐射防护剂逐渐被开发。本文总结了近年来国内外研究报道的多种辐射防护剂及其潜在的分子生物学机制,为探索新型电离辐射医学防护制剂提供理论参考。     

Rationale for using multiple antioxidants in protecting humans against low doses of ionizing radiation

Health risks of low doses of ionizing radiation (10 cGy or less) may not be accurately estimated in humans by epidemiological study or mathematical modelling because of several inherent confounding factors including environmental, dietary and biological variables that cannot be accounted for in any radio-epidemiological study. In addition, the expression of radiation-induced damage in humans not only depends upon total dose, dose rate, linear energy transfer (LET), and fractionation and protraction of total doses, but also on repair mechanisms, bystander effects, and exposure to chemical carcinogens, tumour promoters and other toxins. It also depends upon the levels of anti-carcinogenic and anti-tumour promoting agents. Low doses of ionizing radiation should not be considered insignificant with regard to increasing the incidence of somatic mutations (neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases) and heritable mutations in humans owing to its interaction with other toxins that can enhance damage produced by irradiation. It is very prudent to continue to support the well-established radiobiological concept that no radiation dose can be considered completely safe, and that all efforts must be made to reduce both the radiation dose and biological damage, no matter how small that damage might be, without sacrificing the benefits of radiation. Based on the results of many scientific experiments, formulations containing multiple antioxidants for biological protection against radiation damage in humans can be developed, and this strategy together with the existing physical concept of radiation protection, should further reduce potential risks of low doses of ionizing radiation in humans.     

Involvement of MAPK signalling in radioadaptive response in BALB/c mice exposed to low dose ionizing radiation

To investigate low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR)-induced adaptive response in lymphocytes of BALB/c mice and to elucidate related molecular mechanisms. Mice were exposed to a priming dose (PD) of 0.1?Gy and challenge dose (CD) of 2?Gy ionizing radiation. Proliferation response to mitogen concanavalin A was assessed using ³H thymidine incorporation and carboxyfluoresceinsuccinamidylester (CFSE) dye dilution. Early activation markers were assessed by flow cytometry, cytokines by ELISA, DNA damage by comet assay and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by Western blotting. Radioadaptive response was observed in lymphocytes of mice exposed to PD prior to CD of ionizing radiation in terms of DNA damage, early activation markers CD69, CD71, cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ as well as proliferation. This effect was transient and observed 24?h after CD and not after 0?h or 72?h. Hyper activation of MAPK signaling pathways in lymphocytes from LDIR-exposed mice and abrogation by ERK and p38 inhibitors suggests the involvement of MAPK signaling in radioadaptive response. Our study demonstrates that LDIR-induced transient adaptive response was due to hyper activation of MAPK signaling. Our findings contribute towards the understanding of LDIR-induced adaptive response.     

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a major determinant of early cell response to ionizing radiation

PURPOSE: To determine whether DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) are involved in eliciting the rapid fluctuations of radiosensitivity that have been observed when cells are exposed to short pulses of ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of DNA-PK and PARP-1 inhibitors on the survival of cells to split-dose irradiation was investigated using Chinese hamster V79 fibroblasts and human carcinoma SQ-20B cells. The responses of PARP-1 proficient and PARP-1 knockout mouse 3T3 fibroblasts were compared in a similar split-dose assay. RESULTS: Inactivation of DNA-PK by wortmannin potentiated radiation-induced cell kill but it did not alter the oscillatory, W-shaped pattern of early radiation response. In contrast, oscillatory radiation response was abolished by 3-aminobenzamide, a reversible inhibitor of enzymes containing a PARP catalytic domain. The oscillatory response was also lacking in PARP-1 knockout mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: The results show that PARP-1 plays a key role in the earliest steps of cell response to ionizing radiation with clonogenic ability or growth as endpoint. It is hypothesized that rapid poly(ADP-ribosylation) of target proteins, or recruitment of repair proteins by activated PARP-1 at the sites of DNA damage, bring about rapid chromatin remodelling that may affect the incidence of chromosomal damage upon re-irradiation.     

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase,a major determinant of early cell response to ionizing radiation

Purpose : To determine whether DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) are involved in eliciting the rapid fluctuations of radiosensitivity that have been observed when cells are exposed to short pulses of ionizing radiation. Materials and methods : The effect of DNA-PK and PARP-1 inhibitors on the survival of cells to split-dose irradiation was investigated using Chinese hamster V79 fibroblasts and human carcinoma SQ-20B cells. The responses of PARP-1 proficient and PARP-1 knockout mouse 3T3 fibroblasts were compared in a similar split-dose assay. Results : Inactivation of DNA-PK by wortmannin potentiated radiation-induced cell kill but it did not alter the oscillatory, W-shaped pattern of early radiation response. In contrast, oscillatory radiation response was abolished by 3-aminobenzamide, a reversible inhibitor of enzymes containing a PARP catalytic domain. The oscillatory response was also lacking in PARP-1 knockout mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. Conclusion : The results show that PARP-1 plays a key role in the earliest steps of cell response to ionizing radiation with clonogenic ability or growth as endpoint. It is hypothesized that rapid poly(ADP-ribosylation) of target proteins, or recruitment of repair proteins by activated PARP-1 at the sites of DNA damage, bring about rapid chromatin remodelling that may affect the incidence of chromosomal damage upon re-irradiation.     

Gamma Radiation Response and Recovery Studies in Radiation Sensitive Mutants of Diploid Yeast

Summary

Cell killing and other deleterious biological effects of ionizing radiation are the result of chemical changes to critical targets, initiated at the time of exposure. Electron-affinic radiosensitizers act, primarily, by chemically modifying this radiation damage and its consequent biological expression, and such changes can be used to probe the nature of the cellular radiation target. According to a redox hypothesis of radiation modification, the molecular mechanism of electronic-affinic radiosensitization involves an oxidative interaction of the sensitizer with reactive, potentially damaging target radicals, which competes with reductive processes that restore the target to its undamaged state.

The effects have been compared of a series of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers on radiation-induced DNA damage and mammalian cell killing, in order to ascertain the nature of the critical radiation target site(s) involved. Sensitizer efficacy is determined by the ability to oxidize the radiation target and is found to increase exponentially with increasing electron affinity. The threshold redox potential, below which no sensitization occurs, corresponds to the oxidation potential of the target bioradical involved, and is characteristic, and useful in identification, of the particular radiation target.

Model product analysis studies of DNA base damage, inorganic phosphate release, single-strand breaks and incorporation of radioactively labelled sensitizer into DNA show a correspondence between the electronic-affinic radiosensitization of DNA damage and cell killing. A careful comparison of the radiosensitization of different DNA sites and cell killing indicates that the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, not the heterocyclic bases, is the DNA target site which mimics cell killing in its threshold redox potential and overall radiosensitization response. These results suggest that the enhancement by electron-affinic drugs of radiation damage to the DNA backbone (strand breaks) correlates strongly with, and is the most likely cause of, the radiosensitization of hypoxic cell killing.     

Fractionated exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation results in accumulation of DNA damage in mouse spleen tissue and activation of apoptosis in a p53/Atm-independent manner

Purpose: While the effects of high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) are relatively well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular responses to prolonged exposure to low doses of radiation remain largely under-investigated.

Materials and methods: Here, we addressed the DNA damage and apoptotic response in the spleen tissue of C57BL/6 male mice after fractionated exposure to X-rays within the 0.1–0.5?Gy dose range.

Results: The response to initial exposure to 0.1?Gy of IR was characterized by increased DNA damage and elevated levels of apoptosis. Subsequent exposures (cumulative doses of 0.2 and 0.3?Gy) resulted in adaptive response-like changes, represented as increased proliferation and apoptotic response. Cumulative doses of 0.4 and 0.5?Gy were characterized by accumulation of DNA damage and reactivation of apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins. Additionally, spleen cells with irreversible damage caused by radiation can undergo apoptosis via activation of p38, which does not necessarily involve the Atm/p53 pathway.

Conclusions: Fractionated exposure to low doses of X-rays resulted in accumulation of DNA damage in the murine spleen and induction of apoptotic response in p53/Atm-independent manner. Further studies are needed to understand the outcomes and molecular mechanisms underlying cellular responses and early induction of p38 in response to prolonged exposure to IR.     

shRNA干扰沉默Net1基因对电离辐射损伤反应的影响

目的 研究神经上皮细胞转化基因1（NET1）在电离辐射损伤反应中的生物学功能。 方法 运用RNA干扰技术,在细胞中特异性沉默Net1基因,然后通过集落存活实验和免疫印迹法研究抑制Net1表达对细胞的电离辐射损伤反应的影响。 结果 Net1敲低表达的细胞对电离辐射的敏感性增强,表现为更多细胞发生了凋亡,并且在γ射线照射后,毛细血管扩张性共济失调症突变蛋白（ATM）和细胞周期检查点激酶2（Chk2）的磷酸化水平也比对照细胞增强。 结论 Net1对于受到电离辐射的细胞有一定的保护作用,很可能在电离辐射损伤修复中具有重要作用。