穿刺标本Gleason评分预测前列腺癌病理分级准确性的研究

目的 分析前列腺癌患者穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分的相关性,探讨影响穿刺标本Gleason评分准确性的可能因素.方法 回顾性分析86例接受根治性前列腺切除术的前列腺癌患者资料,比较穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分的符合情况,应用二分类Logistic回归分析筛选影响穿刺标本Gleason评分准确性的可能因素.结果 86例患者穿刺标本平均Gleason评分为6.1,根治术标本平均Gleason评分为6.5,穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分相比,评分相符42例(48.8%),评分偏低32例(37.2%),评分偏高1 2例(14.0%),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),偏差与患者年龄、血清PSA、前列腺体积、临床分期无显著相关性(P＞0.05),与穿刺针数(OR=2.905)及穿刺阳性率(OR=4.225)有显著相关(P＜0.05).结论 穿刺针数与穿刺阳性针数百分比是影响穿刺标本Gleason评分准确性的可能因素,增加前列腺穿刺活检针数将可能有助于提高穿刺标本预测前列腺癌病理分级的准确性.     

穿刺标本Gleason评分预测前列腺癌分级的准确性评价

目的　探讨前列腺穿刺标本Gleason评分预测前列腺癌分级准确性的价值及影响因素。　方法　对 45例临床局限性前列腺癌患者前列腺穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分一致性进行比较 ,并对影响一致性的可能因素进行相关分析。　结果　 45例穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分相符者 19例 (42 % ) ;评分偏低 2 2例 (49% ) ,其中偏低 1分 10例 (2 2 % ) ,偏低 >2分 12例 (2 7% ) ;评分偏高 4例 (9% )。二者具有一致性 ,但一致性稍差 (K =0 .3 4 2 ,P <0 .0 1)。偏差与患者年龄、前列腺体积、TPSA、穿刺阳性针数比例、分级及病理分期均无显著相关性 (P >0 .0 5)。前列腺穿刺阳性针数比例在精囊浸润和非浸润组差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5) ,尤其在Gleason评分 >7分时差别有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　穿刺标本Gleason评分结合临床其他资料能有效地指导临床治疗。结合前列腺穿刺阳性针数比例 ,高Gleason评分是筛选前列腺癌精囊浸润病例的有效指标     

前列腺癌根治术后Gleason评分升级的影响因素分析（基于2014版ISUP分组）

目的 在2014版ISUP分组的基础上,探讨前列腺癌根治术后Gleason升级的影响因素。方法 回顾性收集2016~2021年于新疆医科大学第一附属医院行前列腺癌根治术的临床数据189例,根据前列腺癌根治术后Gleason是否较前列腺穿刺时升高,分为Gleason升级组（GGU组）60例及Gleason非升级组（非GGU组）129例。单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归对比两组资料的差异。结果 单因素分析中穿刺肿瘤组织长度、Gleason主要区域评分及Gleason次要区域评分与GGU有关（P<0.05）,多因素Logistic回归后,高血压病史（OR=2.651）、Gleason主要区域评分（OR=4.186）、穿刺肿瘤组织长度（OR=10.989）及穿刺阳性率（OR=3.684）与GGU有关（P<0.05）。结论 高血压病史、穿刺标本Gleason主要区域评分、标本中肿瘤组织长度及穿刺阳性率可能与GGU的风险相关。     

ISUP版Gleason评分在前列腺癌根治术后评分升级的影响因素分析

目的:探讨前列腺癌根治术后标本较前列腺穿刺活检标本Gleason评分升级的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年6月接受前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺癌并行根治性切除的235例患者年龄、术前PSA、前列腺体积、PSA密度(PSAD)、穿刺至手术间隔时间、穿刺阳性针数、切缘情况、精囊侵犯、淋巴转移等指标,统计其穿刺和术后Gleason评分的差异。运用Logistic回归分析引起术后Gleason评分升级的危险因素。结果:164例患者纳入分析,其中术前穿刺与根治术后标本Gleason评分相符有95例(57.93%),术后上升55例(33.54%),下降14例(8.52%)。前列腺体积(P0.01)和穿刺评分(P0.05)是影响根治术后标本Gleason评分升级的独立预测因子,其中前列腺体积≤25 ml组其术后Gleason评分升高的风险是体积60 ml组的27倍(P0.05),前列腺体积25~40 ml组术后Gleason评分升高的风险是体积60 ml组的9倍(P0.05)。结论:穿刺Gleason评分≤6、小体积前列腺(≤40 ml),术后Gleason评分升级可能性大。     

血清PSA值与穿刺标本Gleason评分预测前列腺癌病理分级

目的 探讨准确有效预测前列腺癌病理分级的方法.方法 分析75例前列腺癌患者术前血清PSA水平、穿刺活检标本和前列腺癌根治术后标本Gleason评分资料,对血清PSA水平与根治术后标本Gleason评分进行等级相关分析,对穿刺活检标本与根治术后标本Gleason评分进行配对秩和检验.结果 75例患者术前血清PSA值4～230 ng/ml,平均33.5 ng/ml;穿刺活检标本Gleason评分2～9分,平均(4.4±2.3)分;根治术后标本Gleason评分2～10分,平均(4.8±2.5)分.术前血清PSA水平与根治术后标本Gleason评分呈正相关(rs=0.279,P=0.015),穿刺活检标本与根治术后标本Gleason评分差异有统计学意义(P=0.011).结论 前列腺癌患者术前血清PSA水平越高,根治术后标本Gleason评分也越高;穿刺标本Gleason评分有低估的缺点,必要时应行病理分级后再评估.     

P53、Ki-67蛋白在前列腺癌的表达及其临床意义

目的 研究P53和Ki-67蛋白在前列腺癌组织中的表达情况，探讨P53和Ki-67蛋白的表达与前列腺癌临床病理特征之间的关系。方法 应用免疫组化法检测90例根治性前列腺癌切除术后组织标本中P53、细胞增殖指标Ki-67的表达情况。记录所有患者年龄、术前血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)水平、术后Gleason评分、病理分期、神经血管癌栓浸润情况。分析P53表达与上述各项指标的相关性。结果 前列腺癌组织P53和Ki-67表达(≥3%)阳性率分别为27.8%(25/90)和46.7%(42/90)。P53在pT2和pT3～T4期的阳性率为50.0%和19.7%(P=0.005),而Ki-67在pT2和pT3～T4期的阳性率为36.4%和75.0%(P=0.001)。Ki-67在Gleason评分≤6分、7分和≥8分组中表达阳性分别为30.4%、53.8%和66.7%,差异具有统计学意义。P53表达阳性与Ki-67表达相关(P=0.012)。P53表达与年龄、术前血PSA水平、术后Gleason评分、血管神经癌栓浸润差异无统计学意义。结论 前列腺癌P53蛋白表达与肿瘤分期和Ki-67相关，而Ki...     

腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术后切缘阳性的相关因素分析

目的：分析腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术后切缘阳性的相关因素。方法：2004年1月～2010年12月,我院完成腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术188例,平均年龄72岁。患者根治术前均经病理检查确诊为前列腺癌,未发现肿瘤转移征象。采用单因素分析研究各参数对切缘情况的影响,采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定切缘阳性的独立危险因素。结果：除2例患者中转开放手术外,其余患者均在腹腔镜下完成手术。平均手术时间246min,平均出血量309ml。术后病理回报切缘阳性76例,占40．5％。单因素分析提示切缘阳性组与切缘阴性组穿刺Gleason评分、穿刺阳性针数、根治病理Gleason评分、病理分期差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示根治标本Gleason评分、病理分期是切缘阳性的独立相关因素。根治标本Gleason评分8分相对于Gleason评分6分患者切缘阳性风险增高17．1倍（比值比为17．131,95％置信区间为5．237～56．037,P〈0．001）,病理分期T1期相对于T2期患者切缘阳性风险增高9．0倍（比值比为8．970,95％置信区间为4．128～19．493,P〈0．001）。结论：根治标本Gleason评分、病理分期是腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术后切缘阳性独立危险因素。根治标本Gleason评分为8分、病理分期为T3期患者的切缘阳性率显著增高。     

转录因子FOXA1与前列腺癌恶性程度及进展相关性研究

目的:探讨FOXA1与前列腺癌(PCa)临床分期、组织学分级及去势抵抗性前列腺癌(CRPC)的关系。方法:收集前列腺癌患者(35例)、良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者(21例)前列腺组织病理切片,应用免疫组化方法检测FOXA1和Ki-67的表达情况,进一步分析该分子阳性表达率与肿瘤临床分期、Gleason评分和CRPC的相关性。结果:PCa患者前列腺组织中FOXA1表达率明显高于BPH患者(100%vs 71.4%,P0.01),FOXA1的表达阳性率与Ki-67表达阳性率正相关(P0.001),与CRPC无明显相关性(P=0.391),但与Gleason评分(P=0.027)和肿瘤临床分期(P=0.002)相关。结论:FOXA1在前列腺癌组织中表达阳性率增高,晚期前列腺癌最高。     

前列腺癌根治术后Gleason评分升级与术前多参数MRI PI-RADS评分的关系

目的探讨前列腺癌根治术后Gleason评分升级与术前多参数MRI(mpMRI)前列腺影像报告数据系统(PIRADS)评分的关系。方法回顾性分析198例前列腺癌根治术后患者的资料。根据PI-RADS评分分为低分(1~2分),中分(3分),高分(≥4分)3组。通过单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析探讨PI-RADS评分与Gleason评分的关系。结果单因素分析显示,前列腺特异性抗原密度、前列腺体积、术前穿刺病理Gleason评分、精囊侵犯、穿刺阳性针数、PI-RADS评分是术后Gleason评分升级的影响因子(P均0.05)。多因素分析显示,前列腺体积(P0.01)与术前PI-RADS评分(P0.01)是前列腺癌根治术后Gleason评分升级的独立预测因素。术前PI-RADS评分低分组及中分组术前与术后Gleason评分差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);而高分组术后Gleason评分高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术前Gleason评分较低(≤6分)而PI-RADS评分较高(≥4分)的小体积前列腺癌患者,术后Gleason评分升级的可能大。     

前列腺癌术后病理较穿刺病理Gleason评分升高的相关因素

目的探讨影响前列腺癌术后病理Gleason评分较穿刺病理Gleason评分升高的相关因素。方法回顾性选择第二军医大学附属长海医院自2014年1月至2015年6月的102例前列腺癌根治术患者,收集可能影响Gleason评分升高的相关因素资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归筛选影响Gleason评分升高的因素。结果单因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、前列腺体积、PSA密度(PSAD)与直肠指诊(DRE)等相关指标无显著统计学意义(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示前列腺体积对于前列腺癌术后病理Gleason评分升级具有重要相关性(OR=0.981)。结论通过测量前列腺体积可预测前列腺癌术后病理Gleason评分较穿刺病理Gleason评分升高的可能,从而准确估算前列腺癌患者的实际Gleason评分,以便做出更有利的医疗决策。     

The association between metabolic syndrome and advanced prostate cancer in Chinese patients receiving radical prostatectomy

The global incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is dramatically increasing. Considerable interest has been devoted to the relationship between MetS and prostate cancer (PCa) risk. However, few studies have examined the association between MetS and PCa progression. This retrospective study consisted of 1016 patients with PCa who received radical prostatectomy. The association between MetS and pathological features was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Compared with patients without MetS, those with MetS indicated an increased risk of prostatectomy Gleason score (GS) ≥8 (odds ratio [OR] =1.670, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.096–2.545, P= 0.017), and a 1.5-fold increased risk of pT3–4 disease (OR = 1.583, 95% CI 1.106–2.266, P= 0.012). The presence of MetS was an independent predictor of lymph node involvement (OR = 1.751, 95% CI 1.038–2.955, P= 0.036). Furthermore, as the number of MetS components accumulated, the risk of a GS ≥ 8 increased. The present study indicates a significant association between MetS and advanced PCa. The results need to be evaluated in large-scale prospective cohorts.     

Association of cigarette smoking with extraprostatic prostate cancer in young men

PURPOSE: A few recent studies have revealed that cumulative or recent smoking is associated with death from prostate cancer suggesting that smoking may influence progression to more advanced disease. We evaluate the association of cigarette smoking with extraprostatic and/or Gleason sum 7 or greater prostate cancer in young men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included men who underwent radical prostatectomy before age 55 years for prostate cancer between 1992 and 1999. A survey soliciting cigarette smoking history and other exposures was mailed to 498 eligible men. The response rate was 73%. Cases were defined as men with Gleason sum 7 or greater, extraprostatic or Gleason sum 7 or greater/extraprostatic disease based on pathologic analysis. All remaining participants were considered noncases for each case definition. We used logistic regression modeling to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for Gleason sum 7 or greater, extraprostatic and Gleason sum 7 or greater/extraprostatic disease with cigarette smoking. RESULTS: Of the 352 respondents with a cigarette smoking history 5.4% were current smokers and 44.6% were former smokers at the time of surgery. The odds ratios of extraprostatic and Gleason sum 7 or greater/extraprostatic disease were 3.85 (95% CI 1.44-10.33) and 3.17 (95% CI = 1.13-8.85), respectively, for current smokers compared to men who never smoked. Evidence of an association of smoking with Gleason sum 7 or greater disease was limited. Risk of extraprostatic (p = 0.005) and Gleason sum 7 or greater/extraprostatic (p = 0.003) disease increased with increasing cumulative pack-years smoked. Higher cumulative smoking in the 10 years before surgery was associated with an increased risk of extraprostatic (p = 0.004) and Gleason sum 7 or greater/extraprostatic (p = 0.005) disease. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking may influence the risk of extraprostatic prostate cancer in young men.     

经尿道前列腺切除术与前列腺癌根治术后生化复发的相关性

探讨经尿道前列腺切除术（TURP）与前列腺癌根治术（RP）治疗前列腺癌(PCa)患者术后生化复发（BCR）的相关性。方法 选取2013年1月至2017年12月就诊于本院的480例接受RP治疗的PCa患者。患者定期随访并完善前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）检测,术后连续2次检测PSA≥0.2 ng/mL定义为BCR,采用多因素Cox风险比例回归模型等方法探索TURP对RP术后BCR发生风险的影响。结果 480例RP患者中有400例患者未行过TURP治疗,80例患者既往行TURP治疗。行TURP治疗过的患者BCR发生时间显著缩短,与未行过TURP治疗的患者比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0.016）。有TURP手术史（HR=2.31,95%CI:1.33～4.04,P=0.003）、PSA升高（HR=1.01,95%CI:1.00～1.02,P=0.007）、T3b分期（HR=2.83,95%CI:1.16～6.87,P=0.022）、Gleason评分为7～9分（7分：HR=2.28,95%CI:1.09～4.75,P=0.028;8分：HR=2.90,95%CI: 1.24～6.80,P=0.014;9分：HR=5.55,95%CI:2.32～13.29,P<0.001）是BCR发生的独立危险因素。结论 在PCa患者中,TURP手术史、PSA升高、T3b分期及Gleason评分7～9分的患者在RP术后发生BCR的风险较高。     

甲基化转移酶基因多态性与前列腺癌发病的相关性研究

目的:探讨DNA甲基转移酶1(DNA methyltransferase 1,DNMT1)(rs16999593,rs2228611)及DNMT3B(rs2424908)基因多态性与南京地区前列腺癌发病风险及病理特征的相关性。方法:采用病例对照研究,招募前列腺癌患者155例设为病例组及155例正常男性设为对照组。采用Mass ARRAY分子量阵列技术进行基因分型技术检测3个多态性位点的基因型。采用Logistic回归模型分析各基因型与前列腺癌发生的关系及其病理参数的关系。结果:rs16999593位点的各基因型在2组中分布频率有显著性差异(P=0.041),CT基因型(OR=0.61,95%CI 0.38~0.99,P=0.043)及CT/CC(OR=0.59,95%CI 0.39~0.92,P=0.017)基因型在对照组的频率显著高于病例组。rs2424908的各基因型在两组中分布有显著性差异(P=0.025),CT基因型(OR=0.73,95%CI 0.58~0.91,P=0.007)及CT/CC基因型(OR=0.57,95%CI 0.36~0.94,P=0.023)在对照组的频率显著高于病例组。在Gleason分级7的病例组中,rs16999593CT/CC(OR=0.47,95%CI 0.28~0.85,P=0.008)及rs2424908CT/CC(OR=0.46,95%CI 0.26~0.85,P=0.009)基因型的频率均显著低于对照组。而在Gleason分级≥7的分组中上述3个多态性位点的基因型频率与对照组均无显著性差异(P均0.05)。结论:DNMT1基因rs16999593CT/CC及DNMT3B基因rs2424908CT/CC基因型与前列腺癌的低风险相关,且与Gleason低评分相关。     

Family history of prostate cancer and obesity in relation to high-grade disease and extraprostatic extension in young men with prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Little is known about predictors of prostate cancer severity in young men. Therefore, we examined whether family history and obesity influence risk of high-grade disease and extraprostatic extension in men < 55-years old. METHODS: Four hundred ninety-eight men aged < 55 years who had had a radical prostatectomy (1992-1999) by one surgeon were mailed a survey in 2000 to assess family history of PCa and anthropometrics. Body mass index (BMI = kg/m(2)) was calculated as an indicator of obesity. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) for high-grade disease (Gleason score > or = 7) and extraprostatic extension. RESULTS: Of the 363 respondents, 35.8% had at least one first-degree relative with PCa. Men with a family history were younger at surgery than those without a family history (48.8 vs. 50.1 years, P < 0.001). After controlling for age, cigarette smoking, and race/ethnicity, men with an affected father had a lower risk of high-grade disease compared to those without an affected father (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.23-0.76). Risk of high-grade disease increased with increasing BMI, especially in men < 50-years old (P-trend = 0.02). Family history and BMI were not clearly associated with extraprostatic extension. CONCLUSIONS: After taking into account a younger age at presentation among men with a family history, young men with a family history of PCa were less likely to have high-grade disease. Obesity may be associated with a poorer histology in young men with PCa, especially in men younger than 50 years of age.     

Prostate cancer with tertiary Gleason pattern 5 in prostate needle biopsy: clinicopathologic findings and disease progression

Significance of tertiary Gleason pattern/grade 5 on prostatectomy has been studied, but its significance on biopsy remains uncertain. Recent International Society of Urological Pathology consensus conference recommended that biopsy Gleason score is generated by adding tertiary grade 5 to the primary grade. We examined the preoperative clinical and biopsy findings in 53 patients with biopsy tertiary pattern 5 and 119 patients with primary/secondary biopsy pattern 5. Prostatectomy findings and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure rates were compared in surgically treated patients. Cause-specific and all-cause mortality were compared in patients treated nonsurgically. At presentation, age, gland volume, PSA, and biopsy cancer volume were similar in patients with tertiary and primary/secondary grade 5. Only 20 patients underwent prostatectomy and 152 were treated nonsurgically. Regardless of the pattern, patients treated by prostatectomy were younger (P=0.003), had lower PSA (P=0.001), and less cancer on biopsy (P=0.0001). Prostatectomy findings and PSA failures were not significantly different in patients with tertiary grade 5 versus primary/secondary pattern 5. In nonsurgically treated patients, patients with primary pattern 5 compared with those with tertiary pattern 5 had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-4.90, P=0.026] and cause-specific mortality (adjusted HR: 7.52, 95% CI: 2.84-19.87, P<0.001). In contrast, patients with secondary pattern 5 had a comparable all-cause mortality risk to patients with tertiary pattern 5 (adjusted HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.47-2.32, P=0.92), but had a marginally higher risk of cause-specific mortality than patients with tertiary pattern 5 (adjusted HR: 2.13, 95% CI: 0.75-6.10, P=0.16).     

PREDICTING EXTRACAPSULAR EXTENSION OF PROSTATE CANCER IN MEN TREATED WITH RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: RESULTS FROM THE POPULATION BASED PROSTATE CANCER OUTCOMES STUDY

PURPOSE: We investigated whether clinical information routinely available in community practice could predict extracapsular extension of clinically localized prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined prostate cancer outcomes in a population based sample of 3,826 patients with primary prostate cancer in 6 regions of the United States covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Stratified and weighted logistic regression was used to identify predictors of and probabilities for extracapsular extension of clinically localized tumors treated with radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Nearly 47% of men undergoing radical prostatectomy had extraprostatic extension. The strongest predictors were elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) greater than 20 versus less than 4 ng./ml. (odds ratio 5.88, 95% confidence interval 2.90 to 11.15), Gleason score greater than 8 versus less than 6 (1.73, 1.04 to 2.87) and age greater than 70 versus less than 50 years (1.91, 0.98 to 3.70). Ethnicity and region were not associated with increased risk of extraprostatic extension. A nomogram developed from our model predicts extracapsular extension ranging from 24% in men younger than 50 years with PSA less than 4 ng./ml. and a Gleason score of less than 7 to 85% in those 70 years old or older with PSA greater than 20 ng./ml. and a Gleason score of 8 or more. If prostatectomy were limited to patients with less than 60% probability of extraprostatic extension based on the nomogram, 95% of those with organ confined cancers would undergo definitive surgery and 18% of those with extracapsular extension would be spared the morbidity of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In a population based analysis of prostate cancer practice patterns PSA, Gleason score and age are clinically useful predictors of extracapsular extension. Although extracapsular extension may be an imperfect predictor of cancer outcomes, our nomogram provides more realistic probabilities for extracapsular extension than those based on institutional series.     

Leptin and prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Higher prostate cancer mortality rates among US immigrants from countries with lower rates suggest environmental influences on prostate carcinogenesis (e.g., diet, body composition). METHODS: In a study identifying determinants of clinically relevant prostate cancer, we compared plasma concentrations of leptin, an adiposity-related hormone, in 48 men with tumors 0.5 cc in volume or with histologic evidence of extraprostatic extension but without metastases ("high-volume disease"), matched by age (+/- 5 years) and year at diagnosis (+/- 1 year). RESULTS: Men with high-volume disease exhibited higher leptin concentrations overall and after stratification by age, testosterone level, height, and body mass index (BMI). Analysis revealed that men with elevated leptin concentrations had an increased risk of diagnosis with high-volume disease (odds ratio (OR) = 2.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-5.44), as did men with high leptin and high testosterone (OR = 9.73, 95% CI = 2.05-46.24) and men >/=5'8" with high leptin (OR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.40-9.63). CONCLUSIONS: Leptin may affect the risk of clinically relevant prostate cancer through testosterone and factors related to stature and obesity.     

Prediction of extraprostatic cancer by prostate specific antigen density,endorectal MRI,and biopsy Gleason score in clinically localized prostate cancer

BACKGROUNDS: The present study was designed to identify the preoperative parameters, including PSA-based parameters, and endorectal MRI, predictive of pathological stage in males who underwent radical prostatectomy. METHODS: We studied 114 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Clinical stage was assessed by DRE, pelvic CT scan, endorectal MRI, and bone scan. The correlation between the preoperative parameters, including PSA-based parameters, clinical stage, and histological findings of biopsy specimens, and the pathological stage was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify a significant set of independent predictors for local extent of disease. RESULTS: Seventy-six (66.6%) patients had organ confined cancer and 38 (33.4%) patients had extraprostatic cancer. Of the 38 patients with extraprostatic cancer, four had seminal vesicle involvement, while, none had pelvic lymph node involvement. Biopsy Gleason score, PSA, PSA-alpha1-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT), PSA-density (PSAD), PSA-transition zone density, PSA-ACT density, and PSA-ACT transition zone (TZ) density were significantly higher and percent free PSA was lower in the patients with organ confined cancer than those with extraprostatic cancer (P < 0.01). PSAD showed the largest area under the ROC curve (AUC) among those parameters (AUC = 0.732). Sixty-eight (74.7%) of 91 patients with T2 on endorectal MRI had organ confined cancer, while 15 (65.2%) of 23 patients with T3 had extraprostatic cancer (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that Gleason score (> or =7 vs. < or =6), endorectal MRI findings, and PSAD were significant predictors of extraprostatic cancer (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that preoperative PSAD was the most valuable predictor among PSA-based parameters for extraprostatic disease in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. The combination of PSAD, endorectal MRI findings, and biopsy Gleason score can provide additional information for selecting appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy.     

Lymphovascular invasion is an independent prognostic factor in prostatic adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE: Gleason grade and tumor stage are well established prognostic factors in prostate cancer. Histological demonstration of tumor in lymphovascular spaces has been associated with poor prognosis in many tumor types but it is not included in current prostate cancer grading and staging schemes. Whether lymphovascular invasion is an independent prognostic factor for disease progression in prostate cancer is uncertain. We retrospectively investigated lymphovascular invasion as a predictive factor for biochemical failure and cancer specific survival following radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 504 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma undergoing radical prostatectomy were reviewed for lymphovascular invasion. Clinical followup data were available on 459 cases. Mean followup was 44 months (range 1.5 to 144). Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox model. RESULTS: Lymphovascular invasion was identified in 106 cases (21%). Univariate analysis showed a significant association between lymphovascular invasion and higher preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), advanced pathological stage, higher Gleason score, positive surgical margins, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastasis and perineural invasion (each p <0.001). No association was observed between lymphovascular invasion and patient age at surgery, prostate weight or high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Lymphovascular invasion was an independent predictor of PSA recurrence (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.38, p = 0.01) and cancer specific survival (HR 2.75, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.28, p = 0.041) after controlling for tumor stage, surgical margins and Gleason grade on multivariate analysis. Five-year cancer specific survival was 90% in men with lymphovascular invasion compared to 98% in those without lymphovascular invasion (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lymphovascular invasion can be identified in approximately 20% of prostate cancer cases. Lymphovascular invasion is an independent risk factor for PSA recurrence and cancer death in patients with prostate cancer.