淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症一例报告并文献复习

淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症(lym-phoplasmacytic lymphoma/waldenstr?m macroglobu-linemia,LPL/WM)属于惰性成熟B细胞淋巴瘤范畴,以骨髓中浆细胞样淋巴细胞浸润伴外周血单克隆性IgM增生为特点,病因不明,好发于≥60 岁老年人,病情进展缓慢,部分患者无症...     

淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症三例并文献复习

目的 探讨淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症（LPL/WM）的临床特征、诊断及治疗方法.方法 分析3例典型LPL/WM患者的诊疗经过,并进行相关文献复习.结果 3例患者诊断明确为LPL/WM并进行治疗,病情基本稳定.结论 LPL/WM临床上少见,易误诊,尝试进行个体化治疗是一种选择.     

淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症2例及文献复习

淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤／华氏巨球蛋白血症（LPL／wM）约占所有血液系统肿瘤的2％，为少见肿瘤。近年来在其治疗方法上有显著进展。作者报告2例典型病例，并复习文献，以提高对LPL／WM的认识。     

伴MYD88 L265P突变的脾边缘区淋巴瘤临床特征分析

目的 分析伴MYD88 L265P突变的脾边缘区淋巴瘤(splenic marginal zone lymphoma,SMZL)患者的临床特征.方法 回顾性分析本中心SMZL患者队列,将MYD88 L265P突变型患者的临床特征与野生型以及华氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstr?m macroglobulinemia,W...     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症一例并文献复习

目的 探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)在淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症(LPL/WM)中的治疗效果,并分析该类患者的预后.方法 报告1例接受allo-HSCT治疗的LPL/WM患者,并对相关文献进行复习.结果 该患者接受FMD(氟达拉滨、米托蒽醌、地塞米松)、RCOP(利妥昔单抗、环磷酰胺、长春地辛、泼尼松)、PAD(硼替佐米、表柔比星、地塞米松)等多个方案化疗后效果不佳.后接受allo-HSCT治疗,预处理方案为减低剂量克拉屈滨、白消安联合环磷酰胺,移植后予环孢素、麦考酚钠肠溶片联合短程甲氨蝶呤常规预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),+13天粒系植入,+15天巨核系植入,+208天出现局限性慢性GVHD(肝脏、口唇),予激素治疗后好转.移植后患者IgM水平持续下降,评估疗效为非常好的部分缓解.结论 allo-HSCT可能使难治性LPL/WM患者生存明显获益.     

硼替佐米治疗淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症二例并文献复习

目的 探讨硼替佐米治疗淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤/华氏巨球蛋白血症(LPL/WM)的临床效果.方法 分析在河南省肿瘤医院就诊的2例典型LPL/WM患者的诊疗经过,并进行相关文献复习.结果 2例患者明确诊断为LPL/WM,经过治疗病情稳定,达到完全缓解.结论 硼替佐米治疗LPL/WM可以获得较好的效果.     

淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤／Waldenstr?觟m巨球蛋白血症的形态学诊断

  目的　提高对淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤（LPL）／Waldenstr?觟m巨球蛋白血症的认识。方法　对1例LPL患者的诊治过程进行回顾性分析,并复习有关文献,对慢性淋巴细胞白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、脾边缘区淋巴瘤进行鉴别诊断。结果　患者血涂片淋巴细胞0.40,分类100个白细胞可见晚幼红1个,血小板少见,红细胞呈明显缗钱状排列。骨髓象：增生活跃,淋巴样细胞0.78,浆细胞0.085。骨髓活组织检查示：骨髓增生极度活跃,淋巴样细胞和浆样细胞弥漫性分布,形态学诊断为淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤／Waldenstr?觟m巨球蛋白血症。结论　LPL与慢性淋巴细胞白血病、多发性骨髓瘤和伴外周血的脾淋巴瘤等疾病临床及实验室特征有相似之处,往往难以鉴别, 血涂片、骨髓涂片及骨髓组织学等形态改变在LPL诊断及鉴别诊断中能起到决定性作用。     

24例华氏巨球蛋白血症临床分析

目的 华氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstr(o)m's macroglobulinemia,WM)是一种特殊类型的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其发病率极低,国内外相关数据较为缺乏.本研究旨在探讨WM的临床特点、预后因素及诊治方法. 方法 回顾性分析2011-01-01-2016-01-01郑州大学人民医院诊治的24例WM患者临床资料. 结果 24例WM患者,男16例,女8例,男女比例为2∶1,年龄42~79岁,中位年龄62.5岁;贫血(20例,83.3%)是最常见的临床表现,中位血红蛋白水平75(46~145) g/L;中位IgM水平32.9(6.4~79.3) g/L,其中κ型18例(75%),λ型6例(25%).16例患者行流式细胞术检测,13例(81.3%)表现为sIgM+CD5-CD10-CD19+CD20+CD22+CD23-.全组中位无进展生存时间(PFS)为7.5(1~51)个月.单因素分析结果显示,年龄、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、IgM水平、白蛋白(ALB)、血清肌酐(SCr)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和合并重度免疫不全麻痹影响患者PFS,应用含有利妥昔单抗或硼替佐米的化疗方案组PFS相对较长.多因素分析结果显示,年龄(P=0.008)、IgM水平(P=0.028)和SCr(P=0.005)与预后相关. 结论 WM好发于老年男性,以IgM κ型多见,具有惰性B细胞淋巴瘤的特点,年龄、IgM水平和SCr是影响WM预后的独立危险因素,利妥昔单抗或硼替佐米的应用有望延长PFS.     

淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤3 例报道并文献复习

淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤(lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma,LPL)为一种少见的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,发病率不到非霍奇金淋巴瘤的5%;是由小B淋巴细胞、浆细胞样淋巴细胞和浆细胞组成的低度恶性肿瘤,通常累及骨髓、淋巴结和脾,大多数病例血清蛋白电泳γ区出现M峰或伴有华氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstr(o)m Macroglobulinemia,WM).     

Rapid detection of the MYD88 L265P mutation for pre- and intra-operative diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma

The myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) L265P mutation is a disease-specific mutation of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) among the central nervous system tumors. Accordingly, this mutation is considered a reliable diagnostic molecular marker of PCNSL. As the intra-operative diagnosis of PCNSL is sometimes difficult to achieve using histological examinations alone, intra-operative detection of the MYD88 L265P mutation could be effective for the accurate diagnosis of PCNSL. Herein, we aimed to develop a novel rapid genotyping system (GeneSoC) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on microfluidic thermal cycling technology. This real-time PCR system shortened the analysis time, which enabled the detection of the MYD88 L265P mutation within 15 min. Rapid detection of the MYD88 L265P mutation was performed intra-operatively using GeneSoC in 24 consecutive cases with suspected malignant brain tumors, including 10 cases with suspected PCNSL before surgery. The MYD88 L265P mutation was detected in eight cases in which tumors were pathologically diagnosed as PCNSL after the operation, while wild-type MYD88 was detected in 16 cases. Although two of the 16 cases with wild-type MYD88 were pathologically diagnosed as PCNSL after the operation, MYD88 L265P could be detected in all eight PCNSL cases harboring MYD88 L265P. The MYD88 L265P mutation could also be detected using cell-free DNA derived from the cerebrospinal fluid of two PCNSL cases. Detection of the MYD88 L265P mutation using GeneSoC might not only improve the accuracy of intra-operative diagnosis of PCNSL but also help the future pre-operative diagnosis through liquid biopsy of cerebrospinal fluid.     

Activation of TAK1 by MYD88 L265P drives malignant B-cell Growth in non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Massively parallel sequencing analyses have revealed a common mutation within the MYD88 gene (MYD88_L265P) occurring at high frequencies in many non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) including the rare lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, Waldenström''s macroglobulinemia (WM). Using whole-exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing and allele-specific PCR, we validate the initial studies and detect the MYD88_L265P mutation in the tumor genome of 97% of WM patients analyzed (n=39). Due to the high frequency of MYD88 mutation in WM and other NHL, and its known effects on malignant B-cell survival, therapeutic targeting of MYD88 signaling pathways may be clinically useful. However, we are lacking a thorough characterization of the role of intermediary signaling proteins on the biology of MYD88_L265P-expressing B cells. We report here that MYD88_L265P signaling is constitutively active in both WM and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells leading to heightened MYD88_L265P, IRAK and TRAF6 oligomerization and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, we have identified the signaling protein, TAK1, to be an essential mediator of MYD88_L265P-driven signaling, cellular proliferation and cytokine secretion in malignant B cells. Our studies highlight the biological significance of MYD88_L265P in NHL and reveal TAK1 inhibition to be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of WM and other diseases characterized by MYD88_L265P.     

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中MYD88基因突变及其临床病理相关性分析

背景与目的：MYD88基因在弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL）中有一定突变率,但其临床病理相关性目前研究报道甚少。该研究旨在分析DLBCL中MYD88基因突变的发生率及与临床病理参数的相关性。方法：收集121例DLBCL患者的临床病理资料,采用免疫组织化学法分析其免疫表型,采用PCR扩增及直接测序法检测MYD88 L265P位点突变情况,采用统计学方法分析MYD88突变与各临床病理参数的相关性。结果：121例DLBCL患者中,38例（31.4%）检测到MYD88 L265P突变。其中男性50例,女性71例,患者性别与该基因突变没有相关性（P=0.609）。年龄≥60岁组MYD88突变率为40.3%（25/62）,显著高于<60岁组（13/59,22.0%）（P=0.030）。MYD88突变主要发生在结外部位,其中最常见的是乳腺（12/13,92.3%）、男性生殖系统（10/11,90.9%）、女性生殖系统（5/6,83.3%）及中枢神经系统（4/6,66.7%）;结外DLBCL中的MYD88突变率（35/98,35.7%）显著高于结内者（2/20,10%）（P=0.024）。Non-GCB型DLBCL中MYD88突变率为39.7%（25/63）,显著高于GCB亚型（10/55,18.2%）（P=0.010）;结外DLBCL组中MYD88突变与免疫分型的相关性更加显著（P=0.003）,而结内组中两者无相关性（P=0.776）。Bcl-2蛋白阳性组（30/77,39.0%）及MYC/Bcl-2蛋白双表达组（19/46,41.3%）中MYD88突变率分别高于Bcl-2阴性组（5/40,12.5%）及非双表达组（16/70,22.9%）（P=0.003和0.034）。Ki-67增殖活性与MYD88基因突变显著相关［高增殖活性组为38.8%（33/85）,低增殖活性组为6.3%（2/32）］（P<0.001）。该基因突变与MYC蛋白及CD5表达均无相关性（P=0.581和0.759）。结论：MYD88 L265P突变好发于年龄≥60岁、non-GCB起源及特殊结外部位（如乳腺、中枢神经系统及生殖系统等）的DLBCL中,且具有较高增殖指数及MYC/Bcl-2蛋白双表达率;其预后相关性有待积累更多病例进一步分析。MYD88基因突变有望为揭示DLBCL发病机制及靶向治疗提供新的理论依据。     

Liquid biopsy of cerebrospinal fluid for MYD88 L265P mutation is useful for diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma

The current standard of diagnosing central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is stereotactic biopsy, however the procedure has a risk of surgical complication. Liquid biopsy of the CSF is a less invasive, non-surgical method that can be used for diagnosing CNS lymphoma. In this study, we established a clinically applicable protocol for determining mutations in MYD88 in the CSF of patients with CNS lymphoma. CSF was collected prior to the start of chemotherapy from 42 patients with CNS lymphoma and matched tumor specimens. Mutations in MYD88 in 33 tumor samples were identified using pyrosequencing. Using 10 ng each of cellular DNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) extracted from the CSF, the MYD88 L265P mutation was detected using digital PCR. The conditions to judge mutation were rigorously determined. The median Target/Total value of cases with MYD88 mutations in the tumors was 5.1% in cellular DNA and 22.0% in cfDNA. The criteria to judge mutation were then determined, with a Target/Total value of 0.25% as the cutoff. When MYD88 mutations were determined based on these criteria, the sensitivity and specificity were 92.2% and 100%, respectively, with cellular DNA; and the sensitivity and specificity were 100% with cfDNA. Therefore, the DNA yield, mutated allele fraction, and accuracy were significantly higher in cfDNA compared with that in cellular DNA. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of detecting the MYD88 L265P mutation in cfDNA of the CSF for diagnosing CNS lymphoma using digital PCR, a highly accurate and clinically applicable method.     

初治弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者MYD88基因突变的临床特征及预后分析

目的:探讨MYD88基因突变对初治弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)的临床特征及预后的影响.方法:收集2013年1月至2015年1月空军军医大学第二附属医院血液科的74例初治DLBCL患者,回顾分析MYD88突变组(MYD88mut)和MYD88野生组(MYD8...     

Detection of L265P MYD‐88 mutation in a series of clonal B‐cell lymphocytosis of marginal zone origin (CBL‐MZ)

Clonal B‐cell lymphocytosis of marginal zone origin (CBL‐MZ) is a recently described entity characterized by the presence of clonal B cells in the blood and/or bone marrow (BM) with morphologic and immunophenotypic features consistent with marginal zone derivation in otherwise healthy individuals. CBL‐MZ is commonly associated with paraproteinemia, usually immunoglobulin M (IgM), raising diagnostic difficulties from Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM). The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of MYD‐88 L265P mutation in a well‐characterized series of CBL‐MZ to identify cases that may in fact represent WM. Fifty‐three CBL‐MZ cases were retrospectively evaluated. MYD‐88 L265P mutation was determined by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction in blood and/or BM mononuclear cells. Almost half of the CBL‐MZ cases (49%) were associated with paraproteinemia mainly of the IgM type (65%). MYD‐88 L265P mutation was identified in 10 cases (19%). These cases may truly represent WM, whereas 43 cases (81%) are still classified as CBL‐MZ. Mutated cases were all associated with paraproteinemia compared with 37% of the nonmutated ones (P < .0001). In addition, mutated cases displayed more frequently CD38 and CD25 positivity (P = .002 and P = .005, respectively). Moreover, cases without paraproteinemia presented more frequently with lymphocytosis, irrespective of the presence of the MYD‐88 mutation (P = .02). The present study demonstrates that MYD‐88 L265P mutation may represent the only sensitive marker for the differentiation of CBL‐MZ from probable WM. However, further studies are warranted to better define the biological significance of MYD‐88 L265P mutation and to clarify whether the presence of the mutation establishes WM diagnosis or that it can also be present in borderline cases associated with paraproteinemia.     

The use of droplet digital PCR in liquid biopsies: A highly sensitive technique for MYD88 p.(L265P) detection in cerebrospinal fluid

The gold standard for diagnosis of central nervous system lymphomas still regards a stereotactic brain biopsy, with the risk of major complications for the patient. As tumor cells can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF analysis can be used as an alternative. In this respect, mutation analysis in CSF can be of added value to other diagnostic parameters such a cytomorphology and clonality analysis. A well‐known example of targeted mutation analysis entails MYD88 p.(L265P) detection, which is present in the majority of Bing Neel syndrome and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients. Unfortunately, tumor yield in CSF can be very low. Therefore, use of the highly sensitive droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) might be a suitable analysis strategy for targeted mutation detection. We analyzed 26 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples (8 positive and 18 negative for MYD88 p.(L265P) mutation) by ddPCR, of which the results were compared with next generation sequencing (NGS). Subsequently, 32 CSF samples were analyzed by ddPCR. ddPCR and NGS results on FFPE material showed 100% concordance. Among the 32 CSF samples, 9 belonged to patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) and clinical suspicion of Bing Neel syndrome, and 3 belonged to patients with PCNSL. Nine of these samples tested positive for MYD88 p.(L265P) (8 LPL and 1 PCNSL). This study shows that sensitive MYD88 mutation analysis by ddPCR in CSF is highly reliable and can be applied even when DNA input is low. Therefore, ddPCR is of added value to current diagnostic parameters, especially when the available amount of DNA is limited.