荧光素虹膜血管造影联合眼底血管造影在DR合并新生血管性青光眼中的应用

背景 新生血管性青光眼(NVG)是由视网膜缺血缺氧继发的眼病.荧光素虹膜血管造影(IFA)可早期诊断NVG,但其不能全面反映眼底血管情况.IFA联合荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)可全面检测视网膜及虹膜新生血管情况,但目前国内关于糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)合并NVG患者中此方法的应用研究较少. 目的 探讨IFA联合FFA检查在增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)患者合并新生血管性青光眼的临床应用.方法 采用回顾性研究方法.纳入2013年2月至2016年1月在河南省立眼科医院接受IFA和FFA联合检查的PDR患者79例133眼,其中无虹膜病变100眼,I期青光眼红变期21眼,Ⅱ期开角型NVG 12眼.所有患眼均行视力、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、IFA联合FFA检查.采用McNemar非参数检验法对比分析裂隙灯显微镜和IFA检查在I期青光眼红变期患眼检出率的差异. 结果 IFA检查显示100眼无虹膜病变患者无异常虹膜荧光素渗漏,FFA检查显示接受全视网膜激光光凝术(PRP)治疗的32眼未发现视网膜新生血管,68患眼存在视网膜新生血管;早期IFA检查显示,21眼I期青光眼红变期患者瞳孔缘或虹膜表面新生血管荧光素渗漏,FFA检查显示均存在视网膜新生血管;早期IFA检查显示12眼NVG患者虹膜表面新生血管荧光素渗漏,FFA检查显示均存在视网膜新生血管.I期青光眼红变期患眼中IFA检查的检出率为100％(21/21),明显高于裂隙灯显微镜检查的71.43％(15/21),2种检测方法检出率的比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.03). 结论 IFA联合FFA检查可以及早发现PDR合并青光眼红变期,有助于及时指导治疗.     

荧光素虹膜血管造影联合眼底血管造影在视网膜中央静脉阻塞中的操作方法及诊断价值分析

新生血管性青光眼(NVG)继发于视网膜缺血、缺氧,缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)是其病因之一。NVG以新生血管自虹膜瞳孔缘向房角生长为特征。其检查以裂隙灯显微镜检查为主,可发现虹膜表面的新生血管病变,但不易于发现被深棕色虹膜所遮盖的新生血管病变,从而延缓早期NVG的发现和治疗。荧光素虹膜血管造影(IFA)是诊断虹膜新生血管的金标准,但单纯IFA检查仅能间接反映视网膜病变情况。FFA有助于发现缺血型CRVO的视网膜新生血管和无灌注区,但不能观察虹膜病变。     

荧光血管造影用于国人棕色虹膜新生血管诊断的初步观察

目的观察国人虹膜新生血管（NVI）患者的虹膜荧光血管造影（IFA）表现,与裂隙灯检查对比,探讨IFA在NVI诊断上的临床应用价值。方法对国人40例（40眼）正常者和27例（28眼）各种病因继发NVI患者及24例（27眼）可疑NVI患者,进行了裂隙灯、虹膜彩照和IFA检查。结果正常对照组IFA不显影,呈色素遮蔽荧光,部分（22.2%）大于60岁正常老年人瞳孔缘可见轻微荧光素渗漏。所有NVI患者（100%）IFA显示瞳孔缘和虹膜表面出现小团状、细线状或不规则交叉网状强荧光,充盈迅速,伴有不同程度的荧光素渗漏。对于部分（11.1%）严重眼底缺血患者,IFA可提前于裂隙灯发现NVI。结论IFA在国人棕色虹膜病变特别是NVI的诊断中有应用价值,能够更敏感地显示NVI的形态和位置,并判断其活动性,为NVI的诊断及疗效判断提供了客观依据。     

继发于糖尿病视网膜病变的虹膜新生血管形成的冷凝治疗

目的:评价单纯周边视网膜冷冻治疗继发于糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retmopathy,DR)的虹膜新生血管形成(iris neovscularization,IN)的临床治疗效果。方法:对我院2003-01/2007-12收治的继发于DR的IN15例17眼进行回顾性分析,男11例13眼,女4例4眼;年龄34～72(平均48.6)岁。手术方法为单纯周边视网膜冷冻。观察的内容包括裂隙灯下肉眼所见的虹膜新生血管消退情况,手术前后视力和眼压(IOP)的变化。结果:裂隙灯下虹膜新生血管均消退,17眼基线视力无明显改变,眼压基本稳定。观察期为3mo。结论:周边视网膜冷冻术可有效促使继发于DR的IN的消退,方法简单安全。     

玻璃体腔注射Lucentis辅助治疗新生血管性青光眼

目的：观察玻璃体腔注射Lucentis在治疗新生血管性青光眼（NVG）中的作用。方法：回顾性系列病例分析。25例25眼NVG患者接受玻璃体腔Lucentis 注射（ranibizumab 0.5mg/0.05mL）,待虹膜新生血管消退后,根据病情采用不同治疗方式。术后观察虹膜及房角新生血管情况、眼压及视力变化,随访3mo。结果：玻璃体腔注射Lucentis 3～7d后,20例20眼虹膜和房角新生血管完全消退,5例5眼7d后新生血管未完全消退。继续治疗情况如下：复合式小梁切除术14例14眼,玻璃体切割术4例4眼。患者治疗前平均眼压为43.42±10.99mmHg,出院时平均眼压明显下降（14.26±7.64mmHg, P〈0.05）,并且在随访3mo时保持稳定（18.76±5.96mmHg,P〈0.05）。随访3mo时,视力较前提高和不变者20眼,视力下降者5眼。手术完全成功21眼,部分成功3眼,失败为1眼。 结论：璃体腔注射Lucentis,可作为治疗NVG的辅助方法,根据不同病情联合其他治疗方法,可有效治疗NVG。     

眼内新生血管性疾病应用Bevacizumab的临床研究

目的观察评估Bevacizumab在临床治疗增生期糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）、糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）视网膜缺血后虹膜睫状体新生血管形成并发新生血管性青光眼（NVG）等眼内新生血管性疾病的疗效。方法回顾性分析78例（78只眼）病例资料,其中PDR患者32例（32只眼）;DR继发NVG者20例（20只眼）;视网膜中央静脉阻塞（CRVO）缺血型致黄斑水肿26例（26只眼）。均接受玻璃体腔内注射安全常规剂量Bevacizumab后,观察最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、相干光断层扫描（OCT）显示黄斑中心视网膜厚度（CMT）、眼压（IOP）的结果与治疗前对比分析。随访2～12个月。结果 Bevacizumab治疗后与治疗前比较,视力明显提高（P〈0.001）,OCT示CMT明显变薄（P〈0.001）,黄斑水肿减轻,IOP较治疗前明显降低（P〈0.001）。未见与药物有关的眼部和全身不良反应。结论玻璃体腔内注射Bevacizumab,可以显著降低复杂眼内新生血管性疾病的手术难度,明显减轻黄斑水肿,提高视力,但长期治疗效果需要进一步观察。     

新生血管性青光眼的临床和病理观察

目的 观察视网膜静脉阻塞怕致新生血管性青光眼（NVG）的危险因素、视力预后和病理改变。方法（1）观察视网膜静脉阻塞429例445眼，其中总干阻塞369例385眼；半侧阻塞60例60眼。分析新生血管性青光眼的发病率、危险因素和视力预后。（2）视网膜消化铺片和病理切片光镜观察。结果 445眼中36眼产生了NVG，占8．09％；总干阻塞为9．09％，半侧阻塞为1．7％。产生NVG者均为缺血型。发生NVG的危险因素有：（1）初诊视力低于0．1，眼底出血多。（2）高血压、冠心病、心动过缓者；血液流变性异常者；其中两项以上异常者22例占68．8％。（3）有原发性青光眼者，视网膜动脉硬化、视网膜动脉很细者。4例双眼发病者均有3项以上指标异常。追踪视力为无光感至数指者24眼，占66．7％；0．02－0．05者9眼，占25．0％，0．1－0．4者3眼，占8．3％。致盲率91．7％。消化铺片发现视网膜毛细血管内皮细胞增生形成实心细胞团及多量新生血管芽和形成管腔的新生血管。病理切片发现视盘有青光眼凹陷，静脉血栓形成，视网膜下蛋白液等。结论 初诊视力低下、缺血型视网膜静脉阻塞、原发性青光眼、高血压、动脉硬化、血黏度增高是视网膜静脉阻塞产生NVG的危险因素。NVG视力预后差，致盲率高。     

玻璃体内注射Avastin联合睫状体光凝治疗虹膜新生血管性青光眼的疗效分析

目的 观察玻璃体内注射Avastin联合睫状体光凝对虹膜新生血管性青光眼的疗效及安全性.方法 24例(30眼)虹膜新生血管性青光眼患者分别继发于糖尿病视网膜病变(7例12眼)和视网膜中央静脉阻塞(17例18眼),给予玻璃体内注射25 g·L-1 Avastin 0.05 mL,并联合睫状体光凝治疗.术后随访6个月,观察术后眼压、视力、虹膜新生血管及并发症情况.结果 所有术眼虹膜新生血管均在注射Avastin后3 d内消退;1例1眼患者在全视网膜光凝过程中虹膜新生血管复发,再次注入Avastin,完成光凝后加行周边视网膜冷凝,虹膜新生血管消退.光凝后3 d平均眼压为(21.8±5.8)mmHg(1 kPa=7.5mm-Hg).1周为(18.4±2.3)mmHg,6个月眼压为(17.1±1.1)mmHg,与治疗前(51.2±7.3)mmHg相比,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05).治疗前后视力差异无统计学意义.随访期间仅2眼视力有改善,其余视力无明显提高.随访期间未发现玻璃体出血、视网膜脱离和眼内炎、并发性白内障等并发症发生.结论 玻璃体内注射Avastin可明显消退虹膜新生血管,联合睫状体光凝控制眼压.对治疗虹膜新生血管性青光眼是一种安全有效的方法.     

虹膜荧光血管造影联合眼底荧光血管造影在全视网膜激光光凝术后糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的应用研究

目的　探讨虹膜荧光血管造影（ｉｒｉｓｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｉｎａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＩＦＡ）联合眼底荧光血管造影（ｆｕｎｄｕｓｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｉｎａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＦＦＡ）检查在全视网膜激光光凝术后（ｐａｎｒｅｔｉｎａｌｐｈｏ-ｔｏｃｏａｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,ＰＲＰ）增生型糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的临床应用。方法　对ＰＲＰ术后的６５例１２３眼增生型糖尿病视网膜病变患者均行视力、眼压、裂隙灯、ＩＦＡ联合ＦＦＡ检查。采用非参数检验法对比分析裂隙灯和ＩＦＡ检测虹膜新生血管灵敏性的差异。结果　ＦＦＡ显示１２３眼中,２１眼视网膜无灌注区,３９眼视网膜新生血管,１２眼玻璃体积血和３２眼黄斑水肿。ＩＦＡ显示１２３眼中,９７眼无糖尿病虹膜病变,１３眼非增生型虹膜病变,１１眼增生型虹膜病变,２眼新生血管性青光眼。所有非增生型虹膜病变眼不能被裂隙灯发现,能被ＩＦＡ检测。ＩＦＡ检查发现虹膜新生血管眼（１１眼）比裂隙灯检查（５眼）更灵敏（Ｐ＝０．０３）。结论　ＩＦＡ联合ＦＦＡ检查能及早发现ＰＲＰ术后的增生型糖尿病视网膜病变合并糖尿病虹膜病变患者,为及时治疗提供帮助。     

雷珠单抗治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞引起的眼前段新生血管

目的：探讨雷珠单抗治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞（ central retinal vein occlusion , CRVO ）引起的眼前段新生血管（ anterior segment neovascularization ,ASNV）的疗效。方法：回顾性研究,选取2013－01／2014－12我院门诊及住院的因CRVO引起的ASNV并经过雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射治疗的连续病例18例18眼。观察患者的最佳矫正视力、眼压、虹膜情况、房角镜检查等,随访时间6～13（平均9．1±2．9）mo。结果：患者18例18眼都接受了雷珠单抗治疗,15例15眼行视网膜光凝,3例3眼因玻璃体混浊仅行抗VEGF治疗,1例1眼行青光眼阀植入。其中6例6眼为仅有虹膜新生血管而没有眼压升高的患者,这6例6眼患者经过雷珠单抗联合全视网膜光凝（ panretinal photocoagulation ,PRP）后视力提高,眼压控制。已经伴有新生血管性青光眼的患者中,经过雷珠单抗及PRP治疗后,眼压可以控制者4例4眼;另有7例7眼眼压在雷珠单抗治疗后可以降低,但仍需药物控制;1例1眼药物控制不良者植入青光眼阀治疗,术后眼压控制,但视力较注射雷珠单抗前变差。所有患者的虹膜新生血管均可以消退。结论：雷珠单抗可以有效地使虹膜新生血管消退并对眼压控制有所帮助,在早期没有眼压升高的时候效果更好,提示要早期发现虹膜血管并尽早干预。     

虹膜荧光素血管造影在虹膜新生血管诊断中的应用

目的 探讨虹膜荧光素血管造影(IFA)在缺血性视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)虹膜新生血管(NVI)诊断中的价值.方法 经荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查确诊的CRVO患者51例51只眼纳入研究.所有患者均行视力、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼前节彩色照相、眼压及FFA+IFA检查.根据FFA检查结果分为非缺血性和缺血性CRVO,分别为20、31只眼.非缺血性CRVO20只眼中,男性11只眼,女性9只眼;年龄41～59岁.缺血性CRVO31只眼中,男性21只眼,女性10只眼;年龄28～62岁.采用德国海德堡眼底荧光血管造影仪进行FFA+IFA检查,将典型图像存入计算机图像处理系统进行分析.对比观察裂隙灯显微镜和IFA NVI的检出率.缺血性CRVO31只眼均行全视网膜激光光凝(PRP)治疗,其中,完成治疗27只眼,未坚持完成治疗4只眼.完成治疗后6个月,随访观察NVI消退情况.结果 非缺血性CRVO20只眼裂隙灯显微镜检查瞳孔缘及虹膜未见新生血管,占100.0%;IFA检查虹膜未见显影,呈色素遮蔽荧光,占100.0%.缺血性CRVO31只眼中,裂隙灯显微镜检查显示瞳孔缘及虹膜有细小新生血管13只眼,占41.9%;IFA检查显示NVI 23只眼,占74.2%.2种检查方法NVI检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.425,P=0.001).IFA检查NVI分别表现为小团状、细线状或不规则交叉网状强荧光染色及渗漏.完成PRP治疗的27只眼IFA检查结果显示,瞳孔缘及虹膜表面未见荧光染色及渗漏;未坚持完成PRP治疗4只眼,1～2个月后出现新生血管性青光眼(NVG).结论 IFA可以提示眼前节的缺血状态,具有较高的特异性,辅助CRVO缺血型早期诊断,预测是否发展NVG.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the application value of iris fluorescein angiography (IFA) in the diagnosis of ischemic center retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods Fifty-one patients (51 eyes) with CRVO which had been diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were studied. All patients underwent the examination of visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscope, anterior segment color photography,intraocular pressure, FFA and IFA. The patients were classified as non-ischemic CRVO (20 eyes) and ischemic CRVO (31 eyes). The 20 non-ischemic CRVO patients included 11 males and nine females, aged from 41 to 59 years. The 31 ischemic CRVO patients included 21 males and 10 females, aged from 28 to 62 years. FFA and IFA were performed for all the patients using Heidelberg retina angiograph, and the classic pictures were analyzed by the computer image processing system. The detection rate of iris neovascularization (NVI) by slit lamp biomicroscope and IFA was analyzed. All ischemic CRVO eyes underwent panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), and PRP was completed in 27 eyes and not completed in four eyes. Six months after PRP the regression of iris NVI was followed up. Results All non-ischemic CRVO eyes (100. 0% ) had no neovascularization on papillary margin and iris by slit lamp biomicroscopy, and had no fluorescence (pigment blocked fluorescence) on IFA. Thirteen eyes (41.9%) and 23 eyes (74.2%) of the 31 ischemic eyes had NVI by slit lamp biomicroscope and IFA, respectively. The NVI detection rate of those two methods was statistically different (Z= - 3. 425, P = 0. 001 ). NVI showed strong fluorescence and leakage with variable patterns (small blocks, thin lines and irregular cross-links) by IFA. There was no fluorescence staining and leakage on papillary margin and iris in 27 eyes who completed the PRP, but the neovascular glaucoma (NVG) occurred in one eyes who discontinued the PRP treatment after one to two months. Conclusions IFA has a high specificity in CRVO which hints the ischemic state of anterior segment. It is helpful to the early diagnosis of ischemic CRVO and the turnover of NVG.     

Bevacizumab辅助治疗新生血管性青光眼

目的:观察玻璃体腔注射bevacizumab(intravitreal bevacizumab,IVB),联合玻璃体切除、视网膜光凝+小梁切除术治疗新生血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma,NVG)临床疗效。方法:对2007-06/2009-06在我院眼科收治由于视网膜中央静脉阻塞(缺血型)继发新生血管性青光眼患者27例27眼,角膜缘后3.5mm玻璃体腔注射bevacizumab0.05mL/1.25mg,治疗后7d进行玻璃体切除、视网膜光凝+小梁切除。术后随访12mo,观察视力、虹膜及房角新生血管及眼压情况。结果:IVB 7d后,25眼虹膜表面、房角新生血管消失(93%)。2眼新生血管明显变细,但未完全消退(7%)。IVB治疗前平均眼压(55.81±4.65)mmHg,治疗后7d平均眼压(42.07±7.49)mmHg,两者眼压比较虽然差异有显著性(t=14.973,P<0.01),但局部应用降眼压药后眼压仍高于正常范围(28～50)mmHg。玻璃体切除、视网膜光凝+小梁切除术后1,3,6,9,12mo,平均眼压分别为(14.85±4.56;16.70±3.73;20.04±6.58;19.30±4.74;19.67±4.12)mmHg,与IVB后7d平均眼压比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。手术后眼压控制完全成功22眼(82%),部分成功3眼(11%),眼压未控制2眼(7%)。27眼视力均保持稳定或稍有增进。结论:IVB辅助手术治疗NVG,可以促进虹膜、房角、视网膜新生血管迅速消退,有效的控制眼压,降低手术并发症,提高了手术的成功率,同时进行原发病的治疗远期效果明显提高。     

新生血管性青光眼三联序贯治疗效果观察

目的 观察新生血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma,NVG)经抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)玻璃体内及前房内注射,小梁切除术及双目间接检眼镜下全视网膜光凝的三联序贯治疗的疗效.方法 选择2014年5月至2016年5月北京大学第三医院眼科诊断为NVG伴视网膜病变且药物控制眼压不良的患者.共有18例(18眼)患者纳入本研究,其中男15例、女3例,年龄(61.7±13.9)岁.序贯治疗的第1天行前房穿刺放液联合抗VEGF前房内及玻璃体内注射,注射后3～5d行小梁切除手术,小梁切除术术后5～7d内开始采用双目间接检眼镜激光直视行全视网膜激光光凝.记录患者手术前后视力、眼压、角膜、虹膜、房角新生血管和眼底情况.结果 视网膜中央动脉阻塞1眼,视网膜中央静脉阻塞6眼,视网膜分支静脉阻塞5眼,糖尿病视网膜病变4眼,视网膜动脉合并视网膜静脉阻塞2眼.治疗前眼压(43.5±5.1)mmHg(1 kPa =7.5 mmHg),使用抗青光眼药物种类为(5.1±0.5)种;治疗后眼压(15.2±2.2)mmHg,使用抗青光眼药物种类为(0.5±1.0)种,差异均有统计学意义(t=21.68,P＜0.001;t=12.30,P＜0.001).序贯治疗后视力提高4例,视力无变化13例,下降1例.结论 抗VEGF玻璃体及前房内注射,小梁切除术及双目间接检眼镜下全视网膜光凝的三联序贯治疗对NVG有明确的治疗效果.     

Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma

PURPOSE: To describe a case series of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) caused by central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) that was treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB; Avastin). DESIGN: Retrospective interventional case series. METHODS: Six consecutive patients with NVG and a refractory, symptomatic elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and pronounced anterior segment congestion received IVB (1.25 mg/0.05 ml). Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation was carried out only if pressure was controlled insufficiently by topical medication. Follow-up examinations occurred at four to 16 weeks. RESULTS: IVB resulted in a marked regression of anterior segment neovascularization and relief of symptoms within 48 hours. IOP decreased substantially in three eyes; in the other three eyes, adjuvant cyclophotocoagulation was necessary. No side effects were observed. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) was performed as soon as feasible, five to 12 weeks after IVB treatment. CONCLUSION: IVB leads to a rapid regression of iris and angle neovascularization and should be investigated more thoroughly as an adjunct in the management of NVG.     

Neovascular glaucoma following central retinal vein obstruction

The results of a prospective clinical and fluorescein angiographic study of 155 patients with central retinal vein obstruction (CRVO) were analyzed to identify risk factors contributing to the subsequent development of iris neovascularization (NVI) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG). Of 144 untreated eyes, 20% developed NVG. The eyes were classified as having either an ischemic or a hyperpermeable type of CRVO according to the extent of retinal capillary nonperfusion demonstrated by the initial fluorescein angiogram. The risk of developing NVG was found to be approximately 60% in those eyes with extensive retinal ischemia. None of the 22 eyes with an ischemic CRVO treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) prior to the onset of NVI developed NVG.     

Efficacy of Panretinal Photocoagulation in Preventing Neovascular Glaucoma Following Ischemic Central Retinal Vein Obstruction

Ninety-three percent of eyes that develop neovascular glaucoma (NVG) following central retinal vein obstruction (CRVO) have an ischemic index greater than 50%. An ischemic index (percentage of retinal capillary nonperfusion) of 50% represents approximately 10 disc areas of retinal ischemia as determined by computer analysis of standard 30° fluorescein angiograms. The difficulties of following patients clinically and angiographically at frequent intervals over extended periods of time, and the tendency for iris neovascularization (NVI) to develop and to progress rapidly to NVG with painful loss of vision emphasizes the importance of early recognition and treatment of high-risk eyes. In this prospective study (1976–81), 100 consecutive eyes with an ischemic CRVO pattern (average ischemic index 82%) received early argon laser panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and none developed NVG unless another ischemic event occurred following treatment. Prophylactic PRP in high-risk ischemic CRVO eyes appears to eliminate virtually the devastating complications of NVG.     

Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III. Incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion

A prospective natural history study was conducted in 721 eyes with various types of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) to determine the incidence of various types of ocular neovascularization (NV) and the factors that influence the development of ocular NV. The material was 360 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 97 eyes with hemi-CRVO, and 264 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO); these cases were further subdivided into six groups for logical data analysis: nonischemic CRVO (venous stasis retinopathy-VSR, 282 eyes), ischemic CRVO (hemorrhagic retinopathy-HR, 78 eyes), hemi-VSR (66 eyes), hemi-HR (31 eyes), major BRVO (191 eyes) and macular BRVO (73 eyes). Ocular NV attributable to RVO was seen only in HR, hemi-HR, and major BRVO. In HR the anterior segment was the major site of NV, with iris and angle NV and neovascular glaucoma (NVG), while in hemi-HR and major BRVO the retina and optic disc were the major sites of NV. The principal factor influencing the development of ocular NV in RVO seems to be the severity and extent of retinal ischemia, while duration of follow-up since onset also plays an important role in determining the incidence of ocular NV. The findings and subject of ocular NV in RVO are discussed in detail along with a review of the pertinent literature.