颈动脉内膜切除治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的早期疗效

 目的 总结应用颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的早期疗效与经验.方法 对35例颈动脉狭窄患者实施了颈动脉内膜切除术,其中1例同期进行了椎动脉内膜切除术.所有病例经血管数字减影血管造影检查证实为颈动脉狭窄.早期13例采用全麻插管,后期22例采用局部麻醉.颈总动脉阻断时间30～55min[平均(45±1023) min].结果 术后30d无死亡和卒中发生.术后出现舌下神经损伤1例,喉返神经损伤1例,面神经下颌缘支损伤2例,均为短暂的轻度损伤.结论 颈动脉内膜切除术是治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄安全、有效的方法.     

颈动脉内膜切除治疗颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄的体会

颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)是治疗颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄、预防缺血性脑卒中的有效方法,可使缺血性脑卒中的发生率明显降低.2007年2月-2009年12月,我院采用CEA治疗颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄12例,效果满意.     

颈动脉狭窄的手术治疗决策及进展

卒中是当今全球成人致残和死亡的重要病因,其中缺血性卒中超过一半。颈动脉狭窄和闭塞是缺血性脑卒中常见的原因之一,约1／4缺血性脑卒中是因颈动脉狭窄所致。随着颈动脉内膜剥脱（carotid end-arterectomy,CEA）技术的不断成熟和颈动脉支架成形（carotid angioplasty and stenting,CAS）技术的迅速发展,目前颈动脉狭窄所致卒中发生率明显降低。但是CEA和CAS孰优孰劣目前尚无定论。本文结合CEA和CAS的随机临床试验、研究进展及相关临床指南,对二者现状进行分析。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉粥样硬化狭窄的临床研究

目的探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术（carotid endarterectomy,CEA）的适应证及围手术期处理。方法回顾性总结2001年2月—2011年2月在我科治疗的98例因颈动脉硬化狭窄（狭窄＞50%）而行CEA治疗的患者资料;其中,有症状77例（786%）,无症状21例（214%）。结果术后除2例（20%）死亡、3例（30%）发生一过性偏瘫和7例（71%）出现脑高灌注综合征外,其他患者疗效良好,未出现短暂脑缺血（transient ischemic attack,TIA）表现。术后随访1~10年,平均56年;随访76例,13例（17.1%）再狭窄＞70%,9例（118%）再发TIA症状,4例（53%）出现脑梗死。结论对于临床检查发现一侧或双侧颈动脉狭窄＞50%,特别是有TIA发作史的患者,可以考虑行CEA;双侧颈动脉狭窄者应分期手术治疗;做好围手术期处理,有助于减少手术并发症发生。     

局部麻醉下行颈动脉内膜剥脱术的护理体会

缺血性脑卒中是主要致死及致残的疾病之一,约20%的缺血性脑卒中是由于颅外颈动脉狭窄造成的.重度颈动脉狭窄患者,即便采用有效的药物治疗控制,2年内脑缺血事件发生率也高达26%以上;而60%以上的脑梗死是由于颈动脉狭窄造成,严重的脑梗死可导致患者残疾甚至死亡.手术治疗特别是颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）,是目前唯一可以达到去除动脉粥样硬化斑块、     

颈动脉支架治疗

颈动脉狭窄是短暂性脑缺血发作和缺血性卒中发生的主要原因之一.颈动脉支架置入术为颈动脉狭窄的治疗开辟了一条新的治疗途径,具有创伤小、安全和并发症少等特点,并为禁忌颈动脉内膜切除术的患者创造了新的机会.实验证实,其对卒中二级预防的效果与经典的颈动脉内膜切除术相同.手术的安全性与有效性依赖于规范的操作和术前对脑血流与脑功能的全面评估.随着保护技术的应用和防止再狭窄技术的成熟,介入治疗将在颈动脉狭窄治疗中发挥更大的作用.     

颅外颈动脉狭窄支架成形治疗的短期疗效分析

目的　分析颅外颈动脉狭窄支架成形治疗的安全性、有效性和短期疗效。方法　 2 0 0 0年10月至 2 0 0 2年 9月共收治颈动脉狭窄 93例 ,其中颈内动脉颅外分叉部狭窄 86例 ,单纯颅外段狭窄 4例 ,单纯颈总动脉狭窄 2例 ,功能性颈外动脉狭窄 1例 ,采用自膨胀支架进行血管成形治疗。结果　 93例支架植入均获得成功 ,血管狭窄程度从治疗前的平均 (79.5± 14 .6) %降低到 (11.2± 7.8) % ,围手术期无死亡及大卒中发生 ,1例患者出现一过性缺血发作 (TIA) (1.1% ) ,1例患者出现小卒中 (1.1% )。 91例患者获得术后临床随访 ,随访期 3～ 2 5个月 (平均 7.9个月 ) ,随访期间无TIA及卒中发生 ,无死亡。DSA随访 2 9例 ,再狭窄 1例 (3 .4 % )但无临床症状。结论　血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的安全而有效方法 ,短期效果也令人满意     

血管内支架成形术治疗高危颈动脉狭窄

目的　探讨血管内支架成形术治疗高危颈动脉狭窄的可行性和安全性。资料与方法　自 2 0 0 0年 12月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月 ,共采用血管内支架植入术治疗不宜行颈动脉内膜切除术 (CEA)的高危颈动脉狭窄患者 14例 ,其中 3例为无症状者。结果　所有患者均成功地植入支架。术前、术后平均狭窄程度分别为 (82 .3± 5 .1) %、(17.0± 3.8) %。1例术中发生同侧颞叶梗死但恢复良好 ,无其他手术并发症。临床随访 1年以上无 1例缺血再发作 ,影像学检查无再狭窄。结论　血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄是安全有效的 ,特别适合于行CEA高危的患者     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗重度颈动脉狭窄25例效果分析

目的 评价颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)治疗重度颈动脉狭窄患者手术特点、安全性和围手术期处理.方法 2011年12月至2016年5月采用CAS术治疗25例颈动脉狭窄＞85％患者,术中针对病变狭窄特点应用远端脑保护装置,注重个体化手术细节和围术期处理方案,观察血运重建、脑保护装置内脱落栓子情况,控制并发症发生.术后随访1年观察患者缺血性脑 血管事件发生情况.结果 25例患者脑保护装置均通过重度狭窄后成功释放,球囊预扩张、支架释放后形态满意.北美症状性颈动脉内膜剥脱术试验研究(NASCET)方法检测显示,平均颈动脉狭窄程度由术前(91.0±3.1)％降至术后(21.0±5.1)％,保护伞均顺利回收,其中6个伞中发现脱落组织碎片.围术期未出现症状性脑出血、脑梗死、高灌注综合征、死亡等严重事件.25例患者随访1年,无短暂性脑缺血发作、脑卒中、死亡发生.结论 CAS术治疗重度颈动脉狭窄患者时需注意术中个体化细节管理及围术期处理,选择合适的脑保护装置,以确保手术成功率和安全性.部分重度狭窄患者的术后疗效更直观而迅速.     

颈动脉支架置入术与颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉重度狭窄疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)与颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)治疗颈动脉重度狭窄的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取北部战区总医院自2004年2月至2020年12月收治的515例行介入或外科手术治疗的颈动脉重度狭窄患者为研究对象。根据不同的治疗方法将患者分为CAS组(n=245)与CEA组(n=270)。研究终点为临床症状(头晕、头痛、黑朦、肢体活动障碍)和主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE),包括非致死性心肌梗死、新发脑卒中、靶血管再次重建及全因死亡。记录并比较两组患者的临床资料、造影及手术结果、术后随访情况。采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析两组患者未发生脑卒中、MACCE及术后生存情况。结果CAS组患者年龄、血红蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均高于CEA组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CAS组患者颈动脉平均狭窄程度、外周血管疾病比例均高于CEA组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者术后30 d、1年及3年随访结果比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示:两组患者累积总生存率、未发生脑卒中率、未发生MACCE率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论CAS与CEA治疗颈动脉重度狭窄患者可获得同样的手术成功率及临床疗效,两种颈动脉血运重建策略均安全可行。     

Karotisendarteriektomie und Karotisstenting Pilotstudie eines prospektiven, randomisierten und kontrollierten Vergleichs

INTRODUCTION: A prospective, randomized and controlled trial is conducted to compare carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting in high grade symptomatic carotid artery stenoses. METHODS: According to the study design symptomatic patients with a angiographically high-grade (> or = 70%) internal carotid artery stenosis are included. Pre- and postinterventional diagnostics during the hospitalization period includes neurological assessment, duplex sonography of the cervical and cerebral arteries and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Follow-up examinations are scheduled after 1, 6 and 12 months and consist of a neurological assessment and duplex sonography. After 12 months selective angiography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain will be performed additionally. During a period of 9 months up to now 23/137 patients treated for a carotid artery stenosis were included in the study, 11 patients underwent surgery and 12 patients carotid stenting. RESULTS: Carotid stenting and endarterectomy was primarily successful without residual stenosis > 30% in each patient without the occurrence of stroke or death. In 18 follow-up examinations (neurological assessment including duplex sonography) of 13 patients (13 follow-up examinations after 30 days, 5 after 6 months) no relevant restenosis and no stroke occurred. CONCLUSION: As of yet, carotid stenting was a safe procedure. Due to the small number of patients a definitive conclusion can not be drawn.     

Carotid artery stenting: Rationale, technique, and current concepts

Carotid stenosis is a major risk factor for stroke. With the aging of the general population and the availability of non-invasive vascular imaging studies, the diagnosis of a carotid plaque is commonly made in medical practice. Asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenoses need to be considered separately because their natural history is different. Two large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed the effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in preventing ipsilateral ischemic events in patients with symptomatic severe stenosis. The benefit of surgery is much less for moderate stenosis and harmful in patients with stenosis less than 50%. Surgery has a marginal benefit in patients with asymptomatic stenosis. Improvements in medical treatment must be taken into consideration when interpreting the results of these previous trials which compared surgery against medical treatment available at the time the trials were conducted. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) might avoid the risks associated with surgery, including cranial nerve palsy, myocardial infarction, or pulmonary embolism. Therefore and additionally to well-established indications of CAS, this endovascular approach might be a valid alternative particularly in patients at high surgical risk. However, trials of endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis have failed to provide enough evidence to justify routine CAS as an alternative to CEA in patients suitable for surgery. More data from ongoing randomized trials of CEA versus CAS will be soon available. These results will help determining the role of CAS in the management of patients with carotid artery stenosis.     

Indikationen und Embolie-Monitoring bei lumeneröffnenden Therapien der A. carotis

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is proven to be beneficial in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis (70% to 99%; residual lumen as a percentage of the normal distal internal carotid artery) on condition that the peri-operative risk for mortality and morbidity is less than 6%. A minority of the "leading experts" in North America (48%) and Western Europe (28%) recommends carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients in general. Most experts suggest to perform surgery only in asymptomatic patients who are at risk for carotid occlusion in the near future or embolism. At its present state, angioplasty and stenting is an experimental although promising technique which will have to be compared to carotid endarterectomy. Criteria for duplex grading of internal carotid stenosis have been established and systematically validated to results of angiography. Pre-surgical use of angiography will more and more be restricted to selected patients in whom the results of duplex sonography remain inconclusive. The detection of microemboli with transcranial doppler sonography seems to be of particular importance before and during carotid angioplasty and stenting.     

Heterogeneity of cerebral blood flow in symptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy

There is still controversy concerning which patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis or symptomatic moderate stenosis are likely to benefit from carotid endarterectomy. The surgical candidates for carotid endarterectomy should have a high risk for stroke, but a low risk for operative complications. Therefore, new effective patient selection strategies, including haemodynamic testing, schemes of risk stratification and pre-operative cardiac testing, are under investigation. To improve haemodynamic assessment of patients with carotid artery stenosis, we evaluated a novel global cerebral blood flow (CBF) heterogeneity index at rest and after acetazolamide injection in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. CBF heterogeneity index was measured in 15 patients by using basal and acetazolamide enhanced 99mTc-HMPAO SPET both before and 1 month after surgery. CBF heterogeneity index was calculated as the coefficient of variation of a total of 44 cerebral regions representing mainly both ipsi- and contralateral grey matter. A high linear correlation was observed between CBF heterogeneity index and ipsilateral carotid stenosis degree (r=0.74, P=0.003). Before surgery, CBF heterogeneity index increased significantly after acetazolamide injection when compared to the basal condition (from 7.0+/-1.5 to 8.3+/-1.7%, P=0.008). This response disappeared after carotid endarterectomy. When compared to pure asymmetry of CBF (ipsi/contralateral CBF ratio), the CBF heterogeneity index seemed to reflect, more sensitively, the haemodynamic effects of carotid endarterectomy. The CBF heterogeneity index after acetazolamide injection is a sensitive marker of the haemodynamic consequences of carotid artery stenosis and its operative treatment.     

Use of technetium-HMPAO to demonstrate changes in cerebral blood flow reserve following carotid endarterectomy

Cerebral perfusion through stenosed internal carotid arteries is usually maintained by autoregulation. However, flow reserve may be reduced, suggesting hemodynamically significant stenosis, and such reduction should be improved by carotid endarterectomy. This concept was studied in 20 subjects with unilateral internal carotid artery stenosis (major stenosis greater than or equal to 70%, minor stenosis less than or equal to 50%). Thirteen had experienced recent transient ischemic attacks and seven had no definite focal symptoms. Subjects underwent Tc-HMPAO cerebral SPECT during acetazolamide dysautoregulation before and after internal carotid endarterectomy. Nine (45%) had perfusion defects that improved after surgery, suggesting surgery had improved cerebral flow reserve. Seven had defects that did not improve after surgery. Four had worsened or new defects after surgery, suggesting perioperative infarcts. The relatively large proportion of patients with improved cerebral blood flow reserve after surgery suggests that this technique may have a significant role to play in assessing which patients might benefit from carotid endarterectomy.     

Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenting in Surgically High-Risk Patients Using the Carotid Wallstent Endoprosthesis: Midterm Clinical and Ultrasound Follow-Up Results

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and midterm outcome of elective implantation of the Carotid Wallstent® in patients considered to be at high surgical risk. In a prospective study, 54 carotid artery stenoses in 51 patients were stented over a 24-month period. Three patients underwent bilateral carotid artery stenting. Institutional inclusion criteria for invasive treatment of carotid occlusive disease (carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting) are patients presenting with a 70% or more symptomatic stenosis and those with an 80% or more asymptomatic stenosis having a life-expectancy of more than 1 year. All patients treated by carotid artery stenting were considered at high risk for carotid endarterectomy because of a hostile neck (17 patients—31.5%) or because of severe comorbidities (37 patients—68.5%). No cerebral protection device was used. Of the 54 lesions, 33 (61.1%) were symptomatic and 21 (38.8%) were asymptomatic. Follow-up was performed by physical examination and by duplex ultrasonography at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after the procedure. All 54 lesions could be stented successfully without periprocedural stroke. Advert events during follow-up (mean 13.9 ± 5.7 months) were non-stroke-related death in 6 patients (11.1%), minor stroke in 4 stented hemispheres (7.4%), transient ipsilateral facial pain in 1 patient (1.8%), infection of the stented surgical patch in 1 patient (1.8%) and asymptomatic instent restenosis in 4 patients (7.4%). The percutaneous implantation of the Carotid Wallstent®, even without cerebral protection device, appears to be a safe procedure with acceptable clinical and ultrasonographic follow-up results in patients at high surgical risk. But some late adverse events such as ipsilateral recurrence of non-disabling (minor) stroke or instent restenosis still remain real challenging problems.     

Carotid artery tandem lesions: frequency of angiographic detection and consequences for endarterectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several prospective trials have shown that ischemic stroke can be prevented by performing an endarterectomy in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. Our purpose was to ascertain the frequency of carotid artery tandem lesions and to determine whether their presence alters the surgeon's decision to perform an endarterectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the cerebral angiograms obtained between January 1994 and June 1996 in 853 patients with carotid occlusive disease. Studies were analyzed for the presence of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis as well as for tandem lesions (defined as > or = 50% diameter stenosis) within the common carotid artery, carotid siphon, or proximal intracranial arteries. The frequency of intracranial saccular aneurysms was determined. RESULTS: Six hundred seventy-two of the 853 patients had a carotid bifurcation stenosis of 70% or greater or underwent an endarterectomy. Of these, a carotid siphon stenosis of 50% or greater was noted in 65 patients (9.7%) and was ipsilateral to an ICA stenosis in 37 patients (5.5%). A common carotid stenosis was present in 29 patients (4.3%), ipsilateral to an ICA stenosis in 14 patients (2.1%). A stenosis of 50% or greater within the proximal intracranial circulation was present in 28 patients (4.2%), ipsilateral to an ICA stenosis in 15 patients (2.2 %). Four patients had tandem stenoses at more than one site. Tandem stenoses in the siphon or intracranial segments were noted in 13.5% with a bifurcation stenosis and in 8.8% of those with no bifurcation stenosis. Endarterectomy was performed in 48 of the 66 patients with tandem stenotic lesions. CONCLUSION: The presence of a tandem lesion infrequently alters the surgeon's decision to perform an endarterectomy. However, the importance of detecting tandem stenoses cannot be underestimated, since they may have important implications for long-term medical management in symptomatic patients.     

Stentgeschützte Angioplastie der arteriosklerotischen Stenose der A. carotis interna

For symptomatic stenosis of the carotid artery the invasive options for treatment (by means of stent or operation) are superior to conservative medical treatment. Recent multi-center randomized controlled trials, which will be presented here, indicate that stenting in the treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis is neither safer nor more effective than carotid endarterectomy. When carried out by an experienced interventionalist stent-assisted angioplasty (CAS) is an alternative to carotid endarterectomy. Subgroup-analysis indicates that for patients older than 70 years of age invasive techniques should be the method of choice. In the case of contralateral high-grade stenosis or occlusion, CAS is the method of choice. For patients treated by stenting, the periprocedural complication rate is not influenced by the use of protection systems. The present results on symptomatic carotid stenosis should not be transferred to the therapy of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. A 3-armed study (SPACE2) on the comparison of the best medical treatment with the invasive treatment modalities (CAS or CEA) is in preparation and will be started in 2 months.     

Ultrasound of the carotid arteries: a pictorial review

Stroke secondary to atherosclerotic disease remains one of the leading causes of death. Ischemia from severe, flow limiting stenosis due to atherosclerotic disease involving the extracranial carotid arteries is implicated in approximately 20–30% of strokes. An estimated 80% of strokes are thromboembolic in origin, often with carotid plaque as the embolic source, usually involving the internal carotid artery within 2 cm of the carotid bifurcation.

Carotid endarterectomy has been proven to be more beneficial than medical therapy in symptomatic patients with greater than 70% stenosis. Accurate diagnosis of hemodynamically significant stenosis is therefore critical in identifying those patients who would benefit from the surgery.

In this paper we present a pictorial review of the use of ultrasound in the examination of the carotid arteries.