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分析中国2016学年“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”监测学校食堂供餐情况,以期为提高学校食堂供餐效能提供基础数据.方法 监测地区覆盖699个试点县,每个县从不同供餐模式(食堂供餐、企业/单位供餐和家庭/个人托餐)的学校中各随机抽取不低于10%的小学和初中,采用问卷调查收集监测学校基本情况、食堂供餐等信息,对8 007所有食堂的学校进行分析.结果 学校食堂提供早、午、晚餐的比例分别为67.4%,91.5%和61.3%.寄宿制学校食堂提供早、午、晚餐的比例分别为82.4%,95.6%和82.4%,均高于非寄宿制学校(26.4%,80.4%和2.7%)(P值均<0.01).80.7%的学校学生餐食谱由食堂人员制定,食品安全(94.8%)和营养搭配(91.9%)是其最主要考虑的因素.由食堂人员配餐或在疾病预防控制中心协助下配餐的学校使用配餐软件的比例为16.0%.结论 部分寄宿制学校食堂未供应三餐;大部分学校由食堂人员自己配餐,使用配餐软件的比例有限.应进一步加强对学校食堂人员的培训和指导,规范学校食堂供餐. 相似文献
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分析农村义务教育阶段学生营养改善计划(以下简称“农村学生营养改善计划”)地区学生在校就餐满意度,为促进学生营养改善提供基础数据.方法 从实施“农村学生营养改善计划”的50个重点监测县中,按照学校食堂供餐、企业(单位)供餐和混合供餐3种供餐模式,各抽取2所小学和初中;从小学三年级以上及初中每个年级各随机抽取1~2个班,达到每个年级40人左右,男、女生各半,共29 317名.采用“‘农村学生营养改善计划’营养健康状况监测学生调查表”对学校提供食物的喜爱程度、口感、质量、营养等问题进行满意度调查.结果 小学生“非常喜欢”吃学校提供食物的比例(25.7%)高于初中生(8.6%),西部地区学生(20.7%)高于中部地区学生(14.6%),差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为1 364.9,205.9,P值均<0.01);小学生(26.6%)每次都能吃完学校提供食物的比例明显高于中学生(19.6%),西部地区学生(26.0%)高于中部地区学生(19.9%).学生吃不完学校提供食物的原因前3位依次为不想总吃同样的、给的太多吃不完和不喜欢吃.15.1%的学生认为学校提供的食物更有营养,小学生(18.1%)高于初中生(11.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);学生对混合供餐和企业供餐模式的满意度较高,学校食堂供餐模式满意度较低.结论 学生对学校提供食物的就餐满意度较低.学校、供餐企业和社会应合力打造学生营养餐,并对学校食堂从业人员进行膳食指导和营养宣教. 相似文献
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评价2016年“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”(以下简称“营养改善计划”)覆盖地区学校食堂建设情况并比较“计划”开展4年来的变化,为进一步推进农村学校食堂供餐提供基础数据.方法 从实施“营养改善计划”的699个国家试点县中,每个县按照学校食堂供餐、企业(单位)供餐和家庭(个人)托餐3种供餐模式各随机抽取20%~30%的小学和初中作为调查学校,当某种供餐模式不足2所小学或2所初中时,则抽取该供餐模式下所有学校作为调查学校,共收集8 235所学校的信息.结果 82.7%的学校有食堂,既有食堂又有餐厅的学校占70.7%,有食堂和餐厅同时配备桌椅的学校占60.2%,上述比例均呈现西部地区高于中部地区,食堂供餐模式的学校比例高于企业供餐和其他供餐模式的学校,九年一贯制学校高于小学和初中.70.3%的学校多数学生在餐厅吃饭,分别有24.4%,9.7%和4.5%的学校多数学生在教室、操场和宿舍吃饭.2013-2016年,“营养改善计划”覆盖学校配备食堂的比例由60.8%上升为82.7%,有食堂和餐厅的学校比例由42.2%上升至70.7%,学校食堂和餐厅配备桌椅的比例由31.7%上升至60.2%.结论 2013-2016年“营养改善计划”实施地区试点学校食堂建设比例和硬件配套情况普遍提高,但仍有待进一步加强和完善. 相似文献
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评价和比较我国“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”(以下简称“农村学生营养改善计划”)不同供餐模式学生餐的食物供应情况,为推广合理的学生营养干预措施提供依据.方法 采用记账法对2012年度3 910所和2013年度5 523所实施“农村学生营养改善计划”的学校食堂食物供应情况进行调查分析.结果 实施“农村学生营养改善计划”1年后,食堂供餐学校的粮谷、鸡蛋、豆制品和植物油(Z值分别为-5.766,-2.942,-8.182,-2.950,P值均<0.01),企业供餐学校的鸡蛋和牛奶生均供应量均有显著增长(Z值分别为-7.604,-8.018,P值均<0.01).采用多水平混合效应模型分析发现,食堂供餐模式学校的生均粮谷、蔬菜、禽畜、豆制品和植物油供应量高于企业供餐学校,企业供餐模式学校的生均鸡蛋和牛奶供应量高于食堂供餐学校,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 我国实施“农村学生营养改善计划”1年后,学校的食物供应量有普遍提高,不同供餐模式变化特点有所不同. 相似文献
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探讨2016年“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”(以下简称“学生营养改善计划”)试点地区学生饮奶情况及其影响因素,为鼓励学生饮奶提供基础数据.方法 从“学生营养改善计划”试点地区覆盖的中西部22个省50个重点监测县中,按照学校食堂供餐、企业(单位)供餐和家庭(个人)托餐3种供餐模式,每个县各随机抽取2所小学和初中,再从小学三年级及以上和初中各年级随机抽取1~2个班,采用调查表收集25 948名学生的相关信息,分析饮奶情况和影响因素.结果 每周饮奶1~3包的学生所占的比例最高(45.4%),每周饮奶≥4包的学生仅占29.1%.每周饮奶≥4包小学三至四年级学生的比例(35.7%)高于小学五至六年级学生(31.8%)和初中生(22.5%),男生(30.7%)高于女生(27.5%)(P值均<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男生、小学三至四年级或五至六年级、非住宿生、父母均未外出打工或父亲在外打工或母亲在外打工、每天就餐次数多、每天都吃早餐、每天吃零食≥1次、每天喝饮料≥1次、每天饮用白开水≥4杯的学生每周饮奶≥4包的可能性更大(P值均<0.05).结论 中国贫困农村地区学生饮奶不足,建议采取针对性的措施鼓励农村学生足量饮奶. 相似文献
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了解我国“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”试点地区2013年学校供水、学生饮水和洗手以及驱虫药服用情况,为改善农村学生健康状况提供基础数据.方法 从699个试点县中选取50个县作为重点监测县,每个县按照学校食堂供餐、企业(单位)供餐和家庭(个人)托餐3种供餐模式中每种供餐模式选择2~3所学校,从小学一年级到初中三年级中,每个年级抽取1~2个班,达到40名学生左右,男、女生基本各半,采用“学校调查表”和“学生调查表”分别收集学校供水、学生饮水和洗手以及驱虫药服用情况.结果 共调查15 763所学校和29 317名学生,其中为学生提供白开水的学校占58.5%,中部地区(62.7%)高于西部地区(56.1%),初中(66.1%)高于小学(55.6%),差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为,P值均<0.01);有17.8%学校的学生直接饮用自来水.每次饭前便后均洗手的学生占37.7%,小学生(40.5%)高于初中生(32.9%),中部地区学生(39.6%)略高于西部地区学生(35.6%),差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为,P值均<0.01).有13.6%的学校过去1a内给学生发放过驱虫药.结论 需要进一步加强学校各种健康相关的卫生辅助设施建设和辅助措施的实施,进一步改善农村学生健康状况提供基础. 相似文献
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了解西安市“义务教育学生营养改善计划”(以下简称“营养改善计划”)学校食堂的食物供应情况,为学生营养监测及“营养改善计划”的实施提供参考.方法 抽取西安市实施“营养改善计划”区县中6个农村区县,每个区县抽取10%~ 20%食堂供餐的学校,采用记账法对2015年学校食堂的食物供应情况进行调查.结果 共调查58所学校,将学校上报的各种食物分为粮谷类、畜禽肉、蔬菜、鸡蛋、豆制品、植物油六大类.各学校上报的食物种数8~41种不等.粮谷类、鸡蛋、豆制品供应量偏低的学校比例分别为47.6%,74.1%,74.1%.试点地区农村学校6类食物供应量分布差异有统计学意义(x2=251.746,P<0.05).不同季节6类食物供应情况分布差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 西安市“营养改善计划”学校食堂食物供应情况的调查需进一步完善.食堂供餐的学校学生膳食结构不合理. 相似文献
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分析农村义务教育学生营养改善计划(以下简称“营养改善计划”)地区学生在校剩饭剩菜情况,为促进学生营养改善及合理就餐提供基础数据.方法 从实施“营养改善计划”的50个重点监测县中,按照学校食堂供餐、企业供餐和混合供餐3种供餐模式,各抽取2所小学和初中.从每所小学三年级以上及初中每个年级共抽取25 988名学生.采用“农村学生营养改善计划营养健康状况监测学生调查表”对学生餐的剩饭频率、剩饭量、剩饭种类和剩饭原因进行调查.结果 44.5%的学生从不剩饭,20.4%每天剩饭;每天都剩饭的比例初中生(22.9%)高于小学生(18.6%),中部地区学生(21.4%)高于西部地区(19.8%),食堂供餐(21.0%)高于其他供餐方式,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为-12.597,-8.463,13.070,P值均<0.01);71.2%的学生只剩一点;剩饭种类从多到少依次是其他(32.1%)、主食(28.2%)、蔬菜(23.7%)和肉蛋类(16.0%);学生剩饭的主要原因是“给的量太大,吃不了”(34.0%),其次是“不喜欢吃这种食物”(32.4%),不同性别、学段、地区、供餐模式的学生剩饭原因差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为43.260,743.333,277.328,164.388,P值均<0.01).结论 学生存在一定程度剩饭现象.学校、供餐企业应合力打造健康美味的学生餐,并对学生进行营养知识宣教,降低剩饭率. 相似文献
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分析2013年“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”(以下简称“学生营养改善计划”)地区营养改善措施,为更好地推广农村学生营养改善工作提供依据.方法 699个实施“学生营养改善计划”的国家试点县均为常规监测县,从中分片抽取50个县(每个试点省1~3个县)作为重点监测县;按照分层随机抽样的原则,每个县分别从学校食堂供餐、企业(单位)供餐和混合供餐等3种供餐模式抽取20%~30%的小学和初中作为监测学校.采用“县基本情况调查表”和“学校调查表”收集县和学校的基本信息、补助金额、经费使用方式以及执行“营养改善计划”过程中存的困难等.结果 2013年“学生营养改善计划”供餐模式以学校食堂供餐(45.1%)和企业供餐(48.8%)为主,学校食堂供餐多采用“免费提供一顿饭”的方式(68.5%),企业供餐多采用“课间加餐”(99.9%)的方式.食品安全(70.6%)和学校食堂建设(68.5%)是“学生营养改善计划”实施的过程中各监测县面临的主要问题.除“学生营养改善计划”外,有12.1%的监测学校开展了地方营养改善,主要形式为“营养知识的宣传教育”(87.7%).绪论 “学生营养改善计划”主要为“免费供餐”或“课间加餐”;试点县面临存在食品安全、食堂建设等问题,应进一步加强对试点县科学合理供餐指导. 相似文献
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Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years. 相似文献
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C L Rümke 《Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde》1985,129(51):2469-2471
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Leon Braier Ashley Levy Klaus Dror Asher Pardo 《American journal of industrial medicine》1981,2(2):119-123
Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood. 相似文献
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Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma. 相似文献
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《Journal of food composition and analysis》2000,13(4):505-510
Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products. 相似文献
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Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors. 相似文献
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This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965. 相似文献