应用半腱肌、股薄肌和髌韧带在关节镜下重建前交叉韧带65例

目的 探讨应用髌韧带（bone-patellar tendon-bone,BTB)和半腱肌、股薄肌（bone-ham-string-bone,BHB)在关节镜下修复前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤的临床疗效。手术要点及关节功能改善情况。方法 在膝关节镜直视下,选用自体BTB和BHB行ACL竽建手术65例,其中BTB重建30例,BHB重建31例,股四头肌腱重建4例,结果 随访时间1个月-3年,手术前Lachman和Piveot shift试验从阳性转为阴性,按日本骨科学会膝关节疗效评定标准,优48例,良7例,可10例,本组病人2个月后均恢复原来日常活动,半年后恢复体育活动,结论 应用BTB、BHB在关节镜下修复ACL损伤,术中等长点的选择是手术关键,坚强固定是早期康复训练的前提。     

应用半腱肌腱重建前交叉韧带末端形成的特点

目的 :观察应用半腱肌腱重建前交叉韧带末端形成的过程。方法 :应用家兔为实验对象 ,将前交叉韧带切除 ,然后应用半腱肌腱进行前交叉韧带的重建 ,术后 4、8、12和 16周取材 ,进行组织学和组织化学染色 ,观察末端形成的过程。结果 :在骨隧道内的肌腱转归与在关节腔内的肌腱不同 ,未发现组织坏死和新生组织长入替代的过程。末端形成时 ,在骨与肌腱接触面先发生骨髓腔开放 ,细胞由骨髓腔向肌腱内长入 ,肌腱逐渐由软骨化转为骨化 ,末端形成是先有骨的推进过程 ,最后在肌腱刚入骨的部位形成末端。此过程需要 12周以上才能完善。结论 :与应用髌腱重建时的骨-腱 -骨的重建方式不同 ,应用半腱肌腱重建前交叉韧带时末端的形成过程是形成一个新的末端。末端形成时主要是骨性部分向肌腱推进的过程 ,而不是肌腱内胶原纤维向骨长入的过程。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌重建前交叉韧带

前交叉韧带（ＡＣＬ）损伤是常见膝部损伤，有关诊断、关节镜下修复重建的问题已引起临床界的重视〔１、２〕。采用我科自行研制的配套器械行双股半腱肌关节镜下重建ＡＣＬ手术，临床治疗５０例前交叉韧带损伤患者，随访资料完整３９例，取得满意的临床效果。１资料与方法...     

自体半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后肌腱再生的临床研究

目的 :应用超声仪观察切取半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带后肌腱的再生情况。方法 :39例用自体半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带患者 ,术后平均 13个月行双侧半腱肌腱股薄肌腱超声检查 ,了解肌腱再生情况并对比其长度和截面积的变化。结果 :超声检查显示 39例患者中有肌腱再生 2 6例 ,再生率为 72 %。再生肌腱长度和截面积与对侧肌腱相比无明显差异。 2 6例患者半腱肌腱股薄肌肌腹有萎缩。结论 :切取半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带后肌腱能够再生。     

自体半腱肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带移植物组织学变化的实验研究

目的:观察应用自体半腱肌腱重建兔前交叉韧带术后12月内移植物的组织学变化过程.方法:用兔做实验对象,取同侧自体单股半腱肌腱进行前交叉韧带重建,分别于术后第2周、第1、2、4、6、9、12月取材,观察关节腔内重建移植物的大体形态,运用HE、甲苯胺兰及免疫组化染色观察其组织学变化过程.结果:关节腔内的移植物在术后第2周表现为明显的组织坏死,第1月有新生组织自外周长入替代,第2月富含细胞,但胶原纤维无序,第4月细胞数目减少,胶原纤维纵向排列较规则,第6月组织学形态类似正常前交叉韧带,第9月进一步成熟,第12月更加接近正常.甲苯胺兰染色显示:术后第12月关节腔内移植物出现异染.免疫组化染色显示:术后各期移植物均以Ⅰ型胶原为主,Ⅲ型胶原分布于长入替代的新生组织中,术后4个月以后移植物中Ⅲ型胶原呈弥散分布.结论:关节腔内的半腱肌腱移植物经历组织坏死、新生组织长入替代和塑形改建过程,其组织学形态在术后第6月与正常前交叉韧带相似,第12月接近正常,但其胶原分布情况仍有别于正常前交叉韧带.     

关节镜下双股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带80例

目的　介绍关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合拉出钢板法重建前交叉韧带(ACL)手术操作及其技巧。　方法　设计应用关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合拉出钢板法重建ACL,对80例患者手术操作经验进行总结。　结果　本组80例完成关节镜下重建ACL手术,平均手术时间为80min。术中出现穿导针弯曲、断裂,微型器械断裂,微型钢板骨隧道内受阻等情况。本组病例平均随访16个月,除2例术膝轻度胀痛外,其余患者无主诉症状。所有病例感觉膝部稳定,恢复原工作。Lysholm膝部评分,术前(48±12)分,术后(92±4)分（P<0．01）。　结论　关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合微型钢板固定法重建ACL,手术效果良好。临床实践中应掌握手术原则,严格按手术程序操作。     

自体半腱肌腱重建兔前交叉韧带腱骨愈合和止点形成实验研究

目的:观察应用自体半腱肌腱重建兔前交叉韧带术后12个月内腱骨愈合的组织学变化过程。方法:取新西兰大白兔同侧自体单股半腱肌腱重建前交叉韧带,分别于术后2周,1、2、4、6、12个月取材,采用HE和甲苯胺蓝染色观察骨道内腱骨间愈合和止点形成的组织学变化过程。结果:术后2周,腱组织坏死,腱骨间形成肉芽组织界面,其中的新生组织细胞向坏死腱内长入、替代,术后1个月腱骨间形成Sharpey纤维连接和纤维软骨,术后4个月形成潮线样结构,6个月形成直接止点的四层结构,12个月更加成熟。结论:前交叉韧带重建后腱骨间的愈合是一个由间接止点转化为直接止点的骨源性渐进过程。     

可吸收性材料辅助自体半腱肌腱移植重建兔前交叉韧带组织学转归实验研究

目的:观察可吸收性材料(polyglactin 910)辅助自体半腱肌腱移植重建兔前交叉韧带(anterior cru-ciate ligament,ACL)术后的组织学变化过程,探讨可吸收性韧带加强装置(ligament augmentation device,LAD)在ACL修复与重建中的应用。方法:取新西兰大白兔同侧自体单股半腱肌腱移植重建双膝ACL,左膝在移植物中间纵向贯穿可吸收线进行辅助,作为实验侧,右膝不加可吸收线作为自身对照侧。分别于术后2周和1、2、4个月取材,肉眼观察关节腔内重建移植物的大体形态;运用HE染色观察关节腔内重建韧带中可吸收线的组织学变化。结果:关节腔内重建韧带中间的可吸收线在术后2周未见明显变化,1个月有降解吸收表现,2及4个月未再观察到可吸收线。术后各取材时间点,实验侧和对照侧的关节腔内重建移植物的肉眼和组织学表现无差别。结论:置于ACL重建移植物中间的可吸收性材料在术后2周～2个月内随自身新生组织的长入而逐渐被降解吸收,最后被胶原纤维组织完全替代,与胶原纤维组织表现出良好的组织相容性,对重建移植物的组织学转归无影响。     

膝关节镜下半腱肌及股薄肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床观察

目的探讨膝关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的方法和效果。方法回顾分析26例膝关节镜下应用自体半腱肌及股薄肌腱以界面挤压螺钉及Endobutton固定重建前交叉韧带的临床资料,对患膝关节功能进行评估。结果术后随访12-18个月,根据Lysholm膝关节评分标准,由术前（54．7±9．13）分提高到术后（86．6±6．97）分。结论膝关节镜下采用自半腱肌及股薄肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带的方法可行,疗效满意,可作为重建前交叉韧带的方法广泛应用。     

半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带后Cyclops综合症临床研究

目的:研究采用自体半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)后膝关节内Cyclops综合症的发生情况。方法:回顾性研究2004~2005年197例采用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱重建ACL后取出内固定患者,平均年龄25.85岁。取内固定时通过病史、体征、X线及KT-2000评估膝关节功能,手术同时进行膝关节镜探查,观察关节内髁间窝增生物情况,并进行统计分析。结果:所有患者中发现有髁间窝结节样增生物(统称为Cyclops病变)形成28例,其中2例伴有伸膝受限(同健侧膝关节比较),Cyclops综合症的发生率为1.02%(2/197)。无Cyclops病变的患者中伸膝受限5例。根据是否存在Cyclops病变将所有患者分为Cyclops组和非Cyclops组,两组伸膝受限发生率的差异无统计学意义(2χ=0.268)。Cyclops病变的病理表现为增生变性的瘢痕样组织,无骨性成分。Cyclops组患者取钉时KT-2000检查结果显示134N下差值平均为1.8mm,有24例均恢复到原来的运动水平。结果表明,采用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带后Cyclops病变发生率较高,但产生伸膝受限(Cyclops综合症)的发生率低。     

关节镜下半腱肌腱股薄肌腱单端固定法重建交叉韧带24例分析

目的总结膝关节镜下同侧半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱单端固定法重建后交叉韧带的方法及疗效,分析其优缺点。方法应用同侧半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱单端固定,重建后交叉韧带损伤24例。结果术后随访6～36个月,平均18个月。按lysholm膝关节评分标准,由术前43分提高到术后93分。结论同侧半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱单端固定法重建后交义韧带创伤小、操作简便,是重建后交叉韧带的理想方法之一。     

关节镜下自体髌腱移植重建前交叉韧带的疗效观察

目的探讨使用自体骨-1/3髌腱-骨移植重建损伤的前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床疗效。方法本研究包括40例单纯性前交叉韧带断裂伴症状性胫骨前脱位的病例,均采用自体骨-1/3髌腱-骨重建。术后进行为期6个月的康复训练。术前和术后随访时行患侧膝关节X线检查,行体格检查及功能评分。结果总共36例(90%)获得随访,时间平均31个月。30例(83%)Lachman征及旋转移位试验阴性。Lysholm评分由术前平均(55.7±3.1)分增加至术后最后一次随访时的(90.1±2.7)分(P0.001)。而Tegner评分则由术前平均(5.0±1.4)分增加至术后(6.25±1.2)分(P0.001)。与术前X线检查相比,无退行性改变。结论采用自体骨-1/3髌腱-骨重建前交叉韧带后2年以上随访结果发现,83%的患者膝关节不稳现象消失,至术后最后一次随访时膝关节功能评分较术前显著增加。以该方法重建ACL有效地恢复了受伤膝关节功能。     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction using hamstring tendon grafts-fixation with two interference screws: technical note

In this article, an original double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique is described. The procedure is developed using hamstring tendon grafts while maintaining tibial osseous insertion. Two tibial tunnels are drilled and a simplified and precise outside-in double tunnel femoral drilling technique is utilized. The graft fixation is made using only two interference screws.     

关节镜下自体半腱及股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带

 目的 探讨关节镜下以自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的手术方法及疗效.方法 自2006年3月～2007年12月,关节镜下绳肌腱修复膝前交叉韧带损伤39例.膝前小切口取半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱修整、对折后成四股,分别建立胫骨隧道及股骨隧道,用Endobutton和生物可吸收挤压螺钉固定肌腱,重建ACL的解剖结构和生理功能.术后即行功能锻练.结果 术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,8～10周膝关节屈伸功能恢复正常.随访时间3～15个月,平均8个月.抽屉试验和Lachman试验阳性者2例,可疑阳性者6例;余患者均为阴性.根据敖英芳临床判断标准,本组优23例,良11例,中3例,差2例.Lysholm评分术后(87.6±4.6),与术前(45.3±4.2)比较,差异显著(P<0.01).结论 绳肌腱具有良好的抗拉强度和刚度,在关节镜下用四股绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带是一种疗效可靠的治疗方式.     

Outcome of patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries selected for conservative treatment

In this retrospective study, 24 patients with acute isolated complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures selected for conservative treatment were re-examined a median of 45 months after injury. Selection for conservative treatment was made after careful patient information, taking into consideration desire for physical activity at work or leisure, interest in sports and muscular fitness. The reference group for the evaluation methods used included 50 students and 22 patients selected for surgical augmentation and reconstruction. In a subjective evaluation, the conservatively treated patients were satisfied, but objectively they had low functional scores and the pivot shift sign was often positive. Arthrometry showed that these patients had an increased anterior displacement of the tibia in relation to the femur in their injured knees. The patients who had a clearly positive pivot shift sign (grades III and IV) had an increased anterior laxity not only in the injured knees but also in the uninjured knees.     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft

Tendon–bone incorporation of a tendon graft within the bone tunnel is of priority concern when using for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Superior healing process and stronger healing strength can be achieved when periosteum is sutured on the tendon inserted into a bone tunnel. We applied this idea to ACL reconstruction for enhancing tendon graft–bone tunnel healing. This is a prospective clinical outcome study with this surgical technique at minimal 2 years follow-up. Periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft has been used in 68 patients. Data from 62 patients who had been followed up completely were analyzed. All patients suffered from a grade 3 or higher grade of Lachman and anterior drawer test with a positive pivot-shift test. Clinical assessments included the Lysholm knee scores, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, KT-1000 instrumented testing, thigh muscle assessment, and radiographic evaluation. The median Lysholm knee score was 59 (40–70) and 94 (60–100) points (P<0.01) before and after surgery. After reconstruction, 81% of patients were able to return to moderate or strenuous activity. Four (6%) patients were found to exhibit grade 2 or more ligament laxity. Complete range of motion could be achieved in 86% of patients. Three patients (5%) had positive pivot shift. Finally, 92% of patients were assessed as normal or nearly normal rating by IKDC guideline. Bone tunnels enlargement of more than 1 mm was identified in 5% of femoral tunnels and 6% of tibial tunnels. The study shows that a satisfactory result can be achieved with the periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft in ACL reconstruction. Periosteum can be easily harvested at the proximal tibia from a routine incision for hamstring tendon harvesting. Besides the potential for improving tendon–bone healing, enveloped periosteum may help to seal the intra-articular tunnel opening in the early postoperative period, and thus avoid synovial fluid reflux into the tunnel. Bone tunnel enlargement could be reduced.     

Simultaneous bilateral anterior cruciate ligament tears in a female beginner skier

We present a case of simultaneous bilateral ACL tears in a woman injured while skiing for the first time. We discuss the role of intercondylar notch stenosis as a high-risk factor for tearing the ACL, the injury mechanism, prevention measures, and the therapeutic strategy. Received: 10 January 2000 Accepted: 10 April 2000     

关节镜下钮扣钢板固定四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下钮扣钢板固定四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带的治疗效果。方法 关节镜下四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带20例。术前MRI证实膝关节前交叉韧带断裂,术中关节镜下均证实膝关节前交叉韧带断裂,四股半腱肌重建者用钮扣钢板固定。结果 平均随访7个月,无1例打软腿,假交锁症状消失,关节痛消失。X线见内固定物与术后一致,无移位。Lysholm膝关节功能评分：术前平均54.5,随访评分95.6。结论 关节镜下四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带临床效果好,并发症少,手术时间短。     

Double semitendinosus anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: 10-year results

In a series of 30 consecutive patients who suffered from chronic instability of the knee joint, reconstruction of the torn anterior cruciate ligament was performed with a looped semitendinosus tendon, reinforced by an extra-articular anterolateral procedure. Of these 30, 27 could be followed up 9–11 years after the operation. The evaluation included the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire and was completed by testing with a Kneelax arthrometer at 132 N and by anteroposterior standing X-ray, in order to evaluate the degenerative changes. At the time of the check-up: 96% of the study group considered that they had normal or nearly normal knees, and 81% had recovered to the same sports activity level as before their injury. The degenerative changes noted at the index operation did not progress notably, except in two cases. Laxities of 7 knees were normal, with a side-to-side difference of less than 2 mm; 15 were nearly normal, with a mean difference of 3.45 mm; and 5 were abnormal, with a mean difference of 6.2 mm. The study shows that the procedure is efficient in restoring a satisfactory stability for most patients and stabilises the evolution of the degenerative lesions as shown by standing X-ray. Received: 30 December 1996 Accepted: 25 July 1997