联合输注单采血小板和冷沉淀凝血因子在急性大失血患者中的治疗作用

目的：研究急诊联合输注单采血小板和冷沉淀在治疗急性大失血患者患者中的疗效。方法：急性大失血患者随机分为3组：单采血小板与冷沉淀凝血因子联合输注组（共43例）,单采血小板单独输注组（共13例）和冷沉淀凝血因子单独输注组（共11例）。联合输注组先后输注血小板10U,冷沉淀凝血因子10U;单采血小板单独输注组,给予单采血小板10U;冷沉淀凝血因子单独输注组给予冷沉淀凝血因子10U输注。检测治疗前后血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、血浆部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（Fbg）、血小板计数（PLT）。结果：与输注单采血小板组和冷沉淀组相比,联合输注组PT、APTT、TT均显著性缩短（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,有效止血率明显增高（P〈0.01）,平均止血时间明显缩短（P〈0.01）,24h内悬浮红细胞续用量显著减少（P〈0.01）。结论：在大量失血患者的治疗中,联合输注血小板及冷沉淀能显著改善凝血功能,促进止血功能,具有更显著的止血效果。     

用参附注射液及大黄抢救重度失血性休克60例

目的 观察参附注射液及大黄在抢救重度失血性休克中的治疗作用。方法 重度失血性休克病人60例，随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组30例。两组在抢救中均采用止血、扩容、个剐病例输血等措施，治疗组加参附注射液、大黄。结果 治疗组在血压升高、尿量减少及末梢循环恢复正常所需时间，均较对照组缩短（P〈0．01），脏器功能不全综合征（MODS）发生率治疗组为6．7％。对照组为16．7％（P〈0．01）。结论 参附注射液、大黄在抢救重度失血性休克中有提升血压、改善微循环、降低MODS发生的作用。     

异体输血对消化道出血患者凝血功能及部分免疫功能的影响

[目的]探讨异体输血对消化道出血患者凝血功能及部分免疫功能的影响。[方法]入选消化性溃疡出血、血红蛋白65~75g/L的患者40例,其中不给予输血治疗20例作为对照组,给予输注少白红细胞2~4U的20例作为输血组,并分别于输血组的输血前、输血后采取2组患者静脉血,检测其凝血功能及外周血中自然杀伤(NK)细胞、IgG、IgA、IgM、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+的变化情况。[结果]输血组输血前与对照组各项指标均无显著差异,输血后NK细胞、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+、IgG较输血前显著减少(P0.05),IgA、IgM与输血前变化不显著;输血组输血前、输血后1d凝血功能指标变化均差异不显著(P0.05)。[结论]异体输血对纠正患者失血性贫血有疗效,但对患者免疫功能抑制明显,对于异体输血量在一定范围内的患者凝血功能无明显影响。     

回收式自体输血与异体输血对心脏手术患者凝血功能及血液流变学指标的影响

目的 观察回收式自体输血与异体输血对心脏手术患者凝血功能及血液流变学的影响。方法 回顾性分析,采集我院2019年6月至2022年1月期间收治的心脏手术患者的基线资料,异体组（45例,异体血回输）,回收组（45例,回收式自体输血）,对比两组凝血功能、血液流变学及不良反应。结果 回收组输血后1 d、5 d活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、D-二聚体（D-D）表达低于异体组,纤维蛋白原（FIB）高于异体组（P<0.05）;输血后1 d,异体组高切全血黏度（HSBV）、低切全血黏度（LSBV）、全血黏度及血细胞比容均下降（P<0.05）,回收组HSBV、LSBV、红细胞聚集指数（EAI）、全血黏度及血细胞比容下降（P>0.05）;回收组总发生率低于异体组（P<0.05）。结论 回收式自体输血对心脏手术患者凝血功能及血液流变学影响均较小,且安全可靠。     

按ISTH评分诊断的弥散性血管内凝血患者的临床特征分析

目的：探讨按ISTH评分诊断的弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）患者的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后特征。方法：回顾性分析我院按ISTH评分诊断的928例DIC患者的临床资料,包括原发病、临床表现、止凝血指标、治疗及预后等。结果: 40.63%出现不同程度出血，38.04%出现休克，56.36%出现器官衰竭。感染占DIC原发病比例最高（44.40%），感染DIC器官衰竭发生率最高（62.62%）；病理产科DIC出血率最高（76.92%），休克率最高（73.08%），有效率最高（65.38%），死亡率最低(0.00%)；恶性肿瘤DIC死亡率最高（35.88%），与总计发生率相比差异显著（P<0.05）。有效组和无效组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)及D-二聚体（DD）比较差异显著(P<0.05)，纤维蛋白原浓度(FIB)及血小板（PLT）最低值比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。PLT下降越率越高，DIC患者有效率越低，且差异显著（P<0.05）；国际血栓与止血协会（ISTH）显性积分越高，DIC患者有效率越低，且差异显著（P<0.05）。结论：出血是DIC典型的临床表现，器官衰竭更为常见；感染占DIC原发病比例最高，感染DIC器官衰竭发生率最高，病理产科DIC出血及休克发生率最高但预后最好，恶性肿瘤DIC预后最差；PT、APTT、DD、PLT下降率及ISTH显性积分有助于提示DIC患者的预后。     

内镜下金属钛夹联合兰索拉唑治疗对老年上消化道出血患者凝血功能影响及疗效

目的探讨内镜下金属钛夹联合兰索拉唑治疗对老年上消化道出血患者凝血功能的影响。方法选取2014年6月至2019年6月海南省人民医院老年上消化道出血患者102例,随机分为对照组(n=51)和观察组(n=51)。对照组给予兰索拉唑治疗,观察组在其基础上给予内镜下金属钛夹联合治疗,治疗后3 d对效果进行评估,比较两组止血效果、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、血小板(PLT)水平、血清内毒素(LPS)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平、并发症发生率。结果观察组即时止血、72 h止血率均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组与对照组治疗过程中并发症发生率无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后3 d凝血功能PT、APTT时间长于对照组(P<0.05);FIB、PLT水平低于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后3 d LPS、CRP水平低于治疗前(P<0.05);观察组治疗后3 d LPS、CRP水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论内镜下金属钛夹联合兰索拉唑用于老年上消化道出血中能获得良好的止血效果,有助于改善凝血功能,未增加并发症发生率。     

血栓弹力图指导心脏手术患者围术期输血的临床价值分析

目的 观察血栓弹力图与凝血功能在心脏手术患者围术期输血治疗中的应用,以期为临床相关疾病患者输血指导提供科学参考依据。方法 回顾性分析,采集我院2021年1月至2022年5月期间收治的采用凝血功能指导输血治疗的35例心脏手术患者的基线资料,并纳入对照组,采集同时期内采用血栓弹力图指导输血治疗的35例心脏手术患者的基线资料,并纳入研究组,对比两组手术相关情况、凝血功能[活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、血小板计数（PLT）]及不同时点引流量。结果 两组年龄、性别、体重指数、NYHA、ASA及手术类型资料对比,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;研究组新鲜冷冻血浆、血小板、冷沉淀及红细胞输注量均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;输血24 h后,两组血清PT、APTT表达下降,血清PLT、FIB表达升高,且与对照组相比,研究组血清PT、APTT表达较低,PLT、FIB表达较高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;研究组术后6 h、24 h引流量均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 血栓弹力图指导心脏手...     

非静脉曲张性上消化道出血行急诊内镜止血患者病情严重且预后较差

目的：比较分析非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(NVUGIB)床边急诊内镜与择期内镜治疗的临床特点和疗效。方法：回顾性收集304例NVUGIB并接受内镜止血治疗患者的病例资料，其中接受床边急诊内镜的152例患者纳入急诊内镜组，接受择期内镜止血的152例患者纳入择期内镜组，比较分析2组患者的一般情况、病情严重程度、疗效等。结果：2组患者的一般情况、病因构成、止血方式无明显差异(P均>0.05)，与择期内镜组比较，急诊内镜组患者血红蛋白量和血小板计数低，凝血时间延长，AIMS65评分及内镜前Rockall(pRS)评分较高(P均<0.01)，输血率高(60.4% vs 47.4%，P<0.01)，输血量多(P<0.01)，再出血率高(12.2% vs 3.9%，P<0.01)，住院时间更长(P<0.01)。2组患者止血成功率都在80%以上，并发症发生率和死亡率无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论：对于NVUGIB患者，需行床边急诊内镜止血者失血情况严重，凝血功能差，其输血量、再出血率、住院时间均较高或较长，但死亡率与择期内镜止血治疗者相近。     

异体输血对消化道出血患者凝血功能、血小板及部分免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨异体输血对消化道出血患者凝血功能血小板及部分免疫功能的影响。方法:选择消化性溃疡出血患者40例,血红蛋白65~75g/L,其中对照组患者20例,不给予输血治疗,试验组患者20例,给予输注少白红细胞2~4U,并分别于输血前、输血后1d抽取2组患者静脉血,检测患者凝血功能及外周血中自然杀伤细胞(NK)、IgG、IgA、IgM、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+的变化情况。结果:输血后1d试验组患者,NK细胞、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+较输血前显著减少(P0.05);输血后1d,试验组患者IgG减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2组IgA、IgM变化不显著(P0.05);输血前、输血后1d2组患者凝血功能及血小板指标变化均差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:异体输血对纠正患者失血性贫血有疗效,但对患者免疫功能抑制明显;对于异体输血量在一定范围内的患者凝血功能无明显影响。     

明胶海绵颗粒与Embosphere生物微球栓塞治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血对比观察

目的探讨明胶海绵颗粒与Embosphere生物微球栓塞治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的效果。方法回顾分析近5年来收治的49例（使用明胶海绵23例,使用Embosphere生物微球26例）经导管肝动脉明胶海绵和Embosphere生物微球栓塞治疗的原发性肝癌破裂出血患者的临床资料,评价即时止血和再次出血率。结果明胶海绵组和Embosphere生物微球组即时止血率均为100%;在明胶海绵栓塞治疗后7天内再次出血率为13.0%（3/23）,1例转外科手术,1例再次介入治疗,术后成功止血,1例因突发失血性休克死亡;在Embosphere生物微球栓塞后7天内再次出血率为3.8%（1/26）,显著低于明胶海绵组（P<0.01）。结论明胶海绵和Embosphere生物微球治疗肝癌破裂出血即时止血效果相同,但Embosphere生物微球治疗术后再出血风险明显减少。     

成分输血抢救治疗产科失血性休克DIC前兆18例

目的：分析成分输血抢救治疗产科失血性休克,DIC前兆的疗效。方法：选择2007年1月—2008年12月产科DIC前兆患者18例,参照DIC前兆诊断标准与治疗原则,制定成分输血等综合治疗方案,合理输注悬浮红细胞、血小板、新鲜冰冻血浆、冷沉淀等。检测血常规,凝血功能,观察临床治疗效果。结果：18例产科失血性休克,DIC前兆患者成功救治。结论：成分输血在产科失血性休克,DIC前兆抢救治疗中效果显著。     

Management of coagulation abnormalities in liver disease

Liver disease is characterized by changes in all phases of hemostasis. These hemostatic alterations were long considered to predispose patients with liver disease towards a bleeding tendency, as they are associated with prolonged conventional coagulation tests. However, these patients may also suffer from thrombotic complications, and we now know that the hemostatic system in patient with liver disease is, in fact, in a rebalanced state. In this review we discuss the concept of rebalanced hemostasis and its implications for clinical management of patients with liver disease. For instance, there is no evidence that the use of prophylactic blood product transfusion prior to invasive procedures reduces bleeding risk. Clinicians should also be aware of the possibility of thrombosis occurring in patients with a liver disease, and regular thrombosis prophylaxis should not be withheld in these patients.     

How to minimize blood loss during liver surgery in patients with cirrhosis

Patients with liver disease frequently have substantial changes in their haemostatic system. This is reflected in abnormal test results on routine coagulation screening assays such as the prothrombin time (PT), activated thromboplastin time (APTT) and platelet count. Traditionally, attempts were made to correct abnormalities in the haemostatic system as measured by routine coagulation assays prior to invasive procedures by infusion of platelets or fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Recent laboratory and clinical data have indicated that the haemostatic reserve in cirrhotic patients is relatively well maintained although the coagulation screening assays suggest otherwise. Pre-procedural correction of coagulation tests with blood products may therefore not be necessary, and may even have harmful side-effects. In particular, fluid overload resulting in exacerbation of portal hypertension by infusion of blood products may in fact promote bleeding. In recent years, it has become clear that reduction of the central and portal venous pressure by fluid restriction and avoidance of blood product transfusion is a beneficial strategy in minimizing bleeding during liver surgery in cirrhotic patients. Some investigators have even taken this a step further and suggested pre-procedural phlebotomy in liver transplant recipients. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies and developments which have changed our understanding of the clinical relevance of abnormal coagulation tests in patients with cirrhosis, and which have contributed to a reduction in blood loss and transfusion requirements when liver surgery is needed in these patients.     

Hepatic resection in 170 patients using saline-cooled radiofrequency coagulation

Background. Hepatic resection for malignancies or symptomatic benign liver lesions remains the standard of treatment. Historically, the principal cause of mortality during liver resection was intraoperative bleeding. Advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques, along with application of new technologies, have decreased blood loss and dramatically improved the outcomes for major liver surgery.Methods. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the utility of a saline-cooled radiofrequency coagulation device (TissueLink Medical, Inc.) for hepatic resection. Intraoperative bleeding, blood transfusion, postoperative bile leak, and other complications were noted.Results. The results are described for 170 patients undergoing hepatic resection over a three-year period. There were no intraoperative or postoperative deaths. Six patients in the series received blood transfusions for a transfusion rate of 3.5%. Four patients experienced a transient postoperative bile leak. Three of the four closed spontaneously prior to discharge home, and the fourth closed promptly after ERCP. There were no episodes of postoperative hemorrhage, hepatic failure, liver abscess, or reoperation.Conclusions. The saline-cooled radiofrequency coagulation device is very effective in achieving intraoperative hemostasis and facilitates liver parenchymal transection during hepatic resection.     

A practical concept for preoperative management of patients with impaired primary hemostasis.

In a prospective study, 254 of 5649 unselected patients scheduled for surgery at our hospital were identified preoperatively as having either acquired (n=182) or inherited (n=72) impaired primary hemostasis (platelet dysfunction including von Willebrand disease). All patients were initially pretreated with desmopressin (DDAVP). Response to DDAVP or subsequent treatment(s) was defined as correction of any one of the abnormal PFA-100 platelet function tests. The non-responders were additionally treated with tranexamic acid or aprotinin; those with von Willebrand disease (vWD) received factor VIII concentrates with von Willebrand factor (vWF). Those still unresponsive to therapy received conjugated estrogens and, as a last attempt, a platelet transfusion. The administration of DDAVP led to a correction of platelet dysfunction in 229 of the 254 patients treated (90.2%). Tranexamic acid was effective in 12 of 16, aprotinin in 3 of 5, and factor VIII concentrates with vWF in all 4 patients with unresponsive to DDAVP. The remaining 6 patients were pretreated with conjugated estrogens, and 2 of these patients were additionally treated with platelet transfusion. The frequency of blood transfusion was lower, but not statistically significant (9.4% vs. 12.2%: p = 0.202) in preoperatively treated patients with impaired hemostasis than in patients without impaired hemostasis. In a retrospective group, the frequency of blood transfusion was statistically significant higher (89.3% vs. 11.3%: p < 0.001) in patients without preoperative correction of impaired hemostasis than in patients without impaired hemostasis. Preoperative correction of impaired primary hemostasis is possible in nearly all patients affected, and results in a reduction of homologous blood transfusions.     

Clinical bleeding events and laboratory coagulation profiles in acute promyelocytic leukemia

Background: Bleeding is the leading cause of death for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Blood component transfusion to correct coagulopathy is the keystone in reducing bleeding. The benefit of fresh frozen plasma transfusion is unproven. Using laboratory profiles to predict bleeding is important guidance for the determination of transfusion policies in the treatment of APL. Design and methods: For 116 patients of APL, bleeding events were collected and correlated with various hematologic and coagulation parameters, including leukemic cell percentages, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen levels, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) scores. Results: Overt DIC occurred in 77.6% of patients. Severity of DIC was associated with bone marrow leukemic cell percentages but unrelated to bleeding. Patients with bleeding had significantly higher WBC counts (26.73 ± 6.18 vs. 13.03 ± 3.03 per μL, P = 0.026) and more prolonged PT (4.85 ± 0.70 vs. 2.59 ± 0.28 s, P = 0.002) and APTT (3.98 ± 1.68 vs. 0.96 ± 0.93 s, P = 0.017). Fibrinogen levels, platelet counts, and leukemia cell percentages were not significantly different between bleeding and non‐bleeding patients. PT is valuable in prediction of bleeding. Patients with PT ≧ 5 s had a relative risk of 6.14 for bleeding. Seven patients had severe bleeding before initiation of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Conclusions: Patients with APL are susceptible to DIC and subsequent bleeding events. Prompt ATRA administration is crucial in preventing hemorrhagic events. High WBC counts, prolonged PT, and APTT are associated with clinical bleeding in our series. PT is the most accurate parameter in predicting bleeding. Based on these findings, supportive care should be directed toward correction of coagulopathy to prevent bleeding complications and fresh frozen plasma appears to be indicated for coagulopathy associated with APL.     

Hemostasis in liver transplantation:Pathophysiology,monitoring, and treatment

Recent findings in the pathophysiology and monitoring of hemostasis in patients with end stage liver disease have major impact on coagulation management during liver transplantation. There is increasing evidence, that the changes in both coagulation factors and platelet count regularly observed in patients with liver cirrhosis cannot be interpreted as a reliable indicator of diffuse bleeding risk. Instead, a differentiated view on hemostasis has led to the concept of a rebalanced coagulation system: While it is important to recognize that procoagulant factors are reduced in liver cirrhosis, it is also evident that synthesis of anticoagulant factors and fibrinolytic proteins produced in the liver is also diminished. Similarly, the decreased platelet count may be counterbalanced by increased platelet aggregability caused by highly active von Willebrand multimeres. The coagulation system is therefor stated to be rebalanced. While under normal "unstressed" conditions diffuse bleeding is rarely observed, however both diffuse bleeding or thrombus formation may occur when compensation mechanisms are exhausted. While most patients presenting for liver transplantation have severe cirrhosis, liver function and thus production of pro- and anticoagulant factors can be preserved especially in cholestatic liver disease. During liver transplantation, profound changes in the hemostasis system can occur. Surgical bleeding can lead to diffuse bleeding as coagulation factors and platelets are already reduced. Ischemia and tissue trauma can lead to alterations of hemostasis comparable to trauma induced coagulopathy. A further common disturbance often starting with the reperfusion of the transplanted organ is hyperfibrinolysis which can eventually precipitate complete consumption of fibrinogen and an endogenous heparinization by glycocalyx shedding. Moreover, thrombotic events inliver transplantations are not uncommon and contribute to increased mortality. Besides conventional laboratory methods, bed-side monitoring of hemostasis(e.g., thrombelastography, thrombelastometry) is often used during liver transplantation to rapidly diagnose decreases in fibrinogen and platelet count as well as hyperfibrinolysis and to guide treatment with blood products, factor concentrates, and antifibrinolytics. There is also evidence which suggests when algorithms based on bed-side hemostasis monitoring are used a reduction of blood loss, blood product use, and eventual mortality are possible. Notably, the bed-side monitoring of anticoagulant pathways and the thrombotic risk is not possible at time and thus a cautious and restrictive use of blood products is recommended.     

Protection mechanism of deacetylase inhibitor on spleen of rats with severe hemorrhagic shock

Objective: To explore the protection and molecular mechanism of histone deacetylase inhibitors(HDACIs) on the spleen of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Methods: A total of 60 SPF male SD rats were selected for the modeling of severe hemorrhagic shock using the method of arterial and venous cannulation with the time-divided bleeding. The measurement of mean arterial blood pressure and blood lactic acid was used to verify the modeling. The modeled rats were randomly divided into shock group, shock+suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid(SAHA) group, shock+autogenous transfusion group, and shock+SAHA+autogenous transfusion group. Three hours after the treatment, the spleen of rats was collected and TUNEL method was employed to detect the apoptosis of spleen cells in each group. Afterwards, real-time PCR and western blot were employed to detect the expression of BCL-2, BAX, and caspass3 in the spleen of rats in each group. Results: A total of 55 rats had successful modeling of severe hemorrhagic shock, with success rate of 92%. Cell apoptosis in the severe hemorrhagic model group was the most serious. After the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion, the tissue injury was a bit recovered. Cell apoptosis was least in the shock+SAHA+autogenous transfusion group(P0.05). After the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion, the relative expression of BCL-2 was significantly increased(P0.05), with highest relative expression of BCL-2 in shock+SAHA+autogenous transfusion group(P0.05). After the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion, the relative expression of BAX was significantly decreased(P0.05), with lowest relative expression of BAX in the intervention group of single HDACIs. The change in the expression of caspass3 was similar to BAX, namely the relative expression of caspass3 was significantly decreased after the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion(P0.05). Conclusions: HDACIs and autogenous transfusion can all protect the spleen injury because of the severe hemorrhagic shock. Its molecular mechanism may be related to the regulation on the expression of BCL-2/BAX and caspass3, which may affect the apoptosis process of cells.     

A Case Series of Radiation-induced Hemorrhagic Gastroduodenitis

Objective We examined the clinical course and treatment method of a case series of radiation-induced hemorrhagic gastroduodenitis with clinical signs. Methods This was a single-center retrospective observational study. Patients We included seven patients with radiation-induced hemorrhagic gastroduodenitis treated at our hospital between April 2014 and May 2020. Results One male patient each had cancer of the head of the pancreas, bile duct cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ureteral cancer, whereas two women had recurrent endometrial cancer and one woman had recurrent cervical cancer. The onset occurred 3-5 months after the end of radiation treatment. Endoscopic examinations showed a red edematous mucous membrane in a fragile condition stretching from the antrum of the stomach to the duodenum, with telangiectasia and ulcer. For endoscopic hemostasis, five patients underwent argon plasma coagulation (APC), which was successful in three patients. Two of these were being administered an antithrombotic at the time. One case resistant to conservative treatment required repeated transfusion for recurring hemorrhaging over a short period of time and therefore underwent surgical treatment. Thereafter, the postoperative course was favorable. Conclusions Actively attempting hemostasis through APC and surgery is effective for treating radiation-induced hemorrhagic gastroduodenitis. The use of an antithrombotic agent might lead to a risk of repeated hemorrhaging. Therefore, repeated hemostasis through APC is crucial.