应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎的临床疗效观察

目的探讨应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2016年1月至2018年12月北京积水潭医院烧伤科应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植治疗的13例胫骨慢性骨髓炎患者的临床资料。其中男10例,女3例;年龄18~43岁,平均34.3岁。13例患者经彻底清创后胫骨病灶处均形成骨外露创面,伴有皮肤缺损。应用股前外侧游离皮瓣填充清创后形成的空腔,对病灶进行修复治疗。结果 13例患者皮瓣完全成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合。随访12个月,未见骨髓炎复发。结论应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎的临床效果较好。     

Revascularizing osteotrepanation in combined surgical treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia

Short and long-term results of revascularizing osteotrepanations by Zusmanovich's method performed in 80 patients with lower limb critical ischemia were analyzed. The operation is effective in distal and diffuse forms of atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases if it is impossible to perform reconstruction. Isolated revascularizing osteotrepanation is indicated for patients with recurrence of critical ischemia who earlier have undergone conventional surgical procedures. Duplex sonography is the main method for diagnosis and determination of indications for surgery which provides an objective criterion of the treatment failure - the index of tibial arteries resistance.     

Omental free flap for the treatment of serious scarring results in the head

Four cases of tumors and one case of unstable and chronically ulcerated scar of the scalp, treated with the omental free flap, are presented in this paper. In two cases the skull was reconstructed with an autologous bone graft. The final aesthetic result was good, bearing in mind the initial pathology. Received: 24 March 1999 / Accepted: 4 December 1999     

Single-stage revascularization and free flap coverage in the treatment of ischemic lower limb lesions

Old age, diabetes and atherosclerotic disease all have been considered to be relative contraindications for microsurgery. As such, gangrenous lesions of the lower limb traditionally resulted in staged amputations. A more aggressive approach, combining revascularization and free tissue transfer, allowed us to limit the level of amputation and to start early ambulation and rehabilitation, without the need for major orthotic help. Performing the vascular procedure, debridement, and free tissue transfer in one single intervention greatly reduces the number of operative procedures without substantial increase in operative time. Twenty consecutive patients underwent a combined free flap and revascularization procedure, two patients died perioperatively. One free flap was lost and needed replacement. All surviving patients were ambulating postoperatively.This paper was presented at the Eleventh Congress of the IPRAS, April 17–21, 1995, Yokohama, Japan     

A simple surgical technique of direct anastomosis for treatment of moyamoya disease: technical note

BACKGROUND: An arteriotomy on a branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is required in the procedure of the direct anastomosis for the treatment of moyamoya disease, and the artery comes to be collapsed after blood is washed out. The phenomenon makes the microsurgical procedure difficult during direct anastomosis. METHODS: A piece of 3-0 blue monofilament polypropylene suture (PROLENE*, ETHICON Inc., a Johnson & Johnson Company, Somerville, New Jersey) was inserted into the lumen of the recipient artery though the ostium after termination of arteriotomy. The diameter of 3-0 PROLENE* was between 0.20 and 0.249 mm. PROLENE*, a length that was more than the length of the arteriotomy and was less than the distance between the 2 occlusion clamps placed on the recipient artery. At this time, the lumen was reopened and the wall of the recipient artery was easily passed by a microneedle with 11-0 monofilament without injury to the posterior wall of the recipient artery by the microneedle. Confirmation as to whether the microneedle snagged and injured the posterior wall of the recipient artery or not was unnecessary with this method. RESULTS: Anastomosis was easily performed using this technique for the treatment of moyamoya disease. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical application of the present technique makes the anastomotic procedure easy, even when the diameter of the recipient artery is as small as 0.5 mm.     

游离肌皮瓣移植治疗难治性小腿和足部创伤后骨髓炎

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of free myocutaneous flap transfer for the treatment of refractory post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower leg and foot. Methods Eleven patients with refractory post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower legs and feet were treated between February 2004 and December 2007. There were 9 males and 2 females. The average age was 3.5 years. All patients had at least four to five unsuccessful surgical procedures and prolonged antibiotic treatment prior to presentation. The mean duration of osteomyelitis was 26 months (12-47 months). According to the Ciemy-Mader classification, there were 3 cases for ⅢA, 2 for ⅢBL, 4 for ⅥA and 2 for ⅥBL. After radical debridement, free myocutaneous flaps were immediately performed. Nine latissimus dorsi and 2 rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps were used.External fixation was applied in 6 patients with skeletal instability due to tibial defects. Results An average follow-up was 3.5 years. Two cases suffered partial necrosis and were managed successfully with split-thickness skin grafts later. In 4 patients of presenting segmental bone defect, autogenous bone grafting was applied in one patient and achieved consolidation after 5 months; bone transplantation in 2 patients and achieved consolidation after 8 and 10 months; and vascularized fibula graft in one patient in whom the gap of the tibia was about 10 cm and achieved consolidation after 4 months. The other 7 patients of this group achieved bone consolidation without bone graft. Conclusion The cornerstone of the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis was to be the radical debridement of all involved necrotic and infected soft tissue and bone.The free myocutaneous flaps transfer which has the advantage of obliteration of dead space and stable coverage of the defect was a safe and viable treatment option in chronic osteomyelitis of the lower leg and foot.     

游离肌皮瓣移植治疗难治性小腿和足部创伤后骨髓炎

目的 探讨游离肌皮瓣移植治疗难治性小腿和足部创伤后慢性骨髓炎的有效性.方法 2004年2月至2007年12月,应用游离肌皮瓣治疗小腿和足部创伤后慢性骨髓炎11例,男9例,女2例;年龄18～75岁,平均35岁;胫骨骨髓炎8例,跖骨骨髓炎3例.患者均接受过4～5次手术和长期抗生素治疗而骨髓炎仍然不愈.骨髓炎病程12～47个月,平均26个月.根据Cierny-Mader慢性骨髓炎分型:ⅢA型3例,ⅢBL型2例,ⅥA型4例,ⅥBL型2例.手术去除内固定,严格彻底清创后,即刻行游离肌皮瓣移植,9例行游离背阔肌肌皮瓣移植,2例行游离腹直肌肌皮瓣移植;6例清创后形成胫骨骨缺损造成局部不稳定者采用单边外固定架固定.结果 术后随访1.5～5年,平均3.5年.2例患者的游离肌皮瓣发生部分坏死,经清创、游离植皮后愈合,余9例未出现严重手术并发症.4例胫骨缺损范围较大的患者行二期植骨,其中1例松质骨植骨者,骨愈合时间5个月;2例为骨块嵌入植骨,骨愈合时间8个月和10个月;1例骨缺损长度为10cm者,行游离腓骨瓣移植,骨愈合时间4个月.余7例未植骨,骨愈合良好.结论 治疗难治性慢性骨髓炎的关键是严格地清除感染的骨质、死骨、炎性及瘢痕组织;游离肌皮瓣移植能以血运丰富的组织消灭死腔、覆盖创面,是治疗小腿和足部慢性骨髓炎的有效方法.     

游离肌皮瓣移植治疗难治性小腿和足部创伤后骨髓炎

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of free myocutaneous flap transfer for the treatment of refractory post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower leg and foot. Methods Eleven patients with refractory post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower legs and feet were treated between February 2004 and December 2007. There were 9 males and 2 females. The average age was 3.5 years. All patients had at least four to five unsuccessful surgical procedures and prolonged antibiotic treatment prior to presentation. The mean duration of osteomyelitis was 26 months (12-47 months). According to the Ciemy-Mader classification, there were 3 cases for ⅢA, 2 for ⅢBL, 4 for ⅥA and 2 for ⅥBL. After radical debridement, free myocutaneous flaps were immediately performed. Nine latissimus dorsi and 2 rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps were used.External fixation was applied in 6 patients with skeletal instability due to tibial defects. Results An average follow-up was 3.5 years. Two cases suffered partial necrosis and were managed successfully with split-thickness skin grafts later. In 4 patients of presenting segmental bone defect, autogenous bone grafting was applied in one patient and achieved consolidation after 5 months; bone transplantation in 2 patients and achieved consolidation after 8 and 10 months; and vascularized fibula graft in one patient in whom the gap of the tibia was about 10 cm and achieved consolidation after 4 months. The other 7 patients of this group achieved bone consolidation without bone graft. Conclusion The cornerstone of the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis was to be the radical debridement of all involved necrotic and infected soft tissue and bone.The free myocutaneous flaps transfer which has the advantage of obliteration of dead space and stable coverage of the defect was a safe and viable treatment option in chronic osteomyelitis of the lower leg and foot.     

Changes in donor site selection in lower limb free flap reconstructions

Since 1973 we have performed over 1,000 free flap reconstructions mainly in head and neck, breast, and upper and lower limb surgery. In lower leg reconstructions, changing indications for flap selection were not only correlated to new anatomical developments, but mainly due to a better understanding of adaptability of known muscle or fascial free flaps. Reducing donor site morbidity and planning for saving donor sites for future reconstructions are important. Morbidity is reduced by selection of free flaps ideally adjusted to the shape of the defect. Innervated free flaps or functional muscle transplants are rarely indicated in the lower leg. In the early years of microsurgical free flaps, soft tissue reconstruction or bone coverage was the primary indication. Later improving the vascularity of the wound bed by free flap cover increased the indication to chronic infected leg ulcers, osteomyelitis, diabetes, or artheriosclerotic wound defects or pressure sores due to lack of sensibility. Reconstruction of the foot and restoring its weight-bearing capacity is one of the more challenging applications of free flap cover. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 17:380–385 1996     

Diagnosis and management of lower limb osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory disease of bone, usually caused by bacterial infection, which most commonly affects the lower extremities. Infection occurs either via haematogenous spread, or contiguous spread (including open trauma and orthopaedic procedures). Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infecting organism. It most commonly affects children and susceptible adults. Diagnosis is made by clinical presentation supported by inflammatory markers, tissue sampling for microbiological analysis and relevant imaging including X-rays and MRI. Subacute osteomyelitis is characterized by the presence of Brodie's abscess, whilst chronic osteomyelitis usually involves the characteristic features of sequestrum, involucrum and cloaca. Treatment is multidisciplinary, involving Microbiology, Orthopaedics, Plastics and Vascular (when appropriate). It can be conservative, medical (antibiotics), or surgical, depending on the acuity and severity of infection, in addition to host factors (Cierny & Mader classification). Surgical management consists of: radical debridement of infected bone and soft tissues, removal of metalwork (where relevant), obliteration of dead space, adequate soft tissue coverage, and adequate vascular supply to the affected region. Reconstruction options include bone transport and Masquelet ‘induced membrane’ techniques for large bone defects. Amputation should not be discounted in appropriate cases.     

Spontaneous cecum perforation following rectus abdominis free flap transfer for isolated lower limb trauma

A case of a 32‐year‐old motorcyclist, who sustained an open comminuted fracture of the left tibia and subsequently developed spontaneous cecal perforation following successful fixation of the fracture and reconstruction of the soft tissue defect with a rectus abdominis free flap, is reported. Although benign cecal perforation has been described in patients with thermal burns and blunt trauma of the abdomen or pelvis, our association has not been reported previously in the medical literature. It is important to recognize cecal perforation early as it is associated with a high mortality from peritonitis and septicaemia. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.     

Use of gracilis muscle free flap for reconstruction of chronic osteomyelitis of foot and ankle

Despite low donor-site morbidity and a straightforward dissection, the gracilis muscle flap is still for many surgeons a second choice in microsurgical reconstruction of the lower extremity in cases of osteomyelitis. They underscore the difficulty of the procedure, and the problems of insufficient muscle volume and a small sized vascular pedicle. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the gracilis muscle free flap in the treatment of osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle. Between 1992 and 1999, 12 consecutive cases (age 9 to 71 years) of osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle were treated using a skin-grafted gracilis free muscle flap. Criteria for osteomyelitis were the presence of exposed bone, positive cultures and bone scans. The wound defect surface ranged from 9 to 90 cm2 (mean 50.5 cm2). Six flaps were applied on the weight bearing area of the foot. Flap harvesting time never exceeded 30 minutes. The mean follow-up is 15 months (range 2 to 60 months). All flaps survived completely. Secondary skin grafts were needed in two cases. One hematoma was noted at the flap donor site. Two patients (18%) had persistent osteomyelitis due to insufficient debridement in the presence of what appeared to be extensive bone involvement. Attempt to salvage the extremity was first performed but ultimately led to amputation. No patients complained of any donor site morbidity. Failure to cure the osteomyelitis was never caused by inadequate flap coverage. Gracilis muscle flap reliability in terms of vascular supply and ease of dissection made it our first choice in osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle. In the presence of extensive bone involvement, complex bone reconstruction is necessary to avoid amputation.