北京市大学生性交行为影响因素分析

目的探讨大学生发生性交行为的影响因素，为预防和控制大学生婚前性行为带来的健康问题提供健康教育资料。方法选取北京市12所大学一、二年级学生共2173名，采用不记名方式填写问卷，经逻辑检错后分析有效问卷。结果大学性交行为报告率为6．9％，男、女生发生初次性交行为年龄均为19岁，但女生初次性交对象年龄大于男生，差异有统计学意义。单因素分析结果显示，男生性交行为报告率高于女生，来源于城市和城镇的大学生更容易发生性交行为，父母文化程度越高的学生越容易发生性交行为；多因素分析显示，影响大学生性交行为发生的因素有月平均消费水平、吸烟、对待男性婚前性行为的态度、有男／女朋友、边缘性行为以及生殖健康知识等。结论北京市大学生发生婚前性交行为现状不容乐观，需针对其不良行为和态度加强健康教育。     

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Female Sexual Dysfunction Among Turkish Women Attending a Maternity and Gynecology Outpatient Clinic

Female sexual dysfunction is a common health problem for many women all over the world. This study was constructed to determine risk factors and prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among Turkish women, in Ordu province of Turkey between May 2008 and December 2008. Four hundred and twenty-five married women, between 18 and 56 years of age, who consented to participate, were included in the study. Data was collected by using a questionnaire form and the Female Sexual Function Index. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction was 52.2%. The risk factors for female sexual dysfunction were, low education level of the woman (odds ratio [OR] = 1.830, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.088–3.078), low education level of the husband (OR = 1.734, 95% CI = 1.094–2.750), being brought up by parents with restrictive attitudes (OR = 1.558, 95% CI = 1.001–2.424), and having genital infections or symptoms (OR = 1.925, 95% CI = 1.213–3.055).     

Risk and Protective Factors for Social Anxiety Among Sexual Minority Individuals

Archives of Sexual Behavior - Minority stress processes represent clear determinants of social anxiety among sexual minority populations. Yet sources of resilience to social anxiety are less...     

Correction to: Risk and Protective Factors for Social Anxiety Among Sexual Minority Individuals

Archives of Sexual Behavior - The figure given in Row 7, Column 9 in Table 2 in this article as originally published was incorrect.     

Violence and HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Female Sex Partners of Male Drug Users

SUMMARY

Objective: Violence and HIV are emerging as interconnected public health hazards among drug users and their families. The purposes of this study are to (1) determine the prevalence of sexual and physical abuse of non-drug-using female sex partners of male drug users, and (2) ascertain the association between such violence and HIV-related risk behaviors. Methods: From 11/93 to 11/95, 208 female sex partners of injection drug or crack users in Collier County, FL, Tucson, AZ, and Portland, OR, were interviewed as part of a NIDA-funded HIV risk reduction project. Their mean age was 30 years (range 18–54); 21% were White, 6% African American, 7% Native American, and 63% Hispanic. Results: Of the 208 women, 28% reported being sexually molested and 20% raped before age 13; 41% reported being raped at least once in their lifetime. Forty-two percent of the women were physically assaulted by their sex partners; 36% had been threatened with assault by their sex partners. Those who were raped or threatened with assault were more likely to have multiple sex partners and engage in unprotected anal sex; there was a trend for women who had been physically assaulted to be more likely to engage in unprotected anal sex. Discussion: Rape, assault and the threat of assault are commonplace in the histories of female sex partners of male drug users. Experiences of violence and threats of violence are associated with heightened risk for the sexual transmission of HIV. Providers of HIV prevention need to understand the sequelae of violence, and design interventions which empower women to protect themselves from sexual transmission of HIV.     

Factors Associated With Incarceration History Among HIV-Positive Persons Experiencing Homelessness or Imminent Risk of Homelessness

Among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) experiencing homelessness or imminent risk of homelessness, a history of incarceration may serve as a marker for ongoing risk behavior or health disparities. We examined factors associated with a history of incarceration among HIV-positive clients of housing agencies in Baltimore, Chicago, and Los Angeles (N = 581). We used logistic regression to conduct analyses. Of the 581 participants, 68% (n = 438) reported a history of incarceration: 32% (n = 182) had spent more than 1 year incarcerated. After adjustment for covariates, incarceration history was associated with having ever injected drugs, ever engaged in sex exchange, and ever experienced physical abuse. Incarceration history was also associated with having a detectable HIV viral load, better mental health, and being a biological parent. It was not associated with current risk behavior. Service providers may explore possible increased need for medical support among homeless PLWHA with a history of incarceration.     

中学生性行为相关危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨中学生性行为的相关危险因素. 方法采用1∶4配比病例对照研究的方法,对216例病例及864例对照的相关资料进行Cox回归分析. 结果曾吸烟、曾饮酒、认为毒品令人愉快是中学生发生性行为的危险因素,其OR值分别为2.050、3.566、1.189;赞成应教育青少年安全使用药物是保护因素,其OR值为0.842. 结论中学生性行为发生率与曾吸烟、曾饮酒、认为毒品令人愉快等因素有关.     

Breaking the Silence: Breast Cancer Knowledge and Beliefs Among Somali Muslim Women in Seattle,Washington

We elicited the perspectives of Somali women in Seattle, Washington, about breast cancer. We conducted a focus group of 14 Somali immigrant women at a community center in Seattle, Washington. Participants reported barriers to seeking cancer screening, including fear of pain, difficulty with transport, and lack of knowledge. Participants explained that Somali women tended not to discuss breast cancer or breast cancer screening, and said religion played a central role in their care and treatment decisions and coping mechanisms. If such barriers are addressed, fewer women may present with late-stage breast cancer, resulting in greater chances for long-term breast cancer survival.     

女性青少年自我控制能力及其相关因素分析

目的研究女性青少年自我控制能力及其相关影响因素,为减少青少年相关行为问题的干预研究提供依据。方法采用便利样本抽样方法,对北京、济南、广州妇幼保健机构青少年门诊就诊的1391名10～24岁未婚女性青少年进行问卷调查。结果在校女性青少年相对于非在校青少年更倾向于内控（t=3.179,P=0.002）。不同地区女性青少年内外控制源得分差异有统计学意义（F=12.781,P〈0.01）,但北京与济南地区内外控制源得分差异无统计学意义（P=0.985）;北京和济南地区（P=0.015）与广州地区（P〈0.01）女性青少年相比,更倾向于内控。发生性行为的女性青少年比未发生性行为的更倾向于外控（t=2.756,P=0.006）。结论内外控制源与青少年行为问题密切相关,应提高青少年的受教育机会,并帮助青少年改善过于外控的心理状态。     

Gender and Social Rejection as Risk Factors for Engaging in Risky Sexual Behavior Among Crack/Cocaine Users

Crack/cocaine and engagement in risky sexual behavior represent important contributors to the escalation of the HIV infection among women. Several lines of research have emphasized the role of social factors in women’s vulnerability for such practices and stressed the importance of understanding such factors to better inform prevention efforts and improve their effectiveness and efficiency. However, few studies have attempted to pinpoint specific social/contextual factors particularly relevant to high-risk populations such as female crack/cocaine users. Extensive previous research has related the experience of social rejection to a variety of negative outcomes including, but not limited to, various forms of psychopathology, self-defeating, and self-harm behavior. Motivated by this research, the current study explored the role of laboratory-induced social rejection in moderating the relationship between gender and risky sexual behavior among a sample of crack/cocaine users (n?=?211) at high risk for HIV. The results showed that among women, but not among men, experiencing social rejection was significantly associated with a greater number of sexual partners. Further, experiencing social rejection was not related to the frequency of condom use. Implications for future research, prevention, and treatment are discussed.     

The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Sexual Risk Among High School Students: Findings from the 1997 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Objective: To assess whether adolescents with a history of sexual abuse were more likely than those with no such history to engage in sexual risk behaviors. Methods: Data for this study were obtained through the 1997 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a self-report questionnaire administered to a representative sample of 9th through 12th graders (N = 4014) to assess a variety of adolescent risk behaviors. Only sexually experienced adolescents (n = 1610; female = 779, male = 831) were included in the present study. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine the relationship of sexual abuse history to sexual risk behaviors. Adolescents were considered as having a history of sexual abuse if they reported ever having had sexual contact against their will. Results: Almost one- third of sexually experienced adolescent girls (30.2%) and one-tenth (9.3%) of adolescent boys reported a history of sexual abuse. After controlling for related demographics and risk behaviors, sexually abused female students were significantly more likely than those without such a history to have had earlier first coitus (OR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.46–3.47), to have had three or more sex partners ever (OR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.71–3.68), and to have been pregnant (OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.21–2.92). Sexually abused male students were significantly more likely than those without such a history to have ever had multiple partners (OR = 3.2, 95%CI = 1.56–6.57), to have had multiple sex partners in the past 3 months (OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.71–3.68), and to have engaged in sex resulting in pregnancy (OR = 3.4,95%CI = 1.53–7.34). Conclusion: Both adolescent girls and boys with a history of sexual abuse report greater sexual risk-taking than those without such a history. However, although sexual abuse is more prevalent among girls than boys, the impact of sexual abuse on sexual risk appears to be even greater for boys. Programs addressing both sexual abuse and sexual risk must be made available to all adolescents.     

中国育龄妇女妇科不适及其影响因素分析

目的:通过对全国人口与生殖健康(DRHS)1997年资料中对象是否有妇科不适这一指标的分析,探索可能影响妇女生殖健康的危险因素。方法:通过分层抽样,对全国将近1 000多个调查点的共15 000余人进行间卷调查,问卷由经过严格培训的调查员填写。资料SAS统计分析软件包分别进行单因素及二分类多元Logistic回归分析。结果:发现年龄、受教育程度、有关性病、艾滋病知识得分及生活环境都是妇女生殖健康的影响因素。结论:中国妇女的生殖健康状况不容乐观,无论是乡镇还是城市,都有大量的育龄妇女受到此类问题的困扰。当前,最有效且最快捷的途径就是提高妇女的生殖健康知识水平。     

女大学生经前期综合征及其影响因素分析

目的了解女大学生经前期综合征的发生情况及其影响因素,为探索其预防和控制措施提供参考依据。方法采用整群抽样方法 ,抽取青岛市女大学生845名,使用经前期综合诊断(premenstrual syndrome,PMS)量表、自编基本情况问卷进行调查。数据采用SPSS13.0统计软件包进行分析处理。结果女大学生经前期综合征(premenstrual syndrome,PMS)的发生率为45.4%,其中症状轻度占32.9%,中度占11.7%,重度占0.8%。不同年级、不同民族、是否月经规律大学生之间的差别均存在统计学意义;多因素分析表明,年龄、学校适应水平、月经是否规律、生活和学习压力耐受水平是影响PMS发生的重要因素。结论经前期综合征在青春期女性大学生中是一个普遍存在的健康问题,亟需采取综合的预防和治疗措施。     

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Sexual Risk Behavior and Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Young Adults

Objectives. We examined patterns of sexual behavior and risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young adulthood for Black, Hispanic, and White females.Methods. We used a nationally representative sample of 7015 female young adults from wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sexual risk items assessed behaviors occurring in the previous 6 years and past year to determine classes of sexual risk and links to STIs in young adulthood.Results. Latent class analysis revealed 3 sexual risk classes for Black and Hispanic youths and 4 sexual risk classes for White youths. The moderate and high risk classes had the highest probabilities of risky sexual partners, inconsistent condom use, and early age of sexual initiation, which significantly increased odds for STIs compared with recent abstainers.Conclusions. We found different classes of sexual behavior by race/ethnicity, with Black and Hispanic young women most at risk for STIs in young adulthood. Preventive efforts should target younger adolescents and focus on sexual partner behavior.Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are on the rise among young adults in the United States, with chlamydia and gonorrhea reported as the most common curable infectious diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1 close to one quarter of adolescent and young adult females are diagnosed with an STI each year, and nearly half of newly reported cases are found in Black females aged 15 to 24 years. In fact, Black females are 8.7 times more likely to contract chlamydia and 20.5 times more likely to contract gonorrhea than are White females. The rate of STIs in the Hispanic population is also high, with Hispanics twice as likely to acquire chlamydia and gonorrhea as Whites. To better understand the disproportional rates of STIs within diverse racial/ethnic groups, we used a person-centered approach to elucidate unique patterns of individual and partner sexual risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood and links to risk for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis in Black, Hispanic, and White youths. A person-centered approach, which has rarely been used in STI research, allowed us to examine how unique patterns of sexual risk behaviors within racial/ethnic groups differentially relate to risk for STIs and provided us with a more nuanced understanding of areas on which to focus preventive efforts.Research has demonstrated that rates of risky sexual behavior increase in adolescence and peak in early adulthood.2 Risky sexual behavior in adolescence is commonly characterized in the literature by early age of sexual initiation (i.e., vaginal intercourse before age 15 years) and greater number of sexual partners.3,4 Engaging in sexual activity at a young age increases the likelihood of multiple sexual partners and exposure to older, riskier partners.5 In fact, longitudinal research has directly linked early sexual onset and involvement with multiple partners to increased risk for STIs. Using survey data and biological tests for STIs, researchers found that adolescent girls who were younger at time of first intercourse were more likely to enter into a new sexual relationship during the study, and acquisition of a new sexual partner significantly increased risk for STIs.6 These findings point to early sexual debut and engaging in sex with multiple partners as strong predictors of increased risk for STIs. In this study, we examined age of onset for vaginal intercourse as well as accumulation of vaginal, oral, and anal sex partners over a 6-year timeframe.A unique contribution of this study is its inclusion of a range of sexual activity, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex, as markers of risky sexual behavior. Research has found that oral and anal sex may lead to engagement in riskier sexual practices and, therefore, increase risk for STIs.7 Racial/ethnic differences have been substantiated in rates of oral and anal sex, with some studies finding that Black females were more likely to engage in vaginal sex only, whereas White youths were more likely to engage in vaginal, oral, and anal sex.8 Few studies have examined varied types of sexual activity in addition to partners’ sexual risk behaviors, particularly using a person-centered approach. Thus, we add to the literature by exploring both individual and partner behaviors within racial/ethnic groups and associated risk for STIs on the basis of unique patterns of sexual behavior.Lack of contraception use is another well-substantiated marker of risky sexual behavior. Although condoms are highly effective in protecting against most STIs, gender and racial/ethnic differences exist in the frequency and initiation of use. Research has found that females report lower initiation of condom use than males and often have less decision-making power regarding the use of condoms, increasing risk for STI exposure.9–11 This power differential in condom use is especially present in Hispanic culture, whereby males are less likely to use condoms and females are expected to defer to their partner’s decisions about contraception use.12 In addition, condoms are not effective protection against STIs if they are used inconsistently, which is often the case among adolescents and young adults.13 Whereas many researchers have inquired about condom use during most recent vaginal intercourse,4 we attempted to gain a broader picture of condom use by asking about overall frequency of use with sexual partners in the past year.Engaging in sex with concurrent partners and short duration between sexual partners also influence risk for STIs. Youths who are in single-partner or monogamous sexual relationships may reduce or eliminate condom use, often on the basis of trust of partner’s monogamy and perceived low risk for exposure to STIs.12 Although youths in monogamous relationships may perceive less risk for STIs, one cannot be certain of a partner’s behaviors, which puts oneself at risk. Moreover, having concurrent partners or partners who overlap between sexual relationships has been associated with the rapid spread of STIs and HIV.14 Shorter time intervals between sexual partners decrease the likelihood of STI testing and the manifestation of STI symptoms. Two of the STIs under investigation in this study, chlamydia and gonorrhea, often present with no symptoms in females, which may partially explain the rapid spread of these particular strains. A strength of this study is that we examined both self-reports of STIs in the past year as well as the use of biological markers of STIs to gain a more comprehensive and accurate estimate of STI rates in a national sample of youths from various racial/ethnic backgrounds.Considering sexual networks as a risk context for the spread of STIs is also important. In Black communities in particular, the network of sexual partners is often limited by the smaller ratio of men to women.15 As the pool of available sexual partners becomes more restricted, sexual networks are much denser and individuals are more closely connected to one another, increasing risk for STI exposure.16 Thus, one would expect the spread of STIs to be more rapid, which supports the alarming statistics indicating high rates of STIs among Black females. In this study, we included self-reported indicators of partner risk behavior, such as partners’ concurrent sexual activity in the past 6 years as well as partners’ lifetime STI history.Overall, we added to the existing research by using latent class analysis (LCA) to examine patterns of sexual risk behavior over an extended period beginning in adolescence and continuing into young adulthood within different racial/ethnic groups, aiming to link sexual risk patterns over time to risk for STIs. Only 2 known studies have identified distinct patterns of sexual behaviors among adolescent populations using LCA.17,18 These studies found evidence for 4 distinct groups—abstainers, with no history of sexual activity; those with a monogamous pattern of limited sexual activity primarily with 1 partner; those with a low risk pattern with few sexual partners; and those with a high risk pattern with multiple sexual partners and early age of sexual initiation. However, neither of these studies looked within distinct racial/ethnic groups using a large, nationally representative sample or used the risk indicators in our study, including varied types of sexual activity over a 6-year time span.On the basis of the limited research that has used LCA, we hypothesized similar abstainer, monogamous, and risky patterns of sexual behavior within racial/ethnic groups. We also expected engagement in more risky sexual patterns to be related to increased risk for STIs, with White females engaged in a wider variety of individual sexual risk behaviors (e.g., more partners, varied sexual activity) and Black females having the highest prevalence of partner risk behaviors, resulting in higher rates of STIs. Although less research has examined Hispanic females’ sexual risk behaviors using a person-centered approach, we expected to find groups that exhibited monogamous patterns and lower condom use, which would increase risk for STIs.     

Skin Cancer Risk Behaviors Among US Men: The Role of Sexual Orientation

The current study assessed skin cancer risk behaviors by sexual orientation in a nationally representative prospective sample of US men (n = 1767), sampled at ages 16 and 29 years. At age 16 years, sexual minority men were 3.9 times as likely as heterosexual men to indoor tan. Participants did not significantly differ in the use of sunscreen or the frequency of outdoor tanning. Thus, sexual minority men might be an at-risk group for developing skin cancers because of their indoor tanning behaviors.Skin cancers (i.e., melanoma, basal cell, and squamous cell carcinomas) disproportionally affect men in the United States. In 2013, the American Cancer Society estimated that men would have a 40% increased risk of being diagnosed with and have nearly a 100% increased risk of dying from skin cancers, compared with women.1 Despite awareness of these gender differences, to date, there have been limited investigations of demographic characteristic differences among men regarding skin cancer risk behaviors.Sexual minority (i.e., gay and bisexual) men may represent a group that is at increased risk for skin cancer. Behaviors such as indoor and outdoor tanning and use of sunscreen are strongly related to appearance concerns,2 and sexual minority men report elevated body dissatisfaction compared with heterosexual men.3 Our aim in the present study was to test, in a US nationally representative sample of men, differences in skin cancer risk behaviors as a function of sexual orientation. We hypothesized that sexual minority men would report greater skin cancer risk behaviors compared with heterosexual men.     

Identifying the Complexity of Multiple Risk Factors for Obesity Among Urban Latinas

The prevalence of obesity is rising rapidly among Hispanics/Latinas. We evaluated the prevalence of being obese or overweight and associated risk factors among 630 low-income, Latina women from ambulatory care clinics in Upper Manhattan. Overall, 37 % of the sample was overweight and 41 % of the sample was obese, and yet, almost half of women who are overweight considered their weight “just about right.” After adjusting for socio-demographic, behavioral, and biological risk factors, being obese was strongly associated with having hypertension [relative risk ratio (RRR) 3.93, 1.75–8.82], pre-hypertension (RRR 2.59, 1.43–4.67), diabetes (RRR 2.50, 1.21–5.14) and moderate/moderately severe/severe depression (RRR 2.09, 1.03–4.26). Women who reported that finding time was a barrier to physical activity were also more likely to be obese (RRR 1.78, 1.04–3.02). Chronic financial stress was associated with lower risk of being overweight (RRR 0.47, 0.28–0.79) or obese (RRR 0.51, 0.31–0.86), as well as eating out at restaurants (RRR 0.75, 0.62–0.89). Opportunities for intervention relate to understanding cultural factors around perceptions of weight and helping women find the time for physical activity.