成年大鼠脑底动脉环含NPY、VIP、SP和CGRP神经的分布

本文应用免疫组织化学(ABC)方法,观察了含NPY、VIP、SP、CGRP神经在成年大鼠完整脑底动脉环的分布,并在免疫组化染色标本上,将神经依其走行分为三种类型,采用交点计数法,分别计数各类纤维的密度,定量分析动脉环各段血管上的四种含肽神经。结果表明,1.在成年大鼠脑底动脉环上,四种含肽神经的密度大小次序是含NPY、VIP、CGRP、SP神经;四种含肽神经在动脉环吻侧的密度大于尾侧。2.在Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维,四种含肽神经的密度差异在动脉环多数血管段上不明显;在Ⅲ类纤维,含NPY和VIP、含CGRP和SP神经的密度接近,含NPY和VIP神经的密度明显大于含CGRP和SP神经。3.在多数血管段上,含NPY和含VIP神经的Ⅰ类纤维的密度和Ⅱ类纤维接近,Ⅲ类纤维的密度在动脉环吻侧大于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维,向尾侧逐渐和它们接近。各段血管上,含SP和CGRP神经的Ⅲ类纤维的密度较Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维小,Ⅰ类纤维和Ⅱ类纤维的密度接近。4.含NPY、VIP神经Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维在动脉环吻侧的密度和尾侧接近,Ⅲ类纤维的密度从吻侧到尾侧逐渐降低。含SP和CGRP神经三种类型纤维在吻侧的密度均高于尾侧。5.在大脑中动脉延伸过程中,含NPY和含VIP神经的密度下降,尤以Ⅲ类纤维密度降低明显。含SP和CGRP神经仅少量分布于MCA近侧段。     

不同年龄高血压鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y能神经纤维的分布

目的 :为了阐明不同年龄高血压鼠脑动脉神经肽Y(NPY)能神经的分布 ,探索高血压与脑动脉NPY能神经分布的年龄相关性。方法 :应用免疫组化法和神经交点计数法 ,对 12只不同年龄高血压鼠脑动脉NPY能神经纤维分布进行观察。结果 :在 6周龄高血压鼠大脑前动脉 (ACA)和大脑中动脉 (MCA)壁上均见黑色NPY纤维 ,较细 ,曲线状 ,以纵行分布为主 ;在 15周龄高血压鼠ACA和MCA壁纤维密度较高 ,纤维走行以环行为主 ;在 3 0周龄高血压鼠ACA和MCA壁纤维走行以网状为主 ,纤维密度较 6周龄和15周龄鼠增高 ,三个年龄组纤维密度依次为 :3 0周龄鼠 >15周龄鼠 >6周龄鼠。结论 :高血压鼠脑底动脉NPY能神经纤维密度随年龄增加而增高 ,纤维走行由纵行转变成环行、网状分布。提示高血压鼠呈年龄相关性增加的血压可能与高血压鼠脑血管呈年龄相关性增加的NPY能神经相关。     

神经肽Y、P物质在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布

目的 :观察含神经肽Y(NPY)、P物质 (SP)神经在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布情况。方法 :免疫组织化学ABC法及免疫荧光法。结果 :扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内SP免疫反应 (SP IR)阳性神经纤维多见于肌层 ,也见于外膜、呈细线状或点线状 ,肌层内的SP IR神经纤维与平滑肌纤维平行走行或构成网络状 ;NPY免疫反应 (NPY IR)神经纤维呈细线状 ,密度较稀 ,主要见于肌层 ,也近似与平滑肌纤维平行走行 ,免疫荧光法还证实 ,肌层内有散在分布的、多呈椭圆形的NPY IR阳性神经元胞体 ,并见有突起与周围的神经纤维形成联系。结论 :扬子鳄的泄殖腔壁也存在有SP、NPY能神经分布     

神经肤Y免疫反应阳性神经纤维在大鼠脾脏内的分布

用ABC免疫组织化学法结合葡萄糖氧化酶-DAB-硫酸镍铵(GDN)显色技术,研究神经肽Y(NPY)免疫反应阳性神经纤维在大鼠脾脏内的分布。结果表明,在脾脏内有较丰富的NPY免疫反应(NPY-IR)阳性神经纤维,它们多呈串珠状,主要伴动脉及其分支走行,也见于脾被膜的结缔组织内,白髓、红髓和边缘区等部位的淋巴组织中,以及脾血窦周围。脾内NPY免疫反应阳性神经纤维与血管和淋巴细胞的关系密切,提示它们对脾淋巴细胞的发育和功能可能有调节作用。NPY可能直接作用于淋巴细胞或通过调节脾的血液循环间接地发挥作用。     

神经肽Y、P物质在扬子鳄泄殖腔器内的分布

目的：观察含神经肽Y（NPY）、P物质（SP）神经在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布情况。方法：免疫组织化学ABC法及免疫荧光法。结果：扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内SP免疫反应（SP－IR）阳性神经纤维多见于肌层,也见于外膜、呈细线状或点线状,肌层内的SP－IR神经纤维与平滑肌纤维平行走行或构成网络状;NPY免疫反应（NPY－IR）神经纤维呈细线状,密度较稀,主要见于肌层,也近似与平滑肌纤维平行走行,免疫荧光法还证实,肌层内有散在分布的、多呈椭圆形的NPY－IR阳性神经元胞体,并见有突起与周围的神经纤维形成联系。结论：扬子鳄的泄殖腔壁也存在有SP、NPY能神经分布。     

大鼠脑底动脉降钙素基因相关肽能神经纤维分布的形态学观察

目的　探讨 14只成年鼠和 14只老年鼠脑底主要动脉降钙素基因相关肽能神经纤维的分布特征。方法　应用免疫组织化学ABC法、神经交点计数法。结果　成年鼠脑底各主要动脉壁上均含有呈线状黑色的CGRP能免疫反应阳性神经纤维 ,分布密度以大脑前动脉最高 ,其次是大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、基底动脉。各动脉间CGRP能神经纤维密度比较具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,成年鼠脑底动脉壁CGRP能神经纤维以环行分布为主 ;老年鼠脑底动脉壁CGRP能神经纤维密度以大脑前动脉最高 ,走行方式以网状分布为主 ;老年鼠脑底各主要动脉壁CGRP能神经纤维分布密度低于成年鼠相应脑底动脉。结论　不同脑底动脉CGRP能神经纤维分布特征各异 ,老年鼠较成年鼠脑底动脉CGRP能神经纤维的分布密度为低     

自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉单胺能神经分布的形态学观察

应用免疫组织化学ABC法，对10只雄性自发性高血压大鼠和10只正常大鼠脑底动脉单胺能神经纤维分布进行了观察、在自发性高血压鼠脑底血管的大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和基底动脉壁上均可见棕褐色的免疫反应阳性纤维，纤维较粗，弯曲，环行走行，密度较高。与正常鼠同一部位脑底动脉壁的阳性纤维密度比较有明显增加。经统计学检验，P＜0．05，表明高血压鼠和正常鼠脑底动脉之间的单胺能神经纤维的密度有明显差异。本文结果提示，高血压鼠脑底动脉各主要分支较正常鼠脑底动脉各主要分支有更高密度的单胺能神经纤维分布，这些纤维属于交感神经纤维，说明交感神经可能在高血压鼠的脑血管活动和对高血压的发生和发展具有重要的作用。     

自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉降钙素基因相关肽能神经纤维的分布

应用免疫组织化学ABC法和神经交点计数技术,观察了10只自发性高血压大鼠和10只正常血压大鼠脑底动脉降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)能神经纤维的分布。结果证明:在自发性高血压鼠的大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉和基底动脉壁上均可见CGRP免疫反应阳性纤维,纤维呈细曲线状,多呈网状走行;与正常血压鼠脑底血管同名动脉比较,其密度明显减少。正常血压鼠脑底血管CGRP能神经纤维多呈环形走行。高血压鼠的CGRP能神经纤维的分布随着高血压的发生而明显减少,提示CGRP能神经纤维的减少与高血压的发生、发展具有一定的关系。     

大鼠脑血管颈内动脉系神经肽Y能神经纤维的来源

应用免疫组织化学技术 ABC法和神经节切除术 ,观察了 3 0只 Sprague-Dawley大鼠 (分正常组和四个手术组 )颈内动脉系脑底血管主要分支神经肽 Y( NPY)能神经纤维的起源。正常组大鼠脑底血管大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉均可见棕褐色的 NPY能免疫反应阳性纤维 ,呈细线状 ,攀附于血管壁上。手术 组做左侧颈上神经节切除术 ,术后存活 7～ 10 d,发现左侧大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉阳性纤维明显减少 ,右侧同名动脉阳性纤维亦有减少 ,但不如同侧明显 ;手术 组做双侧颈上神经节切除术 ,术后存活 7～ 10 d,双侧大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉阳性纤维基本消失 ;手术 组做左侧星状神经节切除术 ;手术 组做双侧星状神经节切除术 ,上述各动脉阳性纤维密度都未减少。将手术 、 组各组阳性纤维密度数据与正常组进行对比 ,经统计学分析 ,有显著差异。结果提示 :大鼠一侧颈内动脉系各主要动脉分支的 NPY能神经纤维都起源于双侧颈上神经节 ,但以同侧为主     

扬子鳄卵巢内血管活性肠肽、神经肽Y和P物质的分布

目的:观察扬子鳄卵巢内血管活性肠肽（vasoactive　intestinal　peptide,VIP）、神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y,NPY）和P物质（substance P,SP）的分布情况。方法:免疫荧光法。结果:扬子鳄卵巢内的VIP免疫反应（VIP-immunoreac-tive,VIP-IR）阳性神经纤维呈波浪状,部分包绕卵泡,大部分交织在卵泡间血管周围,并构成较密集的网络;SP和NPY免疫反应（SP-and NPY-immunoreactive,SP-和NPY-IR）阳性神经纤维均为点线状,主要沿卵泡间血管周围分布,其中,部分NPY-IR纤维也构成较密集的网络。切片中均未见到三种肽能神经元的细胞体。结论:扬子鳄卵巢内存在有VIP、NPY和SP阳性神经纤维分布,主要位于卵泡间血管周围。     

Different distributions of substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the cerebral arterial innervation in rat and guinea pig

In immunofluorescence studies, nerve fibers containing substance P were sparse and limited to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries in rats but in moderate supply and associated with all of the major cerebral arteries in guinea pigs. Fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were abundant in the rostral part of the circle of Willis in both species; moderate numbers were seen in the basilar and vertebral arteries in rats, but few in the rostral half of the basilar arteries and none in the caudal half of the basilar and vertebral arteries in guinea pigs. These differences in distribution in the 2 rodents indicate wide variation in peptide-containing nerves around cerebral vasculature and preclude interspecies extrapolation of findings.     

高血压鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y能神经与颈上神经节、星状神经节的关系

目的　探讨高血压鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y能神经与颈上神经节、星状神经节的关系。方法　应用神经节切除术和免疫组织化学ABC法 ,对 16只自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y能神经纤维的分布进行了观察。结果　对照组自发性高血压鼠大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉和基底动脉壁上均可见神经肽Y能阳性纤维 ,纤维似曲线状 ,多呈网状走行 ,密度较高。手术Ⅰ组作双侧颈上神经节切除术 ,脑底主要动脉的阳性纤维明显减少 ;手术Ⅱ组作双侧星状神经节切除 ,脑底主要动脉壁上的阳性纤维明显减少 ;手术Ⅲ组作双侧颈上神经节和星状神经节切除术 ,脑底主要动脉的阳性纤维完全消失。结论　自发性高血压鼠脑底主要动脉的神经肽Y能神经纤维起源于双侧颈上神经节和双侧星状神经节 ,神经肽Y能神经可能在高血压发病中起作用     

大鼠椎动脉基底动脉系脑血管神经肽Y能神经与星状神经节、颈上神经节的关系

应用免疫组织化学技术 ABC法和神经节切除术 ,观察了大鼠脑底血管椎动脉、基底动脉系主要动脉分支神经肽 Y能神经纤维的起始核团。正常组大鼠脑底血管椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉和小脑上动脉均可见棕褐色的神经肽 Y能免疫反应阳性纤维 ,呈细线状 ,攀附于血管壁上。手术 I组作左侧星状神经节切除术 ,术后存活 7～ 10 d,左侧椎动脉颅内段阳性纤维基本消失 ,基底动脉和双侧小脑上动脉阳性纤维明显减少 ;右侧椎动脉颅内段阳性纤维无减少。手术 II组作双侧星状神经节切除术 ,双侧椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉和小脑上动脉阳性纤维基本消失。手术 III组作左侧颈上神经节切除术 ;手术 IV组作双侧颈上神经节切除术 ,上述各动脉阳性纤维密度未发现减少现象。手术 I、II组各组纤维密度数据与正常组者比较进行了统计学分析 ,P<0 .0 5。结果提示 :大鼠一侧星状神经节发出的神经肽 Y能神经纤维分布于同侧椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉和双侧小脑上动脉 ,即大鼠脑血管椎 -基底动脉系神经肽 Y能神经纤维主要起源于星状神经节 ,而与颈上神经节关系不大     

自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉血管活性肠多肽能神经纤维的分布

目的 探讨肽能神经对高血压鼠脑血管的神经源性调节的形态学基础。方法 应用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法和图介分析技术，观察了１０只自发性高血压鼠（ＳＨＲ）和１０只正常血压鼠脑底动脉血管活性肠多肽能神经纤维的分布。结果 在自发性高血压鼠脑的大脑前动脉、中动脉、后动脉和基底动脉及其分支均可见棕褐色的免疫反应性纤维，纤维似细曲线状，多呈网状分布，与正常血压鼠同一部位脑底动脉血管壁上的免疫反应性纤维密度比较，自发性高血压鼠大脑前动脉、中动脉和后动脉的免疫反应性纤维明显减少。结论 高血压鼠脑底动脉血管活性肠多肽能神经纤维密度的减少，提示在ＳＨＲ脑血流的自动调节作用中，由于非交感性血客扩张神经减少，导致神经源性血管扩张作用减弱，交感神经活性相对增加，表明血管活性肠多肽神经在高血压鼠脑血管的神经源性调节中起着重要的作用。     

Neuropeptide Y co-exists with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine in parasympathetic cerebrovascular nerves originating in the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia of the rat

Neuropeptide Y co-exists with noradrenaline in the majority of the sympathetic nerves supplying cerebral blood vessels. However, after sympathectomy in the rat the number of cerebrovascular neuropeptide Y nerve fibers are only reduced in number despite a complete disappearance of the adrenergic markers. The origin of these non-sympathetic neuropeptide Y fibers was studied by nerve transections and retrograde axonal tracing utilizing True Blue. Three days after bilateral superior cervical sympathectomy, the number of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers decreased to about 40% of that in non-treated animals. One week after True Blue application on the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery, the tracer accumulated in neurons of the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia. Of these cells 80%, 95% and 5%, respectively, were neuropeptide Y-positive. Some of the True Blue/neuropeptide Y-positive cells displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and some were positive for choline acetyltransferase. Two weeks after bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion or transection of postganglionic fibers from the ganglion reaching the pial vessels through the ethmoidal foramen, together with subsequent sympathectomy, no neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers could be observed on the anterior cerebral and internal ethmoidal artery or the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery, whereas a few nerve fibers remained on the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, and the rostral portion of the basilar artery. In conclusion, neuropeptide Y in cerebrovascular nerves is co-stored not only with noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, but also with acetylcholine (reflected in the presence of choline acetyltransferase) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in parasympathetic nerves originating in the sphenopalatine, otic, and internal carotid ganglia.     

展神经池段的动脉供应及其与邻近血管的关系

目的：研究展神经池段的动脉供应及其与邻近血管的关系。方法：选取18例脑千，观测展神经根池段的滋养动脉来源及其与邻近血管的关系。结果：从展神经根腹面跨过的有小脑下前动脉、脑桥下外侧动脉、小脑下后动脉、迷路动脉、小脑下后和小脑下前动脉总干、椎动脉；从展神经背面跨过的血管有小脑下前动脉、脑桥下外侧动脉等。展神经的滋养动脉主要来自脑桥前外侧穿动脉、小脑下前动脉和脑桥下外侧动脉。接触和压迫展神经根的血管主要是小脑下前动脉和移位的基底动脉或椎动脉，占16．7％，结论：展神经的滋养动脉损伤和血管压迫可导致展神经麻痹，了解展神经的动脉供应及其邻近血管关系对临床诊断和手术治疗具有重要参考作用。     

Patterns of reinnervation of denervated cerebral arteries by sympathetic nerve fibers after unilateral ganglionectomy in rats

Summary In order to clarify the manner in which previously denervated cerebral arteries become reinnervated after unilateral excision of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), we observed directly the reinnervating sympathetic nerve fibers originating in the contralateral SCG by using anterograde labeling with wheat germ aggulutinin-horseradish peroxidase in rats. The nerve fibers sprouted from the nerve fibers in the contralateral anterior cerebral artery and reinnervated the arterial wall of the anterior cerebral artery of the denervated side as early as one week after ganglionectomy. In addition to this sprouting route, three other reinnervating nerve fiber routes were observed in the circle of Willis of the denervated side two weeks after ganglionectomy: the proximal portion of the internal carotid artery, the route passing between bilateral ethmodial arteries, and the posterior communicating artery. Eight weeks after ganglionectomy, these reinnervating nerve fibers formed a fairly dense plexus in a circular pattern in the circle of Willis. However, the reinnervation could not be observed in the arterial branches derived from the circle of Willis (middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery) even 16 weeks after ganglionectomy. The present results clearly demonstrated the time course, distribution pattern and limitation of the reinnervation from the contralateral SCG following unilateral ganglionectomy. The fact that reinnervation could be observed only in the main cerebral arteries of the circle of Willis, in which the nerve plexus appeared to have a circular pattern, suggests a difference between the qualities of sympathetic innervation controlling the cerebral circulation in these arteries and the other arterial branches related to these differences in reinnervation capacity.     

A study on the sectional anatomy of the oculomotor nerve and its related blood vessels with plastination and MRI

To obtain normal images and sectional anatomical data of the oculomotor nerve and its related arteries, the optimal angles and the length of intracisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve were measured on MPR images. Meanwhile, the relationships between the nerve and the basilar, posterior cerebral, superior cerebellar and posterior communicating arteries were observed from plastination slices, original images, MPR and MIP images. MRI revealed similar results to the plastination sections. The intracisternal segment of oculomotor nerve formed an angle with the posterior plane of the brainstem. The angle was significantly smaller in individuals under 10 and over 50 years old ( P<0.05), and there was no marked difference in the angle between the oculomotor nerve and the median sagittal plane among the different groups ( P>0.05). Shift of the basilar artery was more likely to be found in aged individuals. Most of the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries were close to the nerve, and a few of them seemed to compress it; for the posterior communicating artery, only the embryonic type was close to or seemed to compress the nerve. MRI is an accurate imaging technique for determination of the relationship of the oculomotor nerve to its related arteries.     

Angiology of the brain of the baboon Papio ursinus,the vervet monkey Cercopithecus pygerithrus,and the bushbaby Galago senegalensis

The investigation was undertaken to compare the blood supply and venous drainage of the brain of the baboon P. ursinus, the vervet monkey C. pygerithrus, and the bushbaby G. senegalensis with that of man, because these animals are extensively used as research models. The blood supply of the three primates was found to be similar in each case. Like man they have a complete circulus arteriosus; but they have a single anterior cerebral artery, whereas man has paired anterior cerebral arteries. The arterial supply to the cerebellum in the primates is similar to that in man, the main difference being a “common inferior cerebellar artery” which bifurcates to form the anterior inferior cerebellar and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. In man, these arteries arise separately from the basilar artery and vertebral arteries, respectively. The dural venous drainage was also found to be similar in these primates but was far more extensive than in man. The primates have additional sinuses–the more important of these being the “basisphenoid sinus” and the petrosquamous sinus. The former drains the basilar sinus and is itself drained via the vertebral venous plexus and internal jugular vein. The latter drains via the petrosquamous foramen into the retromandibular vein. The petrosquamous sinus has a rostral extension which drains through the foramen ovale and two lateral and medial connecting sinuses which drain the cavernous and basilar sinuses, respectively. These sinuses are not found in man.