南充市两所大学大学生儿童期虐待经历调查

目的:了解南充市两所大学大学生的儿童期虐待经历情况并探讨其影响因素,为预防儿童虐待的发生和维护儿童的健康成长提供参考依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法使用自编问卷对南充市两所高校共918名大学生进行不记名调查。结果:大学生儿童期虐待经历的发生率为67.43%,5种虐待的发生率依次为躯体忽视38.89%、情感忽视36.82%、情感虐待35.29%、躯体虐待16.45%、性虐待7.08%。男生躯体虐待(χ~2=12.774,P0.05)、躯体忽视(χ~2=4.173,P0.05)和性虐待(χ~2=14.240,P0.05)发生率高于女生。不同家庭经济的学生儿童期至少经历1种虐待(χ~2=12.257,P0.05)、情感虐待(χ~2=7.971,P0.05)、情感忽视(χ~2=13.629,P0.05)和躯体忽视(χ~2=10.014,P0.05)的发生率不同。结论:大学生在儿童期经历虐待问题较普遍,以忽视和情感虐待为主,男性和家庭经济状况差的儿童更容易遭受儿童虐待。     

儿童期受虐待大学生的大五人格特点

目的研究大学生大五人格特点及其与受虐待经历的关系。方法采用整群抽样法,抽取江苏省某3所高校2374名大学生,使用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)、简式大五人格问卷(NEO-FFI-R)和人口社会经济学资料调查问卷等进行现场测试。结果单因素分析发现,大学生大五人格特质与儿童期虐待、性别、年龄、民族、独生子女、宗教信仰、亲属精神病、躯体健康状况、家庭经济状况和家庭关系有关(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析发现,在控制其他因素的影响后,神经质与情感虐待、忽视、外人虐待、躯体健康、家庭关系呈正相关,与性别、独生子女呈负相关(Beta值=0.055～0.207,-0.051～-0.049;P<0.01);外向性与情感虐待、忽视、躯体健康、家庭关系、年龄和家庭经济呈负相关(Beta值=-0.040～-0.217,P<0.05);开放性与年龄和躯体健康呈负相关(Beta值=-0.052～-0.073,P<0.05);友善性与情感虐待、外人虐待、忽视、性别和躯体健康呈负相关(Beta值=-0.061～-0.141,P<0.05);谨慎性与情感虐待、忽视、躯体虐待、躯体健康和家庭关系呈负相关(Beta值=-0.052～-0.130,P<0.05)。结论儿童期受虐待经历对大学生大五人格特质具有明显影响,躯体健康状况和家庭特征也是影响其人格形成的重要因素。     

大学生抑郁症症状水平与儿童期创伤经历关系初探

目的研究大学生抑郁症症状水平与儿童期创伤经历的关系。方法对抑郁症组39名大学生进行抑郁症症状的评定,同时发放儿童期创伤经历问卷(CTQ-SF);给正常组77名大学生发放儿童期创伤经历问卷(CTQ-SF)。结果与正常组相比,重度抑郁症组情感虐待、情感忽视的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)得分显著偏高(t=2.506,3.117;P均0.05),轻中度抑郁症组情感忽视的HAMD得分显著偏高(t=2.831,P0.05);情感虐待因子、性虐待因子分别进入抑郁症症状水平与焦虑症症状水平的回归方程(标准偏回归系数分别为0.342和0.372)。结论情感虐待、情感忽视是影响大学生抑郁症症状水平的重要因素,性虐待则是影响大学生抑郁症患者焦虑症状的重要因素。     

大中专学生童年期被父母体罚及情感虐待经历的回顾性调查

目的:了解大中专学生童年期被父母体罚及情感虐待经历.方法:采用方便取样,对河北省一所大学和一所中专的528名在校学生就有关儿童期虐待经历进行回顾性不记名自填式问卷调查.结果:36.2%的学生报告16岁前曾受到至少1次下列8项中的1项来自父母的体罚及情感虐待:严重徒手打(21.4%)、用物品打(16.1%)、锁在一个很小的地方/捆住/拴住(2.8%)、窒息/烧/用利器刺伤(0.4%)、在其他人面前羞辱(4.2%)、强迫交出属于自己的财物(0.9%)、说希望其不存在(7.2%)和威胁要将其赶出家门(7.2%).与没有童年期被父母体罚及情感虐待经历的学生相比,儿童期有2项或2项以上父母体罚情感虐待经历的学生其SCL-90量表总均分偏高(0.75±0.53)vs.(1.02±0.48),躯体症状、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性症状等因子均分偏高[如差别最大的敌对,分别为(0.77±0.68)vs.(1.25±0.80)];在过去1年里出现自杀意念(分别为5.1%和20.8%)、饮酒醉过(分别为22.5%和42.1%)的比例偏高.结论:儿童期被父母体罚及情感虐待的现象较普遍.儿童期反复被父母体罚及情感虐待经历与青少年心理问题相关.     

有留守经历农村大学生社交焦虑与情感虐待和心理韧性的关系

目的:探讨有留守经历的农村大学生社交焦虑与情感虐待和心理韧性之间的关系。方法:选取来自农村的大学生989人,其中有留守经历者327人,无留守经历者662人。采用交往焦虑量表(IAS)、儿童期创伤问卷(CTQ)、简版心理韧性量表(SFRS)进行测试。选取CTQ的情感虐待和情感忽视2个维度合成情感虐待(EM)得分,EM得分 2分为遭受过儿童期情感虐待。结果:有留守经历大学生的IAS总分及EM得分均高于无留守经历大学生(均P 0. 01)。有留守经历大学生的EM得分与IAS总分呈正相关(r=0. 21),与SFRS总分呈负相关(r=-0. 24); SFRS总分与IAS总分呈负相关(r=-0. 33),均P 0. 001。有留守经历大学生的心理韧性在情感虐待与社交焦虑之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为25%。结论:儿童期留守和情感虐待经历与成年后的较高社交焦虑水平相关,增强心理韧性水平可能缓解有留守经历农村大学生的社交焦虑。     

457名大学生儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历与心理健康

目的：了解儿童期心理虐待和忽视与大学生心理健康的关系。方法：采用随机整群抽样的方法，以中南大学和湖南商学院457名本科生作为研究对象，完成一般资料问卷、儿童期心理虐待和忽视量表、症状自评量表（SCL-90）。结果：儿童期经历过心理虐待或忽视的大学生占被调查人数的45．30％。合并心理虐待和忽视的大学生在SCL-90各个因子分及总分高于单纯心理虐待组、单纯忽视组、非心理虐待和忽视组，并且单纯忽视组SCL-90各个因子分及总分高于非心理虐待和忽视组。儿童期心理虐待和忽视各个维度及分量表分与SCL-90各个因子及总分之间呈显著相关（P〈0．01）。结论：儿童期心理虐待和忽视给大学生的心理健康带来不良的影响。     

儿童期精神虐待对大学生人格及述情障碍的影响

目的:探讨儿童期精神虐待经历对大学生人格及述情障碍的影响。方法:采用儿童虐待史问卷、艾森克人格问卷和多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-26)对河南省某高校的733名本科生进行调查。结果:①除儿童期母亲憎恶与成年期人格的内外倾相关不显著外,其余儿童期精神虐待与大学生人格均呈显著相关(P<0.01);儿童期精神虐待的四个维度与大学生述情障碍呈显著正相关。儿童期父亲憎恶对神经质有显著预测作用(Beta=0.243,P<0.01),儿童期母亲忽视对大学生精神质有显著预测作用(Beta=0.206,P<0.01),儿童期父亲忽视对大学生内外倾有显著预测作用(Be-ta=-0.143,P<0.01)。儿童期母亲忽视对大学生述情障碍有正向的预测作用(Beta=0.113,P<0.01)。结论:儿童期精神虐待对大学生人格及述情障碍有直接预测作用。     

有创伤史大学生的儿童期创伤和分裂人格特质与安全感的关系

目的:在有儿童期虐待史的大学生人群中,探讨儿童期虐待、分裂人格特质及安全感三者之间的关系。方法:以湖南中医药大学大一新生为对象,使用儿童期创伤问卷简化版、安全感量表、Chapman分裂型人格倾向量表,分发1115份问卷,回收有效问卷1088份,其中258人存在儿童期创伤史。结果:相关分析结果显示,安全感量表的人际安全感得分与分裂人格特质得分、儿童期创伤量表的情感虐待、情感忽视和躯体忽视呈显著的负相关(r=-0.184～-0.557,P0.05)。安全感量表的确定控制感得分与分裂人格特质得分、儿童期创伤量表的情感虐待和情感忽视呈显著的负相关(r=-0.219～-0.541,P0.05)。进一步分析发现,儿童期情感忽视在分裂人格特质和安全感之间起中介作用。结论:儿童期情感忽视和分裂人格特质负向影响安全感形成。儿童期情感忽视在分裂人格特质和安全感之间起中介作用。     

大学生儿童期创伤经历与恋爱暴力的关系

研究了大学生儿童期创伤经历与恋爱暴力行为的关系。采用冲突应对量表(CTS2)和儿童期创伤经历问卷(CTQ),调查了400名处于恋爱关系中的大学生。大学生恋爱暴力行为的性别差异显著,恋爱暴力行为与性虐待、躯体虐待、躯体忽视、CTQ显著相关。儿童期创伤经历是大学生恋爱暴力行为发生的风险因素之一。     

儿童期创伤经历、人格特征与大学生心理健康的相关研究

目的:探讨大学生儿童期创伤经历、人格特征与心理健康的相关关系.方法:用儿童期创伤问卷、艾森克人格问卷简式量表和症状自评量表,对南京市4所大学共458名大学生进行了研究.结果:儿童期创伤经历不同组的大学生,其症状自评量表的各个因子分和总均分有显著差异,都是高创伤组的心理健康水平显著低于中间组和低创伤组;儿童期创伤量表的5个层面及总分、艾森克量表的4个维度与症状自评量表的各个因子及总分都显著相关(除恐怖与情感忽视相关不显著、精神质与强迫症状相关不显著外);回归分析发现.神经质、情感虐待、躯体忽视、掩饰性和内外向五个变量能有效预测大学生心理健康水平变异的39%.结论:大学生儿童期创伤经历、人格特征与心理健康之间存在一定的关系.     

Childhood abuse and neglect histories in low-income women: prevalence in a menopausal population

OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of self-reported childhood abuse and neglect in a primary care population of menopausal women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. RESULTS: Three of four women (119/160, 74%) reported histories of childhood abuse and neglect. The prevalence of emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect were 43%, 35%, 33%, 49%, and 44%, respectively. Eleven percent of the sample reported maltreatment in all five categories of trauma. Fifteen percent of women studied met criteria for severe-extreme levels of maltreatment, usually in more than one category. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of self-reported childhood trauma was detected in our low-income population of menopausal women attending primary care clinics. Because of the potential impact of childhood trauma on physical and mental health, clinicians need to inquire about childhood maltreatment in women of menopausal age and appropriately refer women to mental health intervention and treatment.     

The Association of Childhood Maltreatment with Adulthood Mental Disorders and Suicidality in Korea: a Nationwide Community Study

BackgroundAlthough childhood maltreatment is a known risk factor for adulthood mental health, the impact of different types of childhood maltreatment on mental disorders is not yet clear. This study explored the association of each type of childhood maltreatment with adulthood mental disorders and suicidality in South Korea.MethodsA total of 5,102 individuals from the general populations over the age of 18 responded to the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and questions about childhood maltreatment (emotional neglect, psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse). To evaluate the odds ratio for mental disorders and suicidality associated with each type of childhood maltreatment, we used logistic regression analysis.ResultsAbout 17.0% of the respondents reported having experienced a type of maltreatment in childhood. According to the type, 9.4% reported physical abuse, 9.3% reported emotional neglect, 7.9% reported psychological abuse, and 3.8% reported sexual abuse. Exposure to each type of childhood maltreatment was associated with most types of mental disorders after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Each type of childhood maltreatment victim was associated with suicidality (suicidal ideations, suicide plans, and suicide attempts). Dose-response patterns for suicide attempts were observed in all types of victims. Moreover, the respondents who experienced frequent childhood emotional neglect were 14 times more likely to have attempted suicide.ConclusionChildhood maltreatment was associated with mental health in adulthood. The findings show the need for early detection and intervention of victims of childhood maltreatment to minimize its negative impact on adult mental health.     

Distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics: replications and new findings

BACKGROUND: To examine distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics. METHODS: Two-hundred and eighty alcoholics were interviewed and completed the Childhood Trauma (CTQ) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaires (EPQ). RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty-one of the two-hundred and eighty alcoholics had attempted suicide (42.9%). Significantly more of the attempters were female and had a family history of suicidal behavior. Alcoholics who had attempted were significantly younger and had significantly higher CTQ scores for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Attempters were significantly more introverted and neurotic on the EPQ. Significantly more alcoholics who had attempted suicide had received antidepressant medication. LIMITATION: Other possible distal and proximal suicide risk factors were not examined. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the suicide risk factor model may be applicable to suicidal behavior in alcoholics. Distal risk factors like childhood trauma, family history of suicide, and introversion may increase an alcoholics suicide risk when they experience a proximal or trigger factor like depression.     

Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion

Among the adverse mental health consequences of childhood trauma is the risk related to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. Other risk factors for PTSD. including parental trauma exposure and parental PTSD, can also contribute to the experience of child trauma. We examined associations between childhood trauma and PTSD in 51 adult children of Holocaust survivors and 41 comparison subjects. in consideration of parental trauma exposure and parental PTSD. We also examined these variables in relation to 24-hr urinary cortisol levels. Adult offspring of Holocaust survivors showed significantly higher levels of self-reported childhood trauma, particularly emotional abuse and neglect. relative to comparison subjects. The difference was largely attributable to parental PTSD. Self-reported childhood trauma was also related to severity of PTSD in subjects, and emotional abuse was significantly associated with 24-hr mean urinary cortisol secretion. We conclude that the experience of childhood trauma may be an important factor in the transmission of PTSD from parent to child.     

Attachment insecurity as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and adult dissociation

This study aimed to investigate whether attachment insecurity mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and adult dissociation, specifically with regard to individual forms of childhood maltreatment. Psychiatric outpatients who visited a specialized trauma clinic (n = 115) participated in the study. Data were collected via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Revised Adult Attachment Scale, and Dissociative Experience Scale. Structural equation modeling and path analysis were performed to analyze the mediating effects of attachment insecurity on the relationship between childhood trauma and adult dissociation. Greater childhood trauma was associated with higher dissociation, and the relationship between them was fully mediated by attachment anxiety. In path analysis of trauma subtypes, the effects of emotional abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect as a child on adult dissociation were found to be fully mediated by attachment anxiety. The effect of sexual abuse on dissociation was mediated by a synergistic effect from both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. Regarding emotional neglect, a countervailing interaction was discovered between the direct and indirect effects thereof on dissociation; the indirect effect of emotional neglect on dissociation was partially mediated by attachment insecurity. Specific aspects of attachment insecurity may help explain the relationships between individual forms of childhood trauma and adult dissociative symptoms. Tailored treatments based on affected areas of attachment insecurity may improve outcomes among patients with dissociative symptoms and a history of childhood trauma.     

Childhood trauma and depression in alcoholics: relationship to hostility

OBJECTIVE: To examine for a relationship between childhood trauma and depression in alcoholics. METHODS: Euthymic depressed alcoholics (N = 23) were compared with never depressed alcoholics (N = 20) for their scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Subjects also completed the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). RESULTS: Euthymic depressed alcoholics had significantly higher scores on the CTQ for childhood emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect. They also had significantly higher hostility scores on the HDHQ. There were significant correlations between adult hostility scores and CTQ scores for childhood emotional neglect, physical neglect, sexual abuse and total childhood trauma. CONCLUSION: A history of childhood trauma was correlated with adult depression in male alcoholics: a hostile personality dimension might be a mediating variable. LIMITATION: Subjects were queried on their memories of childhood traumas. Prospective studies are needed.     

The Role of Depression and Dissociation in the Link Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Later Parental Practices

ABSTRACT

Research has yielded contradictory results on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later parental functioning. This study was undertaken to specify the link between childhood sexual abuse and maternal parenting, while taking into account mothers' childhood physical and emotional traumas and current depressive and dissociative symptoms. Data were collected through self-report measures completed by 93 French-speaking Canadian mothers of children aged 6 to 11 years referred to Youth Protection Services. Parental behaviors examined included involvement with the child, use of positive reinforcement, lack of monitoring and supervision of the child, inconsistency in applying discipline, and use of corporal punishment. Mothers' perception of the quality of the relationship with her child was also assessed. In addition, history of abuse and neglect, depression and dissociation were respectively measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Simplified, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. The short-form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale was used to control for respondent bias aimed at minimizing their problems. Mothers' current depressive symptoms were not found to predict any of the parental dimensions measured. Results from multiple hierarchical regressions pointed to dissociative symptoms as the key predictor of parental practices and attitudes. More specifically, dissociative symptoms predicted the use of positive reinforcement, lack of monitoring and supervision of the child, inconsistency in applying discipline, and use of corporal punishment. Dissociation also mediated the association between childhood maltreatment (physical and emotional abuse and neglect) and inconsistency in applying discipline. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Childhood trauma and neuroticism as an adult: possible implication for the development of the common psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviour

BACKGROUND: Neuroticism is an important personality dimension associated with depressive and anxiety disorders. Both genetic and social factors are thought to contribute to neuroticism. This study aims to examine whether early childhood adversity may be a determinant of neuroticism. METHOD: Five hundred and thirty-two abstinent substance dependent patients completed both the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between total childhood trauma scores on the CTQ and neuroticism scores on the EPQ. There were also significant relationships between neuroticism and CTQ subscores for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood trauma may be a determinant of neuroticism. This may be one way in which childhood trauma plays a role in the development of psychiatric disorders. General population studies are needed.     

心理咨询师儿童期虐待和生活事件的调查

目的:探讨咨询师儿童期虐待与生活事件的特点以及"受伤的治疗者"的涵义。方法:本次调查采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)和生活事件量表(LES),选择90名心理咨询师为研究组,60名非心理咨询师为对照组。结果:两组被试在躯体虐待上得分差异显著(P<0.05)。不同性别、不同年龄的咨询师在童年虐待各个因子得分差异均不显著,不同婚姻状况的咨询师在正性事件刺激量上得分差异显著(P<0.05);学历与情感虐待、躯体虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视、童年总创伤(P<0.05,0.01,0.001,0.05,0.01)显著负相关;不同家庭住址的咨询师在躯体忽视(P<0.01)、正性事件刺激量(P<0.05)上得分差异显著。咨询师负性事件与童年虐待多项评定结果显著相关。结论:与非心理咨询师相比,心理咨询师没有经历更多的童年创伤,但其主观感受高于前者;这可能与其激活了内在的"治疗者"原型有关。