大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及其耐药基因分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率,分析及研究其耐药性和耐药基因分型。方法用药敏纸片法对142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌进行抗生素药物敏感试验,并对这2种菌株做ESBLs初筛和确证试验。对其中60株ESBLs阳性菌(大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌31株)用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因并进行测序分型。结果142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌中确证试验阳性率分别为56.3%和41.8%。产ESBLs菌对头孢类抗生素高度耐药,对庆大霉素、环内沙星的耐药率为71.3%~88.5%,对亚胺培南高度敏感(100.0%),对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦等的敏感性在63.8%~92.0%。60株ESBLs阳性菌中,TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因检出率分别为58.3%、33.3%、66.7%。其中29株大肠埃希菌中,TEM基因检出率为75.8%,SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%。31株肺炎克雷伯菌中,TEM基因检出率为41.9%,SHV基因检出率为64.5%,CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%。有35株(58.3%)菌株同时检测到2种以上基因型。序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12、SHV-28。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高,CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及其耐药基因分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的发生率,分析及研究其耐药性和耐药基因分型。方法用药敏纸片法对142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌进行抗生素药物敏感试验,并对这2种菌株做ESBLs初筛和确证试验。对其中60株ESBLs阳性菌（大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌31株）用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因并进行测序分型。结果142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌中确证试验阳性率分别为56.3%和41.8%。产ESBLs菌对头孢类抗生素高度耐药,对庆大霉素、环内沙星的耐药率为71.3%-88.5%,对亚胺培南高度敏感（100.0%）,对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦等的敏感性在63.8%-92.0%。60株ESBLs阳性菌中,TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因检出率分别为58.3%、33.3%、66.7%。其中29株大肠埃希菌中,TEM基因检出率为75.8%,SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%。31株肺炎克雷伯菌中,TEM基因检出率为41.9%,SHV基因检出率为64.5%,CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%。有35株（58.3%）菌株同时检测到2种以上基因型。序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12、SHV-28。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高,CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌儿童分离株的耐药性和基因型检测

目的 研究我院临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及ESBLs基因型与耐药表型的关系.方法 收集我院2007年1-3月临床分离的92株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,用K-B纸片法作药敏试验,酶抑制剂增强法表型确证,应用PCR、产物测序,确定ESBLs基因型.结果 我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率分别为50.6%和57.3%;产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南100%敏感,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为88.2%、14.7%、5.9%和29.0%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌则分别为75.6%、35.6%、28.9%和5.2%.92株产ESBLs菌株中,共检出7种β内酰胺酶基因型,TEM型酶的检出率为70.7%,均为TEM-1广谱酶, CTX型、SHV型ESBLs的检出率分别为66.3%和44.6%,其中CTX-M-14阳性率为48.1%;SHV基因型都在肺炎克雷伯菌中检出.结论 我院临床分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况严重,且其耐药表型也不尽相同.CTX-M型是我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中流行的基因型.     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的 了解我院2005-2008年产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs) 大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率及耐药情况.方法 收集我院2005年1月-2008年12月临床分离到的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别2 557株和1 883株,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)对分离株进行抗菌药物敏感试验和ESBLs筛选和确证试验.对其中60株产ESBLs菌用PCR和测序检测该类酶的基因型.结果 4年中大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率分别为48.0%、63.0%、65.8%和59.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为40.9%、53.9%、56.8%和47.3%.产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林、头孢丙烯和哌拉西林等耐药率超过90%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南的敏感率为97%～100%.29株大肠埃希菌TEM基因检出率为75.8 %(22/29),SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%(25/29).31株肺炎克雷伯菌TEM基因检出率为41.9 %(13/31),SHV基因检出率为64.5%(20/31),CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%(15/31).35株(58.3%)菌同时检测到2种以上基因型.序列分析证实TEM 扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M 扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV 扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12和SHV-28.结论 我院2005-2008年大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率较高.CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs 菌株的主要基因型.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测及其基因分析

目的了解临床分离菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌发生率,分析其耐药表型,探讨其ESBLs基因类别。方法采用美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的纸片扩散法,对364株大肠埃希菌和71株肺炎克雷伯菌进行产ESBLs菌株初筛试验,并用双纸片确证试验和双纸片协同试验进行产ESBLs菌株确证。按照NCCLS文件标准,用KirbyBauer纸片扩散法进行产ESBLs株21种抗生素药敏试验。用PCR方法扩增168株ESBLs表型阳性菌中blaTEM1、blaSHV1、CTXM1组、TOHO1组等4种基因。结果(1)大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率分别为46.7%和32.4%。(2)产ESBLs菌对青霉素类100%耐药;对第1、2代头孢菌素耐药率达85%～100%;对除头孢他定以外的第3代头孢菌素,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率为80%以上,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率为65%～75%以上;产ESBLs菌对复方新诺明的耐药率为75%～85%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星耐药率为80%～90%、庆大霉素耐药率为50%～75%;产ESBLs菌对阿米卡星、头孢替坦、亚胺培南有较好的敏感性(80%～90%以上)。(3)产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中,blaTEM1、blaSHV1、CTXM1组等3种基因扩增阳性率分别为93.9%、7.4%和53.4%。51.4%的菌株同时携带2种耐药基因,2.7%的菌株同时携带3种耐药基因。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中blaTEM1、blaSHV1、CTXM1组等3种基因扩增阳性率分别为50.0%、95.0%和20.0%。同时携带2种耐药基因的菌株占35.0%,同时携带3种耐药基因的菌株占15.0%。两种细菌中均未检出TOHO1组基因。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高,大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌比例有逐年上升趋势。产ESBLs菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率远高于头孢他定,且多数菌株对青霉素类,第1、2、3代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、氨基糖甙类等抗生素呈多重耐药。大肠埃希菌中以TEM型和CTXM型基因为主。肺炎克雷伯菌以SHV型基因为主,同时存在TEM型和CTXM型基因。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌与大肠埃希菌qnrB基因的检测

目的:了解临床分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌株qnrB基因的存在情况及与细菌耐药的关系。方法:收集福建省福州市三家"三甲"医院临床分离的菌株,菌株药敏试验检测采用K-B法,聚合酶链反应对42株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和44株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行qnrB基因筛查。结果:42株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌有5株检出qnrB基因,检出率为11.90%,44株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中有7株检出qnrB基因,检出率为15.91%。检出qnrB基因的5株肺炎克雷伯菌和7株大肠埃希菌对两种喹诺酮药物均耐药。结论:在福州地区产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中存在qnrB基因,携带qnrB基因的12株细菌对左氟沙星和环丙沙星均耐药。     

产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌耐药特征及基因分型

目的了解山东中医药大学附属医院分离的大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的耐药特征及CTX-M型、TEM型、SHV型基因流行状况。方法采用双纸片法检测ESBLs,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测CTX-M酶、TEM酶、SHV酶基因型DNA序列分析确认TEM及SHV基因亚型,K-B法进行药敏试验。结果 83株大肠埃希菌中45株ESBLs表型确证试验阳性,检出率为54.2%,PCR扩增结果显示83株大肠埃希菌中CTX-M型基因扩增阳性44株(53.0%),TEM型阳性32株(38.6%),SHV型阳性1株(1.2%),TEM型和SHV型测序结果分别为TEM-1亚型和SHV-1亚型。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,除对亚胺培南、美罗培南未见耐药外,对阿米卡星、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和头孢西丁耐药性较低,耐药率分别为13.3%、17.8%和31.1%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,除了对头孢菌素、单环β内酰胺类抗生素具有很高耐药性外,对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和庆大霉素具有较高耐药性,耐药率均高于60%。结论该院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因型以CTX-M型为主。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌呈现多重耐药趋势。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测及其基因分析

目的了解临术分离菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌发生率，分析其耐药表型，探讨其ESBLs基因类别。方法采用美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）推荐的纸片扩散法，对364株大肠埃希菌和71株肺炎克雷伯菌进行产ESBLs菌株初筛试验，并用双纸片确证试验和双纸片协同试验进行产ESBLs菌株确证。按照NCCLS文件标准，用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法进行产ESBLs株21种抗生素药敏试验。用PCR方法扩增168株ESBLs表型阳性菌中blaTEM-1、blaSHV-1、CTX-M-1组、TOHO-1组等4种基因。结果（1）大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率分别为46．7％和32．4％。（2）产ESBLs菌对青霉素类100％耐药；对第1、2代头孢菌素耐药率达85％～100％；对除头孢他定以外的第3代头孢菌素，产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率为80％以上，产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率为65％～75％以上；产ESBLs菌对复方新诺明的耐药率为75％～85％；产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星耐药率为80％～90％、庆大霉素耐药率为50％～75％；产ESBLs菌对阿米卡星、头孢替坦、亚胺培南有较好的敏感性（80％～90％以上）。（3）产ES-BLs大肠埃希菌中，blaTEM-1、blasSHV-1、CTX-M-1组等3种基因扩增阳性率分别为93．9％、7．4％和53．4％。51．4％的菌株同时携带2种耐药基因，2．7％的菌株同时携带3种耐药基因。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中blatTEM-1、blaSHV-1、CTX-M-1组等3种基因扩增阳性率分别为50．0％、95．0％和20．0％。同时携带2种耐药基因的菌株占35．0%，同时携带3种耐药基因的菌株占15．0％。两种细菌中均未检出TOHO-1组基因。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高，大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌比例有逐年上升趋势。产ESBLs菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率远高于头孢他定，且多数菌株对青霉素类，第1、2、3代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、氨基糖甙类等抗生素呈多重耐药。大肠埃希菌中以TEM型和CTX-M型基因为主。肺炎克雷伯菌以SHV型基因为主，同时存在TEM型和CTX-M型基因。     

杭州市产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性研究

目的 :了解杭州市产超广谱 β内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况。 方法 :收集杭州市区 5所医院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共 198株 ,用酶抑制剂增强纸片扩散试验确证产ESBLs细菌 ,琼脂扩散法测定其对17种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 :12 7株大肠埃希菌和 71株肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为 31.5 %和 15 .5 %。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率为 0 ,抗菌作用较强的抗生素还有拉氧头孢、头孢哌酮 舒巴坦和哌拉西林 三唑巴坦 ,耐药率分别为 3.9%、3.9%和 2 3.5 %。而氨苄西林、复方磺胺甲唑、氨苄西林 舒巴坦、替卡西林 克拉维酸、阿莫西林 克拉维酸和环丙沙星的耐药率均 >5 0 %。结论 :产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率较高 ,临床治疗中要选择适当抗菌药并对产ESBLs菌株实行监控。     

大肠埃菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶的基因分型

目的：分析我院大肠埃希菌，肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株中超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs)的主要基因型。方法：用表型确证试验确定临床标本中产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌，用Etest检测其最低抑菌浓度（MIC），分别用TEM，SHV和CTX-M通用引物进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增并对PCR产物进行序列分析。结果：大部分产ESBLs菌株体外对头孢噻肟耐药而对头孢他啶敏感，PCR扩增结果显示TEM，SHV和CTX-M的阳性率分别为68%，39%和83%，序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因，CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因，而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-12，SHV-11或SHV-1基因，结论：CTX-M-3和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型；尚未发现TEM起源ESBLs。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

骨脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤的CT及MRI表现:9例报告并文献复习

目的探讨骨脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤的CT及MRI表现。方法收集手术病理证实的9例骨脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤的临床及影像学资料,9例术前8例接受CT扫描,3例接受MRI检查。结果9例中骨脂肪瘤6例,骨血管脂肪瘤3例。6例骨脂肪瘤发生于骨内4例,骨旁2例。骨内脂肪瘤跟骨1例,距骨1例,眶骨1例,肱骨1例。骨旁脂肪瘤颅骨1例,股骨1例。骨血管脂肪瘤发生于肋骨1例,颅骨1例,椎骨1例。骨内脂肪瘤CT显示病变骨质呈轻度膨胀性改变,边缘见轻度硬化环,病灶内见脂肪密度及条弧形、结节状钙化,MRI显示病灶T1WI呈高信号,PDWI及T2WI抑脂序列呈低信号。骨旁脂肪瘤CT呈不均匀高密度团块,MRI显示病灶T1WI呈高信号,T1WI及T2WI抑脂序列呈低信号。3例骨血管脂肪瘤CT显示病变骨质呈显著膨胀性改变,骨破坏边缘及内部见多发骨嵴及粗大骨小梁,高密度骨针呈放射状、簇状或不规则排列。结论骨内脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤CT及MRI表现均以脂肪成分为主要特征,骨旁脂肪瘤CT以骨化性团块为特征,骨血管脂肪瘤骨质膨胀性改变较骨内脂肪瘤显著,病灶边缘及中心以多发骨嵴及粗大骨小梁为特征。