南京铱-192放射源丢失事故受照人员物理剂量初步估算

调查南京铱-192放射源丢失辐射事故的发生经过和受照人员,估算重点关注的人员物理剂量。采用点源公式估算受照者所处位置剂量率,利用有关参数、因子估算吸收剂量和有效剂量。本事故导致多人受照,其中王某大腿局部剂量高达150Gy,手部剂量14Gy,全身有效剂量约2.5Sv,染色体畸变生物剂量估算为1.3Sv;王妻全身有效剂量约270mSv,其他人员小于40mSv。王某全身和局部受照剂量较大,根据临床表现和生物剂量诊断为急性轻度放射性病;其他人员无明显临床症状。     

2例~(192)Ir辐射事故受照人员的剂量估算和医学处理

目的通过对一起192Ir辐射事故中2例外照射受照人员的剂量估算、医学处理的分析,为核与辐射事故医学应急救治提供资料和经验。方法采用热释光剂量计法估算物理剂量;染色体畸变、CB微核分析及HPRT基因位点突变频率分析法估算生物剂量;观察受照者的临床表现、免疫功能、精液常规、眼晶体、心理等变化。结果物理剂量估算,"陈"的全身平均吸收剂量为2.85 m Gy~88.50 m Gy、"宋"的全身平均吸收剂量为2.85 m Gy~64.05 m Gy;事故后2例受照者均有神经衰弱症状,"陈"CD8+细胞比率升高,"宋"NK细胞比率下降、精子活率和活力出现异常。"陈"发生急性放射性皮肤损伤Ⅱ度。心理测评显示,2例受照者均出现焦虑、抑郁。结论系统地对2例192Ir受照者进行了剂量估算、医学处理,为类似病例的处置提供借鉴。     

1例疑似放射性职业病患者受照剂量的估算

为确认1例疑似放射性职业病患者受照剂量,按照《外照射慢性放射病剂量估算规范》要求进行受照剂量估算。结果显示,有效剂量约为1.64Sv,眼晶体吸收剂量约为3.92Gy,皮肤吸收剂量约为19.01Gy。提示,放射工作人员应提高自身防护意识,减少受照剂量。     

小剂量钴—60—γ线照射诱发人淋巴细胞微核的剂量效应

目前国内外对于大剂量(0.25～5.0Gy)照射诱发微核的剂量效应已有不少报道,但(?)Gy 以下的小剂量照射,诱发微核的剂量效应还未见有报道。由于大多数事故受照是属于(?)Gy 以下的低剂量照射,如果用高剂量范围的刻度曲线去估算低剂量受照人员的吸收剂量,这显然是不可靠的。本实验是     

ESR法测量人牙珐琅质中累积剂量方法研究

ＥＳＲ剂量学基于受照牙齿产生的ＣＯ３＾３－根，其ＥＳＲ信号稳定且随辐射剂量线增加，同时，ＥＳＲ信号依赖于光子能量，由于能够通过测量牙齿ＥＳＲ信息直接估算吸收剂量，因而在无其它剂量学资料时以及估算长期累积剂量方面是十分有效的方法。本文报道了应用ＥＳＲ法估算了６颗人牙珐琅质中的累积剂量。     

2例低剂量率放射事故受照者生物剂量估算

目的观察某次钴源丢失事故中受照人员健康损害情况。方法应用常规染色体畸变分析技术,利用本实验室建立的低剂量率离体照射人外周血染色体畸变的剂量—效应曲线进行生物剂量估算。结果2名事故受照人员的“双着丝粒体 着丝粒环”(d ic r)畸变频率明显高于自发频率,其中1人为均匀照射,另1人为不均匀照射,根据“d ic r”估算的受照人员生物剂量分别为0.53 Gy和1.09 Gy。结论本次事故中,2名受照人员已观察到明显的染色体损伤。     

3例辐射事故受照者CB微核分析及生物剂量估算

[目的] 对河南新乡一起60Co源辐射事故中3例受照者进行了CB微核分析,并对其生物剂量进行估算.3例受照者A、B、C均为男性,受照时年龄分别为31、39和51岁,分别受照后24 d、44 d和96 d采血培养,进行CB微核分析和剂量估算.[方法] CB微核标本的制备方法为对3例受照者分别取0.3～0.4 ml肝素抗凝静脉血,加到4 ml含20%小牛血清和50 μg/ml PHA的混合培养液中,置37℃恒温培养箱中培养,培养至40～44 h,加入终浓度为6 mg/L的松胞素B,继续培养至72 h收获.常规制片,Giemsa染色.显微镜下观察双核淋巴细胞,并记录其微核数.结果以微核细胞率(CBCMN,‰)和微核率(CBMN,‰)表示,并估算剂量.生物剂量估算采用白玉书教授等建立的60Co γ射线照射离体人血诱发的CB微核的剂量曲线估算生物剂量.[结果] 照后24 d 3例受照者的CB微核率和CB微核细胞率均明显升高,由此估算的剂量分别为①3例受照者依据CBMN率估算的个体辐射剂量分别为0.97 Gy(A)、0.74 Gy(B)和0.58 Gy(C);②依据CBCMN率估算的个体辐射剂量分别为0.87 Gy(A)、0.64 Gy(B)和0.50 Gy(C).[结论] 本文用CBMN估算剂量与染色体"双+环"畸变剂量和物理剂量接近,与放射损伤的临床诊断亦相符合.说明CB微核分析估算事故照射受照者的照射剂量是准确可行的.而且本调查中照后取血时间对CB微核剂量的影响分析发现,照后44 d和96 d,3例受照者CB微核率和由此估算的剂量均明显下降.与国内外许多起辐射事故病例观察的结果一致.     

三例辐射事故受照者CB微核分析及生物剂量估算

用胞浆分裂阻微核法 (CBMN)对 3例60 Co源辐射事故受照者进行生物剂量估算。采用常规培养加松胞素B方法制备CBMN标本 ,CBMN以千分数表示。 3例受照者依据CBMN率估算的个体辐射剂量分别为 0 .97Gy(A)、0 .74Gy(B)、和 0 .5 8Gy(C)、,与染色体“双 环”畸变剂量和物理剂量接近 ,与放射损伤的临床诊断亦相符合。CBMN分析是较可靠的生物剂量估算方法     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的探伤误照器官剂量计算

目的 计算人员受3种X射线机和2种γ放射源误照射情况下的器官剂量及其剂量转换系数,为事故剂量快速估算提供简便方法。方法 在FLUKA模拟软件中构建X射线机和2种γ放射源的辐射源模型并导入中国参考人体素模型,模拟计算人员在距源项1 m处受由前向后照射时的器官吸收剂量、器官吸收剂量与空气比释动能的剂量转换系数和器官吸收剂量与辐射源的转换系数。结果 对肺、心脏、肌肉和软组织、肝脏、皮肤和大脑的吸收剂量与空气比释动能的转换系数范围为0.30～1.19(Gy/Gy);对X射线机,这6个器官的吸收剂量与输出量的转换系数范围为6.12×10^-3～2.90×10^-2 Gy·m²/(mA·min);对γ放射源,6个器官吸收剂量与活度的转换系数范围为1.12×10^-8～7.01×10^-8 Gy·m²/(GBq·s)。结论 器官吸收剂量与空气比释动能的转换系数和器官吸收剂量与探伤机输出量或活度的转换系数可为快速评估类似辐射事故提供重要的剂量学参数。     

^60Co辐照场误入事故照射人的剂量调查分析

本文报告＾６０Ｃｏ辐照场误入事故中，两名工作人员受到不均匀的照射，通过现场模拟实测受照人中全身等效吸收剂量。根据受照射的条件估算受照人员全身红骨髓计权平均测量，与实测量相接近。说明＾６０Ｃｏ辐照场误入事故的剂量计算用红骨髓计权平均剂量方法可行。     

Dose estimation by ESR on tooth enamel from two workers exposed to radiation due to the JCO accident

ESR dosimetry is useful to estimate the external dose for the general population as well as for occupational workers in a nuclear emergency. Three teeth were extracted from two exposed workers (A and B) related to the JCO criticality accident. Tooth enamel was carefully separated from other tooth parts and subjected to ESR dosimetry. Doses equivalent to the gamma-ray dose of 60Co were estimated as follows: for worker A, the buccal and lingual sides of the eighth tooth in the upper right side, 11.8 +/- 3.6 and 12.0 +/- 3.6 Gy, respectively; for worker B, the buccal and lingual sides of the fourth tooth in the upper right side and the fifth tooth in the upper left side, 11.3 +/- 3.4 and 10.8 +/- 3.3 Gy, 11.7 +/- 3.5 and 11.4 +/- 3.4 Gy, respectively. The estimated doses were found to be similar and not dependent on the tooth positions, whether the buccal or lingual sides in each tooth.     

电离辐射与T细胞突变频率的剂量效应关系曲线的建立与验证

目的 建立T细胞受体基因突变频率(T cell receptor mutation frequency,TCR MF)与电离辐射剂量效应关系曲线.方法 招募8名健康成年人,4男4女.采集其外周血,分离淋巴细胞,分装到12孔培养板中,不同剂量(0.00～8.00 Gy)照射后,用植物血凝素蛋白(PHA-P)刺激,加人重组白介素-2(IL-2)培育7d,以流式细胞仪测量TCR MF,拟合剂量-效应曲线.另招募16例不同类型、照射方式及照射剂量的癌症放疗患者,采集外周血,用同样方法分离培养淋巴细胞,测量TCR MF,用拟合的剂量-效应曲线估算肿瘤放疗患者全身等效剂量.采集外周血,观察淋巴细胞染色体双着丝粒和着丝粒环畸变情况,估算受照剂量.结果 TCR MF与电离辐射在0.00～8.00 Gy剂量范围内剂量效应关系良好;大剂量组(2.00 ～8.00 Gy)、小剂量组(0.00～1.00 Gy)及0.00～8.00 Gy剂量组拟合曲线均符合二次多项式模式,拟合方程分别为TCR MF=- 32.8579+ 20.5436D+0.6341D2、TCR MF=1.796+0.017D+ 5.155D2和TCR MF=-0.6229+6.305D+0.6919D2,D为辐射剂量(Gy).用实验建立的曲线估算肿瘤放疗患者的全身受照剂量,与用染色体双着丝粒和着丝粒环畸变率估算的剂量平均相对标准偏差为16.8％.结论 应用TCR基因突变分析技术拟合出的辐射剂量效应曲线,可应用于电离辐射事故受照者近期受照剂量的估算.     

Prematurely condensed chromosome rings after neutron irradiation of human lymphocytes

Calibration curves for fission spectrum neutrons and other high LET radiations are scarce in cytogenetic dosimetry and particularly for Prematurely Condensed Chromosome Rings (PCC-ring). Here we analyzed the behavior of the PCC-ring frequency and PCC index after neutron irradiation in a broad dose interval from 1 to 26 Gy. PCC-rings were induced in lymphocytes with Calyculin A. 6455 PCC cells in G1, G2/M and M/A stages were analyzed. The best fitting between the frequency of PCC ring (Y) and the Dose (D) was obtained with the equation Y = (0.059 ± 0.003) D. The saturation of the PCC-ring was observed after around 4 Gy, but it was still possible to analyze cells exposed up to 26 Gy. The distribution of rings by cell follows Poisson or Neyman type distribution for all doses. This PCC-ring dose effect curve can be used in case of accidental overexposure to neutron radiation, allowing a dose assessment in a reliable way. Additionally, the PCC index seems to be well correlated with radiation dose and decrease in a dose dependent manner from 13% in non exposed sample down to 0.2%. This observation allows the possibility to perform a quick classification of victims exposed to high doses of both gamma and neutron radiations. The PCC assay can then be used for both neutron dose estimation up to 4 Gy and for the rapid classification of victims exposed to higher doses. This assay could be included in the multiparametric approach developed to optimize the medical treatment of radiation victims.     

不同早熟凝集染色体方法对60Co γ射线照射的剂量-曲线影响的研究

目的 研究早熟凝集染色体(PCC)方法学的常规法和改进后的方法对⁶⁰Co γ射线剂量-效应曲线影响,为事故应急选择快速和准确的生物剂量估算方法。方法 取3名23~28岁的男性肘静脉血,在⁶⁰Co γ射线照射(0、1.0、5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0 Gy,吸收剂量率0.635 Gy/min)的条件下,以常规PCC培养方法为对比;比较2种方法(常规法和改进法)的50 h和60 h的2个培养时间所产生剂量-效应曲线的关系;以另一实验室照射10.0 Gy(吸收剂量率0.670 Gy/min)所产生的PCC环结果,用上述制作的剂量-曲线估算剂量作验证。结果 ①常规50 h培养方法15.0、20.0 Gy点所获PCC细胞数不能满足统计学要求,常规方法60 h、改进法50和60 h的3个培养方法收获的细胞数均可满足统计学要求,故后3个方法均取作剂量曲线;②后3个培养方法的PCC环与受照剂量的相关系数其系数间相当接近(均0.996以上、均P < 0.01),直线回归方程成立,相关指数亦相当接近,剂量-效应拟合均为线性模式,回归系数间差异无统计学意义(P < 0.05),回归直线的形态基本重叠;③验证:本研究的3条剂量-曲线估算受照10.0 Gy的结果误差均 ≤ 8%,均符合生物学实验一般允许的15%。结论 本研究的3个方法制作的3条曲线均可用于大剂量电离辐射损伤的生物剂量估算,但以改进法的50 h培养速度快,可作为事故应急首选的方法。     

Q-band EPR biodosimetry in tooth enamel microsamples: feasibility test and comparison with x-band

A comparative study of electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry in Q- and X-bands has shown that Q-band is able to provide accurate measurements of radiation doses even below 0.5 Gy with tooth enamel samples as small as 2 mg. The optimal amount of tooth enamel for dose measurements in Q-band was found to be 4 mg. This is less than 1% of the total amount of tooth enamel in one molar tooth. Such a small amount of tooth enamel can be harmlessly obtained in an emergency requiring after-the-fact radiation dose measurement. The other important advantage of Q-band is full resolution of the radiation-induced EPR signal from the native, background signal. This separation makes dose response measurements much easier in comparison to conventional X-band measurements in which these overlapping signals necessitate special methods for doses below 0.5 Gy. The main disadvantages of Q-band measurements are a higher level of noise and lower spectral reproducibility than in X-band. The effect of these negative factors on the precision of dose measurements in Q-band could probably be reduced by improvement of sample fixation in the resonance cavity and better optimization of signal filtration to reduce high-frequency noise.     

Individual dose reconstruction among residents living in the vicinity of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site using EPR spectroscopy of tooth enamel

Individual accumulated doses were determined by EPR spectroscopy of tooth enamel for 26 adult persons residing in territories adjacent to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS). The absorbed dose values due to radiation from nuclear tests were obtained after subtracting the contribution of natural background radiation from the total accumulated dose. The determined dose values ranged up to 250 mGy, except for one person from Semipalatinsk city with a measured dose of 2.8 +/- 0.4 Gy. Increased dose values were determined for the individuals whose teeth were formed before 1962, the end of the atmospheric nuclear tests. These values were found to be significantly larger than those obtained for a group of younger residents of heavily exposed territories and the residents of territories not exposed to radioactive fallout. These increased dose values are consistent with those based on officially registered data for the Northeastern part of Kazakstan adjacent to SNTS, which was exposed to high levels of radioactive fallout from nuclear tests in period 1949-1962.     

ESR investigation of sucrose radicals produced by 0.25?4.5 Gy doses of X-ray irradiation

We investigated stable radicals produced by 0.25−4.5 Gy doses of X-ray irradiation of sucrose. Electron spin resonance (ESR) is able to observe the signal from sucrose irradiated at 0.25 Gy. The ESR signal intensity of the radicals is related to the accumulated dose, and it increases linearly with increasing absorbed dose. In addition, we examined the effect of dose rate (0.50−1.5 Gy/min) on the signal intensity of the irradiated sucrose. The stable radical production did not exhibit dose rate dependence. In addition, the peak corresponding to the irradiated glucose was observed to increase more with increasing absorbed dose than the peak corresponding to irradiated fructose. Therefore, the present ESR results regarding the 0.25−4.5 Gy irradiation of sucrose provide new insights into a possible sucrose ESR dosimeter.     

PCC-ring induction in human lymphocytes exposed to gamma and neutron irradiation

In case of an accidental overexposure to ionizing radiation where the dose received by the victim is over 5 Gy, the conventional biological indicator of dose, the dicentric assay, does not provide an accurate enough dose measurement. A more appropriate technique is to measure ring chromosomes in stimulated lymphocytes. Dose-effect relationships were obtained by plotting the frequencies of Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC)-rings in PCC lymphocytes obtained by chemical induction with Calyculin A in vitro, irradiated with doses between 5 to 25 Gy. Cells were exposed either to neutron or to gamma rays and the corresponding dose effect curves are presented in this paper for the first time in literature. For the elaboration of these curves, 9 675 PCC cells in G1 G2 and M/A stages were analysed. The results were fitted to a lineal model in gamma irradiation up to 25 Gy. For neutron irradiation the data was fitted to a lineal model up to 10 Gy, and then dose saturation was observed. In conclusion, with this technique it is possible to set up dose effect curves up to 25 or 10 Gy according to the gamma or neutron radiation.     

EPR dose reconstruction for Russian nuclear workers

The present paper describes results of the first independent evaluation of the accuracy of the dose-reconstruction technique by electron paramagnetic resonance using tooth enamel. Each of twenty-four teeth donated by Mayak nuclear workers with known occupational radiation exposure histories was cut into two parts so that each tooth could be shared for blind electron paramagnetic resonance examination by at least two of the four laboratories participating in the study. The mean difference (+/- SD) between electron paramagnetic resonance estimates of the paired samples of each tooth shared by the two laboratories in best agreement was 0.02 +/- 0.15 Gy. Mayak workers can be classified into two groups: modern workers (after 1961) having reliable official dose information and earlier nuclear workers whose dose information is less reliable because they were exposed mainly before 1961. Film badges did not contain filters until 1954. Doses in this earlier group are much higher (up to 5 Gy). Comparison of the electron paramagnetic resonance results with tooth doses calculated from official film-badge doses showed a close agreement for the first group, whereas in the second group, official doses appeared to be slightly higher than the electron paramagnetic resonance doses. The results suggested a possibility that the official doses were somewhat overestimated among the high-dose-exposed workers. Consequently, cancer risks derived from this high-dose group might tend to be slightly underestimated.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence in situ hybridization-based investigations of individual doses for persons living at Metlino in the upper reaches of the Techa River

Waterborne releases to the Techa River from the Mayak Production Association in Russia during 1949-1956 resulted in significant doses to persons living downstream; the most contaminated village was Metlino, about 7 km from the site of release. Internal and external doses have been estimated for these residents using the Techa River Dosimetry System-2000 (TRDS-2000); the primary purpose is to support epidemiological studies of the members of the Extended Techa River Cohort. Efforts to validate the calculations of external and internal dose are considered essential. One validation study of the TRDS-2000 system has been performed by the comparison of calculated doses to quartz from bricks in old buildings at Metlino with those measured by luminescence dosimetry. Two additional methods of validation considered here are electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of teeth and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) measurements of chromosome translocations in circulating lymphocytes. For electron paramagnetic resonance, 36 measurements on 26 teeth from 16 donors from Metlino were made at the GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health (16 measurements) and the Institute of Metal Physics (20 measurements); the correlation among measurements made at the two laboratories has been found to be 0.99. Background measurements were also made on 218 teeth (63 molars, 128 premolars, and 27 incisors). Fluorescence in situ hybridization measurements were made for 31 residents of Metlino. These measurements were handicapped by the analysis of a limited number of cells; for several individuals no stable translocations were observed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization measurements were also made for 39 individuals believed to be unexposed. The EPR- and FISH-based estimates agreed well for permanent residents of Metlino: 0.67 +/- 0.21 Gy and 0.48 +/- 0.18 Gy (mean +/- standard error of the mean), respectively. Results of the two experimental methods also agreed well with the estimates derived from the use of the TRDS-2000. For all persons investigated according to each technique, the EPR-measured dose to enamel was 0.55 +/- 0.17 Gy, and the TRDS-2000 prediction for the dose to enamel for these individuals is 0.55 +/- 0.07 Gy. The fluorescence in situ hybridization-based dose, 0.38 +/- 0.10 Gy, compared well to the TRDS-2000 prediction of external dose, 0.31 +/- 0.03 Gy, to red bone marrow for these persons. Validation of external doses at the remaining villages is an active area of investigation.