人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞诱导胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞及体内造血重建

背景:研究证实多种造血生长因子、基质细胞饲养层及其条件培养液可促进胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化.目的:以人主动脉-性腺-中肾(aorta-gonad-mesonephros,AGM)区基质细胞为饲养层体外诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞,并比较不同移植途径对造血干细胞体内造血重建能力的影响.方法:将小鼠E14 胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体,采用Transwell非接触共培养体系在人AGM区基质细胞饲养层上诱导6 d,接种NOD-SCID小鼠检测体内致瘤性.再将诱导后的拟胚体细胞移植经致死量60Co γ射线辐照的BALB/C雌鼠,受鼠随机分为静脉移植组、骨髓腔移植组、照射对照组及正常对照组.结果与结论:拟胚体细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞占(13.12±1.30)%.NOD-SCID小鼠皮下接种经人AGM区基质细胞诱导的拟胚体细胞可出现畸胎瘤,经骨髓腔接种未见肿瘤形成.静脉移植组动物全部死亡,骨髓腔移植组生存率为55.6%,移植后21 d外周血象基本恢复,存活受鼠检测到供体来源Sry基因.提示小鼠胚胎干细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导分化的造血干细胞通过骨髓腔移植安全并具有一定的造血重建能力.     

人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞诱导胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞及体内造血重建

背景：研究证实多种造血生长因子、基质细胞饲养层及其条件培养液可促进胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化。目的：以人主动脉-性腺-中肾（aorta-gonad-mesonephros,AGM）区基质细胞为饲养层体外诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞,并比较不同移植途径对造血干细胞体内造血重建能力的影响。方法：将小鼠E14胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体,采用Transwell非接触共培养体系在人AGM区基质细胞饲养层上诱导6d,接种NOD-SCID小鼠检测体内致瘤性。再将诱导后的拟胚体细胞移植经致死量60Coγ射线辐照的BALB/C雌鼠,受鼠随机分为静脉移植组、骨髓腔移植组、照射对照组及正常对照组。结果与结论：拟胚体细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1＋c-Kit＋细胞占（13.12±1.30）%。NOD-SCID小鼠皮下接种经人AGM区基质细胞诱导的拟胚体细胞可出现畸胎瘤,经骨髓腔接种未见肿瘤形成。静脉移植组动物全部死亡,骨髓腔移植组生存率为55.6%,移植后21d外周血象基本恢复,存活受鼠检测到供体来源Sry基因。提示小鼠胚胎干细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导分化的造血干细胞通过骨髓腔移植安全并具有一定的造血重建能力。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对胚胎干细胞造血分化的影响

骨髓间充质干细胞作为骨髓基质细胞的前体细胞 ,在体外具有一定的造血支持作用 ,与造血干细胞共移植可促进其植入。本研究旨在初步探讨应用小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞与胚胎干细胞共培养作为一种新的分化体系的可行性。首先分离、培养并鉴定小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞 ,然后利用扩增培养的骨髓间充质干细胞与胚胎干细胞共培养 ,通过造血集落培养和RT PCR观察造血分化的特点。结果表明 ,分离、扩增培养至第四代之后的骨髓间充质干细胞形态均一 ,高表达Sca 1,CD2 9,CD4 4和CD10 5 ,而CD34和CD4 5等造血与内皮细胞特异性表面标志呈阴性 ;特异性诱导体系内传代后 (>4代 )的骨髓间充质干细胞可向脂肪细胞和成骨细胞分化。与悬浮分化体系相比 ,骨髓间充质干细胞共培养体系中初始分化的胚胎干细胞含有显著增加的拟胚体形成细胞而没有造血集落形成细胞。此外 ,RT PCR检测发现 :共培养细胞表达胚胎干细胞特异性转录因子Oct 4 ,而造血标记Flk 1,GATA 1和 β H1为阴性。结论 :间充质干细胞在一定程度上抑制了胚胎干细胞的初始分化 ,但是共培养体系来源的拟胚体产生造血集落的能力显著高于悬浮体系     

两种人胚胎干细胞体外诱导CD34＋造血前体细胞方法的比较

目的对比小鼠骨髓基质细胞系OP9共培养和二维单层诱导方法体外诱导人胚胎干细胞（hESCs）产生CD34＋造血前体细胞的效率,为后续研究提供参考。方法采用hESCs与OP9共培养方法或用二维单层诱导方法诱导hESCs产生CD34＋造血前体细胞,通过流式细胞仪检测分化效率,比较两种方法的效果。结果通过hESCs／OP9共培养方法,hESCs在分化第9日出现CD34＋细胞,比例达（19．7±7．9）％;通过二维单层诱导方法,hESCs在分化第6日即出现CD34＋细胞,比例仅为（5．8±1．8）％,两种方法分化效率比较差异具统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论hESCs／OP9共培养方法和二维单层诱导方法均可将hESCs诱导为造血前体细胞,相对于二维单层诱导方法,hESCs／OP9共培养方法尽管需要更长的时间,但其分化效率更高,更有利于后续研究。     

含人AGM区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞培养体系程序化诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞的分化

背景:前期已分别制备人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞系及胎肝基质细胞系,发现前者可促进小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化为造血干细胞.目的:模拟胚胎发育过程中永久造血发育的时空顺序,探讨人主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区、胎肝(FL)及骨髓(BM)基质细胞对小鼠胚胎干细胞体外诱导分化为造血干细胞的支持作用,以寻求更佳的诱导条件.方法:将小鼠E14 胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体(EB),并利用Transwell 非接触共培养体系依次在人主动脉-性腺-中肾区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化,按不同诱导阶段分为拟胚体对照、EB/AGM、EB/AGM+FL 和EB/AGM+FL+BM共4 组.共培养6 d 后分别收获各组拟胚体来源细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞含量,进行各系造血细胞集落形成单位分析并观察细胞形态.结果与结论:①EB/AGM+FL 组和EB/AGM+FL+BM 组收获细胞涂片均发现原始造血细胞.②拟胚体来源细胞经AGM 区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1+c-Kit+ 细胞明显升高(P < 0.05).③拟胚体对照组造血细胞集落形成单位低于其他各组(P < 0.05),而EB/AGM+FL、EB/AGM+FL+BM组造血细胞集落形成单位计数亦较EB/AGM组明显增高.提示AGM+FL 和AGM+FL+骨髓基质细胞微环境对原始造血干细胞的扩增效应均明显高于单纯主动脉-性腺-中肾饲养层.     

含人AGM区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞培养体系程序化诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞的分化

背景：前期已分别制备人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞系及胎肝基质细胞系,发现前者可促进小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化为造血干细胞。目的：模拟胚胎发育过程中永久造血发育的时空顺序,探讨人主动脉-性腺-中肾（AGM）区、胎肝（FL）及骨髓（BM）基质细胞对小鼠胚胎干细胞体外诱导分化为造血干细胞的支持作用,以寻求更佳的诱导条件。方法：将小鼠E14胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体（EB）,并利用Transwell非接触共培养体系依次在人主动脉-性腺-中肾区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化,按不同诱导阶段分为拟胚体对照、EB/AGM、EB/AGM＋FL和EB/AGM＋FL＋BM共4组。共培养6d后分别收获各组拟胚体来源细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1＋c-Kit＋细胞含量,进行各系造血细胞集落形成单位分析并观察细胞形态。结果与结论：①EB/AGM＋FL组和EB/AGM＋FL＋BM组收获细胞涂片均发现原始造血细胞。②拟胚体来源细胞经AGM区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1＋c-Kit＋细胞明显升高（P〈0.05）。③拟胚体对照组造血细胞集落形成单位低于其他各组（P〈0.05）,而EB/AGM＋FL、EB/AGM＋FL＋BM组造血细胞集落形成单位计数亦较EB/AGM组明显增高。提示AGM＋FL和AGM＋FL＋骨髓基质细胞微环境对原始造血干细胞的扩增效应均明显高于单纯主动脉-性腺-中肾饲养层。     

按造血发育程序诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞为造血干细胞重建体内造血的实验研究

为研究小鼠胚胎干细胞(ESC)定向诱导分化为造血干细胞(HSC)在体内重建造血的功能,将小鼠E14ESC诱导为拟胚体(EB),EB细胞利用Transwell非接触共培养体系在人主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区、胎肝(FL)及骨髓(BM)基质细胞饲养层上依次诱导,收获各阶段EB细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞含量,并接种于NOD-SCID小鼠以检测体内致瘤性。再将不同诱导阶段的EB来源细胞移植到经致死量60Coγ射线照射的BALB/c雌鼠,将受鼠随机分为5组:①AGM组,②AGM+FL组,③AGM+FL+BM组,④照射对照组,⑤正常对照组。观察各组生存率、造血重建和植入状况。结果显示:EB细胞经人AGM区和FL基质细胞共培养后Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞达到峰值(21.96±2.54)%;NOD-SCID小鼠在接种经人AGM区基质细胞诱导的EB细胞后可出现畸胎瘤,而接种经人AGM区+FL基质细胞诱导EB细胞后未见肿瘤形成;AGM组及照射对照组动物全部死亡,而AGM+FL组及AGM+FL+BM组生存率分别为77.8%、66.7%,移植后21天外周血象基本恢复,在存活受鼠检测到供体来源Sry基因。结论:按胚胎造血发育程序,体外经人AGM区、FL及BM基质细胞连续诱导小鼠ESC分化的HSC可安全、有效地重建体内造血。     

不同培养体系下iPS细胞分化为造血干细胞差异的研究

目的:探讨不同培养体系条件下诱导多能干细胞(iPS)体外分化为造血干细胞的能力差异。方法:比较2种无滋养层培养液——E8和mTESR及经典ES培养体系下培养的iPS细胞,在体外与小鼠骨髓基质细胞OP9细胞共培养,诱导iPS细胞分化为造血干/祖细胞。采用流式细胞术及实时定量PCR方法分别检测造血特异标志物的表达,比较3种培养液对iPS体外造血分化的影响。结果:3种不同培养液培养的iPS均可分化为造血干细胞,经典ES培养体系培养的iPS诱导造血效率达28.4%,明显高于无滋养层E8和m TESR培养体系。结论:iPS与OP9共培养可分化为造血干/祖细胞,且使用经典ES培养液培养iPS更有利于其向造血系的分化。     

多西环素诱导表达下IL-3基因转染小鼠骨髓基质细胞促进造血

本研究探讨用多西环素调控IL-3基因表达的小鼠骨髓基质细胞系对小鼠造血干细胞增殖分化的促进作用。构建含小鼠IL-3基因逆转录病毒载体系统，转染小鼠骨髓基质细胞系，获得QXMSClTet-on-IL-3；体外加入多西环素诱导IL-3基因表达并检测IL-3表达活性；观察细胞培养条件上清液对造血祖细胞集落形成单位的作用及QXMSClTet-on-IL-3与骨髓细胞共培养对造血干细胞增殖分化的影响。结果表明：多西环素提高了QXMSClTet-on-IL-3细胞系IL-3的表达，促进骨髓造血祖细胞克隆形成数；与骨髓细胞共培养可促进造血干细胞的增殖分化。结论：应用多西环素诱导外源基因转染的骨髓基质细胞IL-3的表达，可促进造血。     

Transwell小室环境下兔成骨样细胞与骨髓基质干细胞的共培养及成骨分化

背景:以往在体外采用地塞米松、生长因子或用成骨样细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞按1∶1混合培养诱导成骨均存在种种局限。目的:观察在 Transwell小室环境下成骨样细胞与骨髓基质干细胞体外共培养及成骨样细胞定向诱导骨髓基质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的可行性。方法:取第 3代乳兔成骨样细胞与第3代兔骨髓基质干细胞接种共培养于Transwell小室内,成骨样细胞接种于培养板底层,骨髓基质干细胞接种于 Transwell膜内膜上作为实验组。以骨髓基质干细胞单独接种于Transwell 小室内,下层为基础培养液作为对照组。结果与结论:实验组共培养骨髓基质干细胞明显向成骨细胞分化,细胞碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。实验组骨髓基质干细胞茜素红染色强阳性,可见呈红色结节,经PT-PCR扩增后,可见成骨启动基因核心结合因子α1的表达;对照组未见矿化结节。说明应用Transwell小室可实现成骨样细胞与骨髓基质干细胞体外共培养,并能定向诱导骨髓基质干细胞向成骨细胞分化。     

神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞

所有的肿瘤组织并不是由均一的肿瘤细胞所组成的,不同的细胞具有不同的增殖、浸润和转移能力,亦即肿瘤的异质性.其中存在少数担当着干细胞角色的肿瘤细胞,具有干细胞的基本特性,包括自我更新能力、无限的增殖能力和多向分化潜能,为肿瘤干细胞.神经干细胞具有很强的自我更新机制,获得较少突变即有可能恶性转化,而且干细胞存活时间较长,这意味着干细胞比成熟细胞发生细胞复制的错误几率更大.因外界环境的刺激而发生突变的机会更多,最终形成脑胶质瘤干细胞,同时调节神经干细胞增殖和自我更新的基因在脑胶质瘤的脑胶质瘤干细胞中也表达,这也是支持神经干细胞是脑胶质瘤干细胞来源的;也有推测认为它可能起源于已分化的细胞,由这些细胞突变发生去分化得来,并通过基因突变而获得了干细胞自我更新的特性,从而形成脑胶质瘤干细胞.通过探讨神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞,为脑胶质瘤的治疗提供依据.     

Hematopoietic stem cells and mature blood cells from pluripotent stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells could be good sources for obtaining massive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mature blood cells. Coculture with feeder cells and embryoid body formation are two major strategies to induce hematopoietic differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. Derivation of HSC with ability of reconstituting human hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice has been achieved. It is also possible to generate mature blood cells such as neutrophils, erythrocytes, and platelets from pluripotent stem cells. Their morphologies, phenotypes, and functions are usually very similar to those of normal counterparts. However, a breakthrough is needed to overcome the issue of "yield", which still stands as a high barrier to reach clinical applications.     

表皮干细胞与毛囊干细胞生物学特性的比较

背景:获取更合适的组织工程皮肤种子细胞可使皮肤功能得到更好的修复。目的:分离、培养表皮干细胞和毛囊干细胞,并比较两种细胞的生物学特性。方法:体外分离培养2月龄新西兰兔表皮干细胞和毛囊干细胞,取生长良好的第2,3,6代细胞观察其生物学特性。结果与结论:毛囊干细胞较表皮干细胞贴壁快,具有更高的增殖活性。免疫组化及荧光定量PCR检测显示毛囊干细胞β1整合素、角蛋白19蛋白及mRNA表达均明显高于表皮干细胞。提示作为皮肤组织工程的种子细胞,毛囊干细胞较表皮干细胞更具优势。     

Muscle-derived stem cells

The existence of cells with stem cell-like abilities derived from various tissues can now be extended to include the skeletal muscle compartment. Although researchers have focused on the utilization of these cells with regard to their myogenic capacity, initially exploring more efficient cellular therapy treatments for muscular dystrophy, it is becoming increasingly apparent that such cells may one day be used in the treatment of non-myogenic disorders. Evidence regarding the existence and differentiation capacity of muscle-derived stem cells is discussed, along with current theories regarding their proposed position within the myogenic hierarchy.     

Leukaemic stem cells

All haemopoietic cell lineages arise from multipotential self-renewing stem cells that give rise to committed progenitor cells. These progenitor cells subsequently differentiate into more lineage-committed cells with a restricted range of plasticity. A hierarchical order is considered to exist, where lineage commitment and differentiation are thought to be irreversible. As cells differentiate, they gradually lose the ability to self-renew. The most primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells have the ability to reconstitute long-term haemopoiesis in myeloablated recipients. However, as cells differentiate, there is an orchestrated silencing of some genes and activation of others, resulting in lineage commitment and generally a reduction in proliferative ability. Here, we discuss potential differences between normal and leukaemic stem cells, some of which may have therapeutic implications.     

Mesenchymal stem cells

About 40 years ago Friedenstein described stromal cells in the bone marrow that were spindle shaped and proliferate to form colonies. These cells attach to plastic and are able to differentiate under defined in vitro conditions into multiple cell types present in many different tissues, e.g. osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, etc. Later on these cells, obtained from postnatal bone marrow, were called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or stromal stem cells. Recently the presence of somewhat similar cells has been demonstrated in many other tissues too. In spite of extensive attempts to characterize these cells we are still lacking definitive in vivo markers of MSC although retrospective functional data strongly support the existence of common adult stem cells that have the capacity to differentiate along various specific differentiation lineages. Since MSC can be rather easily isolated from the bone marrow and can also be expanded in vitro they have become a prime target for researchers of tissue regeneration. These cells have now been extensively used for transplantation experiments in animals and also for some therapeutic trials in humans. However, much new research is needed to learn enough on the molecular mechanisms of MSC differentiation to evaluate their full capacity for tissue regeneration.     

Mesenchymal stem cells

About 40 years ago Friedenstein described stromal cells in the bone marrow that were spindle shaped and proliferate to form colonies. These cells attach to plastic and are able to differentiate under defined in vitro conditions into multiple cell types present in many different tissues, e.g. osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, etc. Later on these cells, obtained from postnatal bone marrow, were called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or stromal stem cells. Recently the presence of somewhat similar cells has been demonstrated in many other tissues too. In spite of extensive attempts to characterize these cells we are still lacking definitive in vivo markers of MSC although retrospective functional data strongly support the existence of common adult stem cells that have the capacity to differentiate along various specific differentiation lineages. Since MSC can be rather easily isolated from the bone marrow and can also be expanded in vitro they have become a prime target for researchers of tissue regeneration. These cells have now been extensively used for transplantation experiments in animals and also for some therapeutic trials in humans. However, much new research is needed to learn enough on the molecular mechanisms of MSC differentiation to evaluate their full capacity for tissue regeneration.     

Cancer stem cells

The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has had a major effect on the fields of cancer cell biology and clinical oncology. CSCs were originally described in hematologic malignancies, and subsequently in a variety of solid tumors. Their unique biological characteristics, including self-renewal capability, stem cell signaling pathways, relative quiescence and resistance to standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy are providing researchers and clinicians with new challenges. One important outcome of this new perspective on tumors is the recognition that effective treatment approaches will need to target both the rapidly proliferating bulk tumor cells, and the quiescent CSCs, which contain the ability to reestablish the malignancy when treatment is withdrawn. The clinical laboratory will undoubtedly see an influx of new molecular and histopathological tests to augment initial diagnosis, treatment decisions, and prognostic monitoring of cancer patients related to identifying and quantifying these as CSCs.     

肺干细胞、肺癌干细胞与肺癌

背景:随着肿瘤干细胞理论的出现,近年来通过杀死肿瘤干细胞而治疗肿瘤的研究逐渐兴起,并取得一定的进展。目的:综述肺干细胞、肺癌干细胞及肺癌的研究进展。方法:应用计算机检索中国全文期刊数据库及PubMed相关文献,检索词分别为"肺癌干细胞、肺癌、肺干细胞","lung stem cell,lung cancer stem cell,lungcancer,cancer stem cell",并限定语言为英语和中文,最终入选32篇文章进行综述。结果与结论:肺癌干细胞可能起源于正常肺组织干细胞,而肺癌干细胞可能是肺癌发生的重要因素。随着对肺癌干细胞研究的深入,肺癌治疗将会进入一个崭新的阶段。