ICU中心肺复苏结果的五年回顾

目的：了解ICU中心肺复苏病人的复苏成功率,存活率以及基础疾病与复苏成功率之间的关系。方法：对1995年－1999年在我院急救科ICU中经历过心肺复苏（CPR）的病人病史进行回顾性研究。结果：5年中共有153例病人经历过CPR,平均年龄59岁,39例（25．5％）CPR成功,但最终仅有10例（6．5％）存活出院,CPR后存活者与未存活者在年龄和CPR持续时间上有一定差别,在性别和基础疾病上无明显差异,CPR前的基础疾病分别为心脑血管疾病44例（28．8）,感染性疾病26例（17．0％）,胃肠道疾病18例（11．8％）,呼吸系统疾病14例（9．2％）。恶性肿瘤14例（9．2％）等。结论：年龄是影响ICU中心腹复苏成功与否的一项重要因素,心脑血管疾病和感染性疾病是ICU中心跳呼吸停止的主要基础疾病。     

影响心肺复苏预后的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响心肺复苏预后的相关因素，为治疗提供依据。方法回顾分析我院急诊重症监护室2001—01～2005—05心肺复苏患者48例，按复苏成功与否分为复苏失败组（A组）、复苏成功组（B组）和存活出院组（C组）。分析患者年龄、合并疾病、骤停时间、抢救时间、存活时间、Glasgow评分和APACHEⅡ评分。结果与A组比较，B组和C组年龄、骤停时间、抢救时间差异具有显著性（P〈0．05），但两组间差异不明显；与A组和B组比较，C组存活时间、Glasgow评分和APACHEⅡ评分相差非常显著（P〈0．01）。三组患者均合并多种疾病，而以合并心脑血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病为首位。结论年龄是复苏成功的重要因素，合并心脑血管和呼吸系统疾病是心脏骤停高危因素，骤停时间是复苏成功的关键，脑复苏成功是存活出院的最重要因素，APACHEH评分能评估心肺复苏的预后。     

院前心搏骤停患者心肺复苏后自主循环恢复与存活出院的相关影响因素研究

目的:以院前心搏骤停患者为病例对象,观察影响其心肺复苏(CPR)后自主循环恢复与存活出院的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2018-01—2018-12期间行院前CPR的105例心搏骤停患者临床资料,对其进行跟踪随访,观察CPR后自主循环恢复与存活患者的病情特点,用Logistic回归方程计算,分析其相关影响因素。结果:本研究所选105例心搏骤停行CPR患者中,最终死亡78例(74.29%);自主循环恢复出院组与死亡组在基础疾病、心律类型、气管插管、心搏骤停原因、心脏停博耗时、群众性的CPR、院前CPR抢救时间、心肺复苏进行次数、肾上腺素注入剂量、入院至电除颤开始时间等一般资料上出现较大差异,数据对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);将上述差异有统计学意义的资料代入Logistic回归方程进行计算,发现基础疾病、心律类型、气管插管、心搏骤停原因、心搏骤停耗时、群众性的CPR、院前CPR抢救时间、心肺复苏进行次数、肾上腺素注入剂量、入院至电除颤开始时间是影响心搏骤停患者CPR后自主循环恢复与否的相关因素。结论:影响院前心搏骤停患者心肺复苏后自主循环恢复与存活出院的因素很多,其中复苏前心律,尤其是室颤/室速、急救反应时间和复苏时间长短是影响患者存活的重要因素,而群众CPR与低剂量肾上腺素可能会提高院前CPR出院成功率。     

脑复苏中能量代谢与细胞凋亡

现代心肺复苏(CPR)技术始于20世纪50年代末60年代初,经过50多年的发展,CPR技术水平日臻完善.然而,CPR尤其是脑复苏的现状仍不能令人满意.在CPR后存活的患者中,80%都经历了不同时间的昏迷,其中40%的患者进入了持续植物状态,仅1%～8%的院外心搏骤停患者能够无神经损害出院[1].     

脑复苏中能量代谢与细胞凋亡

现代心肺复苏(CPR)技术始于20世纪50年代末60年代初,经过50多年的发展,CPR技术水平日臻完善.然而,CPR尤其是脑复苏的现状仍不能令人满意.在CPR后存活的患者中,80%都经历了不同时间的昏迷,其中40%的患者进入了持续植物状态,仅1%～8%的院外心搏骤停患者能够无神经损害出院[1].     

急诊重症监护病房心肺复苏成功相关因素分析

目的:探讨急诊重症监护病房(ICU)心肺复苏(CPR)成功相关因素分析。方法:对我院256例接受CPR的患者的临床资料及合并症与心肺复苏成功率进行相关性分析。结果:在急诊ICU心肺复苏成功率46%。年龄、性别及复苏前心脏电生理状况对CPR的成功率无明显影响,合并有呼吸衰竭、肾功能衰竭、弥散性血管内凝血、脑疝的CPR成功率下降。气管插管所需的时间越短,复苏成功率越高。结论:在急诊ICU内CPR的成功与患者原发病及合并症有关;与气管插管时间呈负相关。     

65例心肺复苏病例临床分析

目的：探讨进一步提高急诊心肺复苏（CPR）水平的方法。方法：回顾性分析心跳呼吸骤停患者65例的临床资料。结果：有效共计15例,显效3例,CPR成功率23％。存活出院率为5％。结论：患者年龄、病因、心律失常类型、采取措施、CPR持续时间、成功的电击除颤、建立通畅呼吸道和有效呼吸及血管活性药物的应用、均影响复苏的成功率。     

儿童重症监护病房心肺复苏的回顾性分析

目的分析在儿童重症监护病房(PICU)心肺复苏(CPR)的有效性及影响CPR存活率的因素。方法回顾性分析PICU发生呼吸心跳骤停而行CPR的临床情况,评价其与CPR存活率的关系。不包括仅用辅助正压通气或复苏药物而未施行胸外按压的病例。结果1998年4月至2004年8月间北京儿童医院PICU共258例患儿施行CPR,131例(50.8%)初步复苏成功,36例(14.0%)治愈出院。性别和年龄对存活率的影响差异无显著性。原发病及其合并症对存活率有显著影响。入PICU24h内及24h后行CPR其存活率分别为23.1%和17.4%;CPR时间≤5min,5～15min及≥5min的存活率分别为53.7%,23.5%和2.1%,差异均有显著性。CPR次数增多存活率下降。结论PICU行CPR后患儿的存活率较低。原发病及其合并症、复苏时间、复苏次数及入住ICU至心肺复苏时间是影响存活率的重要因素。     

急诊心肺复苏4年间变化趋势的单中心研究

目的：分析急诊心搏骤停（CA）患者实施心肺复苏（CPR）成功与否的相关因素,以提高CPR的能力及常见急诊疾病的防治策略。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院急诊科CPR患者的临床资料,对病例数量、疾病种类、CPR有关时程及成功率等数据进行统计分析。结果4年共救治急诊CPR患者340例,CPR患者的数量呈逐年上升趋势,2010、2011、2012、2013年分别为90、75、83、92例;其中心血管系统疾病稳居首位（共108例）,其余依次为病因不详、严重创伤、各类急性中毒、神经系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、消化系统疾病、恶性肿瘤晚期。340例患者中复苏成功74例,成功率为21.76%;其中以药物中毒、农药中毒后CPR复苏成功率最高,分别为58.33%、50.00%,最低的是恶性肿瘤晚期（10.00%）和各种严重创伤（交通事故18.75%、高空坠落5.00%、其他14.29%）。从整体上来看,CA至CPR开始时间逐年缩短（字2＝23.858,P＝0.021）,且CA患者在CA发生5 min内进行CPR的比例逐年提高,至2013年高达57.6%;2010、2011、2012、2013年CPR成功率逐年提高,分别为14.44%、12.00%、26.51%和32.61%。4年中有217例CA患者除颤,其中单次除颤83例,多次除颤134例,成功率分别为34.94％、19.40％（字2＝6.539,P＝0.011）。结论CPR成功与否与患者的基础疾病、CA至CPR开始时间及除颤次数有关。应加强社区群众、高危作业人员的急救知识及CPR技术的普及,让群众参与自救、互救,可有效提高CPR成功率。加强急救中心建设,引进先进的CPR设备,建设高效的CPR团队,加强人员业务及技能培训,是提高CPR成功率的关键。     

1例心源性猝死病人的成功救治及护理

2008年1月12日我院经过125min持续心肺复苏（CPR）成功救治了1例急性心肌梗死致心搏、呼吸骤停病人,并完全康复出院。现报告如下。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.