Comparison of abdominoperineal resection and low anterior resection in lower and middle rectal cancer

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate local control and survival rates following abdominoperineal resection (APR) compared with low anterior resection (LAR) in lower and middle rectal cancer.MethodsIn this retrospective study, 153 patients with newly histologically proven rectal adenocarcinoma located at low and middle third that were treated between 2004 and 2010 at a tertiary hospital. The tumors were pathologically staged according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. Surgery was applied for 138 (90%) of the patients, of which 96 (70%) underwent LAR and 42 were (30%) treated with APR. Total mesorectal excision was performed for all patients. In addition, 125 patients (82%) received concurrent (neoadjuvant, adjuvant or palliative) pelvic chemoradiation, and 134 patients (88%) received neoadjuvant, adjuvant or concurrent chemotherapy. Patients’ follow-up ranged from 4 to 156 (median 37) months.ResultsOf 153 patients, 89 were men and 64 were women with a median age of 57 years. One patient (0.7%) was stage 0, 15 (9.8%) stage I, 63 (41.2%) stage II, 51 (33.3%) stage III and 23 (15%) stage IV. There was a significant difference between LAR and APR in terms of tumor distance from anal verge, disease stage and combined modality therapy used. However, there was no significant difference regarding 5-year local control, disease free and overall survival rates between LAR and APR.ConclusionLAR can provide comparable local control, disease free and overall survival rates compared with APR in eligible patients with lower and middle rectal cancer.     

Comparison of oncological outcomes between low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer: A retrospective cohort study using a multicenter database in Japan

BackgroundIt remains controversial whether the abdominoperineal resection (APR) procedure itself has a negative impact on prognosis compared with sphincter-saving surgery (SSS). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the operation type affects the prognostic outcome in rectal cancer using a multicenter database in Japan.MethodsThe study involved 2533 patients who underwent APR or SSS and were registered in the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum database, which includes data from 74 centers, between 2003 and 2007. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). The secondary endpoints were local recurrence rate (LRR) and pathological radial margin (pRM) status.ResultsMultivariate analysis identified pathological tumor depth, lymph node status, and pRM status to be associated with oncological outcomes (OS, RFS, LRR). Although the oncological outcomes were worse after APR than after SSS in univariate analysis, there was no significant difference in OS (hazard ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85–1.37) or RFS (hazard ratio 1.06; 95% CI 0.87–1.30) between APR and SSS. There was also no significant difference in LRR (odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.70–1.77). Multivariate analysis showed that operation type was associated with positive pRM (odds ratio 3.13, 95% CI 0.18–0.56).ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in oncological outcomes between APR and SSS for rectal cancer. The risk of positive pRM was higher for APR and performing radial margin-negative surgery is an important factor in improving the oncological outcomes of APR.     

直肠癌低位前切除术后肠功能改变的研究

直肠癌低位前切除术后,患者往往出现大便次数增多,大便失禁等排便功能障碍.研究表明,其功能障碍与新建直肠顺应性改变、肛门内括约肌功能损伤、内括约肌神经反射通路损伤、排便感觉变化等病理生理机制有关.     

High complication rate after low anterior resection for mid and high rectal cancer; results of a population-based study

Background

Surgical resection is the cornerstone of treatment for rectal cancer patients. Treatment options consist of a primary anastomosis, anastomosis with defunctioning stoma or end-colostomy with closure of the distal rectal stump. This study aimed to compare postoperative outcome of these three surgical options.

Methods

Data was derived from the national database of the Dutch Surgical Colorectal Audit. Mid and high rectal cancer patients who underwent rectal cancer resection between January 2011 and December 2012 were included. Endpoints were postoperative complications including anastomotic leakage, reinterventions, hospital stay and mortality within 30 days postoperative.

Results

In total, 2585 patients were included. Twenty-five per cent of all patients received a primary anastomosis; 51% an anastomosis with defunctioning stoma, and 24% an end-colostomy. More than one third of patients developed postoperative complications, the lowest rate being in the primary anastomosis group. Anastomotic leakage rates were 12% in patients with a primary anastomosis, and 9% in patients with an anastomosis with defunctioning stoma (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed more postoperative complications, prolonged hospital stay, and increased mortality rates in patients with a defunctioning stoma or end-colostomy. The latter had proportionally less invasive reinterventions when compared to the other two groups.

Conclusions

Patients with a primary anastomosis had the best postoperative outcome. A defunctioning stoma leads to a lower anastomotic leakage rate, though is associated with higher rates of complications, prolonged hospital stay and mortality. The decision to create a defunctioning stoma should be focus of future studies.     

Influence of hospital volume on the frequency of abdominoperineal resection and long-term oncological outcomes in low rectal cancer.

AIM: Studies analysing the outcome after resection of low rectal cancer that has not infiltrated the anal sphincter reveal poorer long-term outcomes after abdominoperineal resections (APR) in comparison with low anterior resections (LAR). Further, a relationship between the frequency of APR and LAR for low rectal cancer and hospital volume is known. Our aim was to investigate the independent impact of hospital volume and type of resection on oncological outcomes after resection of low rectal cancer. METHOD: In a prospective multi-centre observational study of 1557 patients with low rectal cancer undergoing LAR or APR, the long-term oncological outcomes were analysed for their dependence on hospital volume and type of procedure. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed that patients undergoing APR had a higher local recurrence rate (p = 0.022) and shorter disease-free survival (p < 0.001) than patients undergoing LAR, while hospital volume showed merely a tendency to impact the local recurrence rate (p = 0.060). With regard to disease-free survival, no dependence on hospital volume was to be found (p = 0.201). The rate of APR was significantly associated with hospital volume (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed an independent impact of hospital volume on local recurrence rate, while disease-free survival was influenced by the type of surgical procedure performed. CONCLUSION: In the surgical treatment of low rectal cancer the hospital volume has a major impact on outcome. The type of procedure does not affect the local recurrence rate but the disease free survival.     

Quality of life and anterior resection syndrome after surgery for mid to low rectal cancer: A cross-sectional study

Background

The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of life (QoL), low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) and fecal incontinence after surgery for mid to low rectal cancer and its relationship with the type of surgical procedure performed.

A novel nomogram to predict low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) after ileostomy reversal for rectal cancer patients

Background and aimLow anterior resection syndrome (LARS) in patients undergoing low or ultra-low anterior resection (LAR) is a common problem and significantly impacts the quality of life. Patients with an ileostomy after LAR are more likely to develop LARS. However, there hasn't been a model predicting LARS occurrence in these patients. This study aims to construct a nomogram to predict the probability of LARS occurrence in patients with temporary ileostomy and guide preventive strategies before reversal.Methods168 patients undergoing LAR with ileostomy from one center were enrolled as the training cohort, and 134 patients of the same inclusion criteria from another center were enrolled as the validation cohort. The training cohort was screened for risk factors for major LARS using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The nomogram was constructed using the filtered variables, the ROC curve was used to describe the model's discrimination, and the calibration was used to describe the accuracy.ResultsThe optimal cut-off value for stoma closure time was 128 days. Three risk factors were identified using logistic regression analysis: preoperative radiotherapy (OR = 3.038, [95%CI 1.75–5.015], P = 0.005), stoma closure time (OR = 2.298, [95%CI 1.088–4.858], P = 0.029) and pN stage (OR = 1.739, [95%CI 1.235–3.980], P = 0.001). A nomogram was constructed based on these three variables and showed good performance predicting major LARS after stoma reversal. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.827 in the training group and 0.821 in the validation group; The calibration curve suggested good precision in both groups.ConclusionsThis novel nomogram can accurately predict the probability of major LARS occurrence after ileostomy reversal for rectal cancer patients. This model can help screen ileostomy patients with high risks and guide individualized preventive strategies before stoma reversal.     

无切口腹腔镜下直肠外翻技术的直肠癌低位前切除术的近期疗效

目的 探讨经肛门自然腔道标本取出的无切口腹腔镜低位前切除术治疗中低位直肠癌患者的可行性、适应证和近期疗效.方法 收集应用直肠外翻拖出技术,行无切口的腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术患者的临床资料,分析患者术后排气时间、淋巴结清扫数目、吻合口瘘发生率等临床特征.结果 27例患者均行全腹腔镜直肠癌低位保肛术,中位手术时间为135 min,中位手术出血量为50 ml,中位术后恢复排气时间为48 h,中位术后住院时间为9d.27例患者远端切缘均未发现癌细胞,中位淋巴结清扫数目为18枚,术后发生吻合口瘘1例.结论 在经选择的适合此术式的患者中,利用直肠外翻技术的无切口腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术切实可行、安全可靠、近期疗效满意.     

建立预测直肠癌术后前切除综合征的列线图模型

目的:分析腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术后发生前切除综合征（low anterior resection syndrome,LARS）的独立危险因素,并构建列线图预测模型。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究,纳入并分析210例患者的临床病理资料。根据症状评分将患者分为LARS组和无LARS组,对临床资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。将筛选出的LARS独立危险因素引入R软件,构建LARS发生概率的列线图预测模型。收集模型建立后的病例81例,采用时段验证法进行外部验证;模型的区分度通过计算C-index评价;模型的一致性通过计算校正后的C-index,并使用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评价。结果:单因素分析中,新辅助治疗、体质量指数（BMI）、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离、吻合口瘘与术后发生LARS相关;多因素Logistic分析显示新辅助治疗（P=0.003）、BMI≥30 kg·m-2（P=0.035）、肿瘤下缘距肛缘<5 cm（P＜0.001）和吻合口瘘（P=0.007）是LARS的独立危险因素;本模型C-index为0.808,校正后C-index为0.794;经Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验,预测模型与实际观察值之间无差异（χ2=3.368 1,P=0.909 2）。结论:肥胖、低位肿瘤,术前新辅助治疗,存在吻合口瘘的患者发生LARS的风险较高。本研究构建的列线图对术后发生LARS有较高的预测价值,可为个体化选择手术方式、制定治疗方案提供依据。     

Maximizing rectal cancer results: TEM and TATA techniques to expand sphincter preservation

Rectal cancer management benefits from a multidisciplinary approach involving medical and radiation oncology as well as surgery. Presented are the current dominant issues in rectal cancer management with an emphasis on our treatment algorithm at the Lankenau Medical Center. By basing surgical decisions on the downstaged rectal cancer we explore how sphincter preservation can be extended even for cancers of the distal 3 cm of the rectum. TATA and TEM techniques can be used to effectively treat cancer from an oncologic standpoint while maintaining a high quality of life through sphincter preservation and avoidance of a permanent colostomy. We review the results of our efforts, including the use of advanced laparoscopy in the surgical management of low rectal cancers.     

Location of pelvic recurrence after «curative» low anterior resection for rectal cancer

AIMS: It has been emphasized that the mesorectum is the key to local recurrence after resection for rectal cancer. In view of this we studied the location of recurrences, relative to the bed of the primary tumour, the neorectum and the level of anastomoses, in patients referred for recurrences after low anterior resection (LAR) in the . METHODS: The relative level above the anal verge of the primary cancer, the anastomosis and the recurrence was registered by proctoscopy in 46 patients operated on for recurrent cancer after low anterior resection. The origin of the recurrence was determined from the operative specimen. RESULTS: The median level of the primary cancers was 10 cm above the anal verge, with the anastomoses 2 cm lower, the majority being within 2 cm. Most recurrences were within 1 cm of the anastomosis. No rectal cancer occurred more than 3 cm distal to the anastomosis. Seventy to 80% of recurrences started peri-rectally, most invading the anastomosis. CONCLUSIONS: The tumour bed is most often the origin of the recurrence. Recurrences were mostly due to inadequate radial, and in a few cases longitudinal, dissection of the mesorectum. Virtually all recurrences were within reach of the examining finger. At follow-up of rectal cancers most local recurrences can therefore be identified earlier by digital examination than by proctoscopy.     

吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

目的：探讨吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的使用方法及临床价值。方法：对2001年3月至2005年12月58例低位直肠癌术中应用吻合器保留肛门的病例资料进行分析。手术方法按照直肠癌根治性切除术及直肠系膜全切除术原则，切除近端肠管至少15cn，肿瘤下缘远端2era的直肠，应用吻合器在骶前行结一直肠端端吻合术以保留肛门。结果：全组病例均一次完成吻合，无1例手术死亡。吻合口狭窄2例、无吻合口瘘。随访1年～5年，复发2例。结论：应用吻合器在低位直肠癌术中保留肛门具有操作简单、方便、安全等优点，能提高患者的生存质量。     

Low anterior resection treatment for middle and lower rectal cancer

Objective: To evaluate the results of low anterior resection treatment for middle and lower rectal cancer.Methods: Clinical and follow-up data of 196 patients with middle and lower rectal cancer who received low anterior resection treatment from June 1991 to June 2001 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: anterior resection technique including double stapling technique, pull-through and Park‘s operations could get a standard radical resection and had no significant differences in 1, 3, 5 and 10 years survival rates comparing with the abdominoperineal resection (Miles‘). Conclusion: The experience suggests that the low anterior resection technique was sale and simple,had less bleeding and fewer complications and could increase the life-quality of the patients with rectal cancer.     

单吻合器在直肠癌超低位前切除术中的应用

目的:探讨单吻合器在直肠癌超低位前切除术(ULAR)中的临床应用效果。方法:对44例单吻合器直肠癌超低位吻合术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:所有病例均顺利接受手术,吻合口距肛缘位置为2.5～4cm,术后肛门控便功能良好,吻合口漏2例(4.5%),无吻合口出血及狭窄,局部复发3例(6.8%),1、3年生存率分别为97.44%、79.48%。结论:单吻合器同样可以完成直肠癌超低位吻合术,且手术效果及肛门功能良好,费用较低。熟练、正确地掌握单吻合器技术操作及提高全直肠系膜切除的手术技巧是手术成败的关键。     

Anal Sphincter Function after Intersphincteric Resection for Low Rectal Cancer

Objective:To assess the anal sphincter function after intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer by questionnaire and vectorial manometry.Methods:twenty five patients underwent intersphincteric resection,the controls contained 25 patients of rectal cancer who underwent low anterior resection and 25 healthy people.The therapeutic responses were evaluated using the Vaizey and Wexner scoring systems and vectorial manometry.Results:The Vaizey and Wexner scores after intersphincteric resection were significantly higher than those of low anterior resection controls at one month,but had no significant difference one year after.On the other hand,the indexes of vectorial manometry still had significant difference one year later.The indexes after intersphincteric resection could not reach the normal level.Conclusion:The anal sphincter function after intersphincteric resection is lower than that after low anterior resection in short term,although the long-term results can be accepted,it still can not reach the normal level.     

A systematic review of cancer related patient outcomes after anterior resection and abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer in the total mesorectal excision era

Purpose

It is a widely held view that anterior resection (AR) for rectal cancer is an oncologically superior operation to abdominoperineal excision (APE). However, some centres have demonstrated better outcomes with APE. We conducted a systematic review of high-quality studies within the total mesorectal excision (TME) era comparing outcomes of AR and APE.

Methods

A literature search was performed to identify studies within the TME era comparing AR and APE with regard to the following: circumferential resection margin (CRM) status, tumour perforation rates, specimen quality, local recurrence, overall survival (OS; 3 or 5 year), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Additional data regarding patient demographics and tumour characteristics was collected.

Results

Twenty four studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria with Newcastle–Ottawa scores of six or greater. Where a significant difference was found, all studies reported lower and more advanced tumours for APE and 4/5 studies observed more frequent use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies in APE patients. Tumour perforation rates and CRM involvement where reported, were significantly greater for APE. 8 out of 10 studies showing significant differences in local recurrence reported higher rates for APE but no differences were observed with distant recurrence. Where differences were noted, AR was reported to have increased DFS, CSS and OS compared to APE.

Conclusions

Patients treated with AR have lower rates of tumour perforation and CRM involvement and tend to have better outcomes with regard to disease recurrence and survival. However, tumours treated by APE are lower and more locally advanced.     

直肠癌前切除术后并发症的临床分析

目的探讨直肠癌前切除术(AR)后并发症的发生情况和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月间接受AR治疗的350例患者临床资料,分析并发症发生情况、危险因素和预防措施。结果 350例患者中,3例(0.9%)发生吻合口大出血,11例(3.1%)发生吻合口狭窄,9例(5.6%)发生吻合口瘘。吻合口瘘的发生与男性、手工吻合、手术前中重度贫血和低蛋白血症相关(P<0.05)。350例患者均经严密治疗和护理后痊愈。结论 AR后可发生吻合口大出血、吻合口狭窄和吻合口瘘等严重并发症,应严格掌握手术适应证,充分做好手术前准备,手术中及手术后严密观察,以便预防、及时发现和处理并发症,改善临床预后。