Dietary Protein Patterns during Pregnancy Are Associated with Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Pregnant Women

Controversies around the association between dietary protein intake and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) persist. To the best of our knowledge, this association has not previously been reported from the perspective of dietary protein patterns. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary protein patterns and GDM risk in pregnant women, and 1014 pregnant women (20–28 weeks of gestation) were recruited in Guangzhou, China, during 2017–2018. Maternal dietary information was collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire, which covered the most common foods consumed in Guangzhou, China. GDM was identified by a 75g oral glucose tolerance test. A K-means cluster analysis was conducted to aggregate individuals into three groups, which were determined by the major sources of protein. Logistic regression was employed to explore the relationship between dietary protein patterns and the risk of GDM. Among the 1014 participants, 191 (18.84%) were diagnosed with GDM. In the total population, when comparing the highest quartile with the lowest, we found that total protein and animal protein intake increased the risk of GDM with the adjusted odds ratios (95%CI) being 6.27, 5.43 (1.71–23.03, 1.71–17.22), respectively. Pregnant women were further divided into three dietary protein patterns, namely, white meat, plant–dairy–eggs, and red meat protein patterns. Compared to women with the plant–dairy–eggs protein pattern, those with the red meat protein pattern (OR: 1.80; 95%CI: 1.06–3.07) or white meat protein pattern (OR: 1.83; 95%CI: 1.04–3.24) had an increased risk of GDM. Higher dietary intakes of total or animal protein during mid-pregnancy were related to an increased risk of GDM. Furthermore, we first found that, compared to women with the plant–dairy–eggs protein pattern, women with the red meat or white meat protein patterns had a higher risk of GDM.     

The Prospective Associations of Lipid Metabolism-Related Dietary Patterns with the Risk of Diabetes in Chinese Adults

Background: This study aimed to identify lipid metabolism-related dietary patterns with reduced rank regression (RRR) among Chinese adults and examine their associations with incident diabetes. Methods: We derived lipid metabolism-related dietary patterns using an RRR with 21 food groups as predictors as well as total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference from the responses of 17,318 participants from the second resurvey of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB). The dietary scores were calculated for the entire cohort. We followed up 479,207 participants for diabetes incidence from the baseline and used multivariable Cox regression models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Two lipid metabolism-related dietary patterns were extracted. The dietary pattern—characterized by high intakes of fish, poultry, and other staples as well as fresh fruit and vegetables—was correlated with a higher BMI, waist circumference, and LDL cholesterol. Participants in the highest quintile (Q5) had a 44% increased risk of diabetes incidence when compared with those in the lowest quintile (Q1) (HR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.31–1.59). Conclusions: A dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of both animal and plant foods was related to obesity and dyslipidemia and could increase the risk of diabetes incidence.     

Reduced Rank Regression-Derived Dietary Patterns Related to the Fatty Liver Index and Associations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Ghanaian Populations under Transition: The RODAM Study

The Fatty Liver Index (FLI) is a proxy for the steatotic component of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). For sub-Saharan African populations, the contribution of dietary factors to the development of NAFLD in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains to be clarified. We identified sex-specific dietary patterns (DPs) related to the FLI using reduced ranked regression (RRR) and evaluated the associations of these DPs with T2DM. This analysis used data from the RODAM, a multi-center cross-sectional study of Ghanaian populations living in Ghana and Europe. The daily intake frequencies of 30 food groups served as the predictor variables, while the FLI was the response variable. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for T2DM were calculated per one standard deviation increase in the DP score using logistic regression. In males, the DP score explained 9.9% of the variation in their food intake and 16.0% of the variation in the FLI. This DP was characterized by high intakes of poultry, whole-grain cereals, coffee and tea, condiments, and potatoes, and the chance of T2DM was 45% higher per 1 DP score-SD (Model 2). Our results indicate that the intake of modernized foods was associated with proxies of NAFLD, possibly underlying the metabolic pathways to developing T2DM.     

Nutrition as Prevention Factor of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a glucose tolerance disorder with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is associated with several adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Management to reduce the incidence of GDM could decrease the incidence of these complications. Modification of nutrition in the prevention of GDM is postulated. The vital issue in GDM prevention is the implementation of proper dietary patterns, appropriate physical activity, and a combination of diet and lifestyle modifications. However, intervention studies examining the effects of diet and lifestyle on GDM prevention are contradictory. The aim of this study was to review the scientific evidence on nutritional prevention strategies, including diet and supplementation of some substances such as probiotics, micro/macroelements, fiber, myoinositol, and vitamins that may be effective in reducing the risk of GDM. The presented article is a narrative review. This article indicates that certain nutritional factors may have some benefit in preventing GDM. However, further studies in a variety of populations and large groups of patients are needed. At present, no definitive conclusions can be drawn as to the best intervention in the prevention of GDM.     

A Proinflammatory Diet Is Associated with Higher Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has a strong relationship with inflammation. However, it is unclear whether the dietary inflammatory potential is associated with PAD. We aimed to address this knowledge gap. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was obtained using a 24-h dietary recall interview for each individual. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline were performed to assess the relationship of DII with the prevalence of PAD. In addition, Spearman correlation analysis and subgroup analysis were also undertaken. In total, 5840 individuals from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were enrolled in our study. Participants in higher DII quartile tended to have higher rates of PAD. The increase in DII scores showed a positive association with PAD after fully multivariate adjustment (OR (odds ratios) = 1.094, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.022–1.171). The multivariable-adjusted OR and 95% CI of the highest DII index quartile compared with the lowest quartile was 1.543 (95% CI: 1.116–2.133). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the positive association between DII and PAD was persistent across population subgroups. In conclusion, we report that a proinflammatory dietary pattern is related to a higher risk of developing PAD among US adults.     

The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Network Meta-Analysis

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exacerbates the oxidative stress status of the pregnant women. Τo improve the oxidative stress status, several therapeutic interventions have been suggested. The aim of this network meta-analysis is to assess the effect of different dietary supplements on the oxidative stress status in pregnant women with GDM. Methods: A network meta-analysis of randomized control trials was performed comparing the changes delta (Δ) in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) as primary outcomes, following different therapeutic interventions with dietary supplements in pregnant women with GDM. Four electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched. The secondary outcomes were other markers of oxidative stress. Results: The meta-analysis included 16 studies of 1173 women with GDM. Regarding ΔTAC: probiotics and omega-3 with vitamin E were superior to placebo/no intervention. Regarding ΔMDA: vitamin D with calcium, omega-3, vitamin D, omega-3 with vitamin E, magnesium with zinc and calcium, and probiotics were superior to placebo/no intervention. Conclusions: Administration of dietary supplements in women with GDM can be helpful in limiting the oxidative stress which develop in these pregnancies.     

Effectiveness and Usability of Digital Tools to Support Dietary Self-Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

Advice on dietary intake is an essential first line intervention for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Digital tools such as web-based and smartphone apps have been suggested to provide a novel way of providing information on diet for optimal glucose regulation in women with GDM. This systematic review explores the effectiveness and usability of digital tools designed to support dietary self-management of GDM. A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, and Scopus using key search terms identified 1476 papers reporting research studies, of which 16 met the specified inclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the ErasmusAGE Quality Score or the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018. The findings show that the adoption of digital tools may be an effective approach to support self-management relating to healthy diet, health behaviour, and adherence to therapy in women with GDM as a usable intervention. However, there is a lack of evidence concerning the effectiveness of tools to support the dietary management of GDM. Consideration for ethnic specific dietary advice and evidence-based frameworks in the development of effective digital tools for dietary management of GDM should be considered as these aspects have been limited in the studies reviewed.     

Lower Dietary Calcium Intake is Associated with a Higher Risk of Mortality in Korean Adults

BackgroundCalcium, one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, has a pivotal role in human physiology. However, only a few studies have examined the association of dietary calcium intake with mortality in a population with low calcium intake.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the association of dietary calcium intake with risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among Korean adults with low calcium intake.DesignThis study was a prospective cohort study.Participants/settingThe analysis was conducted using data from 44,327 eligible Korean adults aged 19 years and older who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2015. Dietary calcium intake was assessed using 1-day 24-hour recall data.Main outcome measuresThe main outcomes of this study were mortality from all causes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all other causes combined. The outcome was ascertained through linkage to the death registry compiled by Statistics Korea with the use of the resident registration number.Statistical analyses performedWeighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% CIs of the all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to dietary calcium intake.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 7.28 person-years, 1,889 deaths were ascertained. After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for the second quintile to the highest quintile of dietary calcium intake, respectively, compared with the first quintile were 0.86 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.00), 0.82 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.98), 0.85 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.03), and 0.78 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.96) (P for trend from the lowest to the highest quintile = .04). There were no statistically significant associations between dietary calcium intake and risk of mortality from cancer, cardiovascular, or respiratory disease.ConclusionsIn this large prospective cohort study of Korean adults, lower dietary calcium intake was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality.     

妊娠期糖尿病的干预治疗与妊娠结局的临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)经干预治疗后对妊娠结局的影响.方法 选取2009年1月至2011年6月于本院门诊确诊为GDM的125例患者的临床病历资料为研究对象,纳入研究组.对其采取控制血糖的方法包括单纯饮食及运动干预与饮食及运动+胰岛素治疗.随机选择同期在本院住院分娩的125例血糖正常孕妇的临床病历资料纳入对照组.采用回顾性分析方法,比较两组孕妇一般情况、妊娠合并症发生情况及妊娠结局,并进行相关统计学处理(本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象本人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书).结果 两组孕妇分娩前体重指数(BMI)、分娩孕周等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).研究组孕妇的年龄高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).研究组患者经饮食及运动治疗后,血糖控制满意、病情稳定者共计93例(74.4％),妊娠结局良好;其余32例同时采用胰岛素治疗后,30例血糖控制良好,妊娠结局无特殊,另外2例血糖控制不满意孕妇,合并子痫前期,均于35～36孕周终止妊娠,在计划终止妊娠前48 h行羊膜腔穿刺术了解胎肺成熟情况,并羊膜腔内注入地塞米松促胎肺成熟.两组孕妇妊娠结局及母儿并发症发生情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 孕妇的年龄是GDM发病的高危因素之一.GDM患者经饮食及运动和及时合理的胰岛素治疗,有利于减少围生期并发症,改善妊娠结局.     

Inverse Association of Plasma Vanadium Concentrations with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Vanadium compounds were identified to be beneficial for the control of glucose homeostasis. We aimed to explore the association of plasma vanadium (V) with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We performed a case-control study including 252 newly diagnosed GDM cases and 252 controls matched by age, parity, and gestational age. Fasting blood samples were collected from each participant at GDM screening (≥24 weeks of gestation). The plasma concentrations of V were determined utilizing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plasma V levels were significantly lower in the GDM group than those in the control group (p < 0.001). The adjusted OR (95% CI) of GDM comparing the highest V tertile with the lowest tertile was 0.35 (0.20–0.61). According to the cubic spline model, the relation between plasma V and odds of GDM was potentially nonlinear (p < 0.001). Moreover, plasma V was negatively correlated with 1-h post-glucose load, 2-h post-glucose load, and lipid metabolism indices (all p < 0.05). The present study indicates an inverse association of plasma V with GDM. Further prospective cohort studies are required to validate our results.     

Analysis of the Effects of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Habits on Depression in Korean Adults

While several studies have explored nutrient intake and dietary habits associated with depression, few studies have reflected recent trends and demographic factors. Therefore, we examined how nutrient intake and eating habits are associated with depression, according to gender and age. We performed simple and multiple regressions using nationally representative samples of 10,106 subjects from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The results indicated that cholesterol, dietary fiber, sodium, frequency of breakfast, lunch, dinner, and eating out were significantly associated with depression (p-value < 0.05). Moreover, depression was associated with nutrient intake and dietary habits by gender and age group: sugar, breakfast, lunch, and eating out frequency in the young women’s group; sodium and lunch frequency among middle-age men; dietary fibers, breakfast, and eating out frequency among middle-age women; energy, moisture, carbohydrate, lunch, and dinner frequency in late middle-age men; breakfast and lunch frequency among late middle-age women; vitamin A, carotene, lunch, and eating out frequency among older age men; and fat, saturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, and eating out frequency among the older age women’s group (p-value < 0.05). This study can be used to establish dietary strategies for depression prevention, considering gender and age.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血浆Lp-PLA2水平及其对妊娠结局的影响

目的研究妊娠期糖尿病孕妇脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)水平及其对妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2013年1月—2016年2月在我院分娩的80例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇为研究对象,根据血糖控制情况将孕妇分为:血糖控制不良组(40例),血糖控制良好组(40例),另选取同时段在我院分娩的正常孕妇(40例)作为对照组,观察3组孕妇LpPLA2表达水平及妊娠结局差异。结果血糖控制不良组血浆Lp-PLA2表达水平明显高于血糖控制良好组与对照组(P0.05),血糖控制良好组血浆Lp-PLA2表达水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3组孕妇胎儿宫内生长受限比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),血糖控制不良组在胎膜早破、巨大儿、早产儿中发生率明显高于血糖控制良好组与对照组(P0.05),血糖控制良好组妊娠结局与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中血浆Lp-PLA2水平与妊娠期血糖控制情况密切相关,妊娠期血糖控制不佳会导致不良妊娠结局发生率增加。     

血清胱抑素C水平与妊娠期糖尿病相关性的临床分析

目的探讨胱抑素C（Cysc）水平与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性,寻找预防及控制妊娠期糖尿病发生和发展的有效干预措施。方法采用回顾性方法对309例孕产妇的住院分娩病历进行分析,将141例妊娠期糖尿病孕产妇作为妊娠期糖尿病组,将无任何妊娠合并症和并发症的168例健康孕产妇作为对照组,对两组孕产妇孕早、中、晚期血清CysC水平进行检测。结果健康孕产妇组各期血清Cysc浓度水平虽有升高,但差异不明显（t=1．72,P〉0．05）。而妊娠期糖尿病组孕产妇孕早、中、晚期血清CysC浓度水平均明显升高（t=23．86,P〈0．001）。结论CysC是由人体的有核细胞产生,生成速度和血浓度稳定,不受病理变化的影响,当肾小球出现轻微损伤时,血中CysC浓度即可出现升高,并随着病情的加重而逐渐升高。血清CysC浓度水平与妊娠期糖尿病和孕周有着密切关系,孕期检测追踪血清CysC浓度水平,可提高妊娠期糖尿病早期肾功能损害检出率,有利于预防和控制妊娠期糖尿病的发生和发展,降低孕产妇死亡率。     

妊娠期糖尿病的筛检及相关危险因素的研究

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）相关危险因素。为预防GDM的发生提供科学依据。方法 共501位孕妇接受筛检，其中16例诊断为GDM。研究数据通过问卷调查和测量得到，用非条件Logistic回归分析来探讨GDM发生的危险因素。结果 单因素回归分析显示；年龄、糖尿病家族史，经产史，既往多囊卵巢综合症，初孕年龄，孕前体重，孕前体重指数和孕前腰围与孕妇GDM发生有关联，多因素分析表明；初孕年龄（OR=4.1102,95%CI:1.2610-13.3965)，糖尿病家族史（OR=6.6138,95%CI:1.3334-32.8063)，孕前BMI（OR=16.8227,95%CI:5.5441-51.0457)增加孕妇发生GDM的危险。结论 加强对初孕年龄大，有糖尿病家族史，孕前BMI值大的孕妇的检查，以预防GDM的发生。     

Associations of Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy with Gestational Hypertension: The “Born in Shenyang” Cohort Study

The literature on maternal dietary patterns and gestational hypertension (GH) risk is largely ambiguous. We investigated the associations of maternal dietary patterns with GH risk among 1092 pregnant women in a Chinese pre-birth cohort. We used both three-day food diaries (TFD) and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to assess the diets of pregnant women. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation was used to identify dietary patterns from the TFD and FFQ, respectively. In total, 14.5% of the participants were diagnosed with GH. Maternal adherence to a “Wheaten food–coarse cereals pattern (TFD)” was associated with a lower risk of GH (quartile 3 [Q3] vs. Q1, odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.31, 0.90). Maternal adherence to a “Sweet food–seafood pattern (TFD)” was associated with lower systolic blood pressure (Q4 vs. Q1, β = −2.57, 95%CI: −4.19, −0.96), and mean arterial pressure (Q4 vs. Q1, β = −1.54, 95%CI: −2.70, −0.38). The protective associations of the “Sweet food-seafood (TFD)” and “Fish–seafood pattern (FFQ)” with the risk of GH were more pronounced among women who were overweight/obese before pregnancy (p for interaction < 0.05 for all). The findings may help to develop interventions and better identify target populations for hypertension prevention during pregnancy.     

妊娠期糖尿病对双胎妊娠围产结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)对双胎妊娠结局的影响,为促进GDM双胎妊娠的健康提供临床科学依据。方法收集2017年1月-2017年12月在福建省妇幼保健医院建档、住院分娩合并GDM的双胎妊娠孕产妇101例,随机抽取同期血糖正常的双胎妊娠孕产妇104例作为对照组,比较分析两组的母儿并发症。结果观察组孕产妇双胎不同一性发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组受孕方式、双胎绒毛膜性、分娩方式、早产、胎膜早破、妊娠期高血压疾病(hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy,HDCP)、前置胎盘、胎盘早剥、产后出血、新生儿窒息、新生儿高胆红素血症新生儿低血糖、新生儿畸形发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论GDM孕妇经规范管理治疗后没有增加双胎妊娠不良围产结局。     

Preventing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by Improving Healthy Diet and/or Physical Activity during Pregnancy: An Umbrella Review

Several epidemiological studies have analyzed the effects of lifestyle modification on reducing the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); however, their results remain inconsistent. This umbrella review aims to evaluate the effects of diet and/or physical activity interventions during pregnancy on preventing GDM. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials reporting preventive effects of diet and/or physical activity in reducing the incidence of GDM were included from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane library. Two authors independently assessed the overlapping and quality of the 35 selected reviews using AMSTAR 2. The results, although variable, tend to defend the protective role of diet and physical activity interventions separately and independently of each other in the prevention of GDM. However, the results for the combined interventions show a possible protective effect; however, it is not entirely clear because most of the analyzed meta-analyses tend to approach 1, and heterogeneity cannot be ruled out. Establishing conclusions about the most efficient type of intervention and a dose–effect relationship was not feasible given the low quality of systematic reviews (83% low to critically low) and the variability in reporting interventions. Therefore, more studies with better quality and definition of the interventions are required. The protocol was previously registered in PROSPERO as CRD42021237895.     

Dietary Patterns Derived from Reduced Rank Regression Are Associated with the 5-Year Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome: Aichi Workers’ Cohort Study

The aim of the present study was to derive dietary patterns to explain variation in a set of nutrient intakes or in the measurements of waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to prospectively investigate these patterns in relation to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components during the follow-up. The study participants were comprised of 2944 government employees aged 30–59 years without MetS. RRR was applied with 38 food groups as predictors and with two sets of response variables. The first set included intake of putatively beneficial nutrients, and the first factor retained was named the Healthy Dietary Pattern (HDP). The second one included baseline WC and FBG, and the first factor was named the Unhealthy Dietary Pattern (UHDP). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals with adjustments for age, sex, total energy consumption and other potential confounders. During the 5-year median follow-up, we ascertained 374 cases of MetS. The HDP score was inversely associated with the incidence of MetS (p-trend = 0.009) and hypertension (p-trend = 0.002) and marginally significantly associated with elevated triglyceride and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p-trend = 0.08). The UHDP score was linearly positively associated with the incidence of MetS and all its components (all p-trend < 0.05). Both the HDP and UHDP predicted the development of MetS and its components.