曲阜孔林伊蚊调查研究及防制

曲阜孔林是我国最大的人造墓林。位于东经 1 1 6°5 9′ ,北纬 35°37′ ,占地 30 0 0余亩 ,林内多碑座、墓穴草丛、古树洞形成伊蚊孳生的良好场所。自 1 997～ 1 999年 ,我们对孔林内伊蚊生态习性规律进行调查研究 ,探讨出一套有效地伊蚊防制方法 ,现将有关研究情况报告一下。材料与方法　 ( 1 )在孔林内按地理位置的东、西、南、北、中设五个点 ,定人、定点、定时调查。 ( 2 )成蚊调查 :采用人帐诱捕法、牛体诱捕法 ,并记录温度、湿度、光照度、雨量等气候因素 ,所捕蚊带回签定计数。 ( 3)产卵调查 :随机选择树洞、碑座、石穴、香炉、罐 (…     

漳州市登革热媒介调查结果分析

[目的]调查漳州地区伊蚊的种类、密度及季节消长规律，为制定登革热防制措施提供科学依据。[方法]选择芗城、东山、诏安为监测县，以入户方式调查伊蚊的幼虫密度指数；用人工小时法诱捕成蚊并分类计算成蚊刺叮率；饲养孳生地幼虫，羽化成蚊后鉴定蚊种；用容器培养幼虫，观察季节消长规律。[结果]伊蚊仅有白纹伊蚊；3地布雷图指数分别为159．4、88．6和74．7；芗城和诏安两地成蚊刺叮率分别为35和38（只／人工小时）；幼虫生长高峰季节为7、8和9月。[结论]漳州地区已具备登革热流行条件，应警惕毗邻地区流行的登革热传入并造成暴发流行。     

梧州口岸蚊类调查报告

目的:为了解梧州口岸蚊类种群构成及季节消长情况，为蚊类防制、传染病监测提供依据。方法人工诱捕法和紫外灯诱捕法，同时采用蚊媒集卵器进行蚊幼监测。结果：捕获蚊类1科4属24种，白纹伊蚊为优势种，其次为致倦库蚊，再次为中华按蚊，5月和8月为蚊类活动的高峰期。结论：通过一年的调查，基本摸清梧州口岸蚊类的种群构成及季节消长等情况。     

大连市白纹伊蚊分布情况调查

白纹伊蚊是我国登革热、乙脑的重要传播媒介 ,在长江以南多见。该蚊种在 1981年通过进口的旧轮胎输入大连市 ,1990、1993年相继在三橡胶厂、东海头地段出现。随着市场经济的发展 ,白纹伊蚊不仅经旧轮胎 ,也随集装箱输入进来。为摸清白纹伊蚊在大连市的分布情况 ,近几年 ,我们对本地区白纹伊蚊的滋生、活动场所进行了初步调查。1　调查方法　从各种不同的滋生场所采集蚊卵及幼虫 ,带回实验室 ,待羽化为成蚊后鉴定蚊种 ;在各种滋生场所及周围直接捕捉成蚊带回实验室鉴定蚊种。2　结果　2 .1　滋生地调查　调查废旧轮胎、水缸等各种可能蓄水的…     

锦州铁路住区蚊类消长调查

为掌握锦州铁路住区蚊类动态和繁殖规律,以利开展科学防制工作,1997年4～11月进行了调研工作。1　调查方法　锦州铁路住区分为铁南、铁北两片,各设1个固定调查点,于室外悬挂1顶单人蚊帐,下缘离地面33ｃｍ,四角固定,帐内坐1人,日落后(或蚊叮刺高峰期)诱捕30ｍｉｎ,并拿手电筒照明,用电动吸蚊器吸捕入帐蚊虫。从5月上旬到10月下旬,每旬各点诱捕1次,鉴定种类,并按旬、点、种记录。2　结果与分析2.1　蚊种　诱捕蚊类隶属3属9种,即按蚊属的中华按蚊,伊蚊属的背点伊蚊、仁川伊蚊、刺扰伊蚊、朝鲜伊蚊,库蚊属的淡色库蚊、迷走库蚊、三带喙库蚊和凶…     

陕西省白纹伊蚊分布边界及影响因素调查

目的调查白纹伊蚊在陕西省分布的西北边界变化及其影响因素。方法成蚊调查采用帐诱法、诱蚊灯法和诱蚊诱卵器法。结果白纹伊蚊在宝鸡、韩城市广泛分布于各类生态环境,在陇县、铜川市主要分布于废旧轮胎堆放处等特殊场所,宜君、黄陵、宜川等县未发现白纹伊蚊。该蚊活动高峰宝鸡市在8月,韩城市在9月。温度可能是决定白纹伊蚊分布北界稳定的限制气候因子。结论白纹伊蚊在陕西省分布的西部边界到宝鸡市,北部边界到陇县、铜川市（王益区）、韩城市连线地带。白纹伊蚊监测采用帐诱法和诱蚊诱卵器法可获得可靠结果,诱蚊灯法不适宜作为白纹伊蚊监测,本调查也为蚊虫防制提供了生态学依据。     

珠海口岸登革热传播媒介的调查研究

目的掌握珠海口岸登革热传播媒介及其生态习性，为做好口岸登革热防制工作提供理论依据。方法用人饵诱捕法调查媒介伊蚊种类、构成和成蚊刺叮率；用诱蚊产卵器法监测媒介伊蚊幼虫密度指数变化情况；调查各口岸伊蚊孳生环境，了解口岸媒介孳生现状。结果全年共捕获成蚊1981只，其中致倦库蚊、白纹伊蚊分别占捕蚊总数的54．42％和37．00％，未捕获埃及伊蚊；白纹伊蚊年均刺叮率为1．09只／人工小时，媒介伊蚊幼虫年均诱蚊产卵器阳性指数和密度指数分别为36．37％和8．01。口岸白纹伊蚊孳生环境类型有8大类，其中可乐等饮料罐类、积水池（沟）、旧轮胎等容器积水，分别占阳性积水容器的23．17％、21．95％和20．73％。结论珠海口岸登革热媒介仅发现白纹伊蚊1种。未发现埃及伊蚊；白纹伊蚊是珠海口岸优势蚊种之一，全年均能孳生繁殖，5～11月是该蚊繁殖高峰，成蚊活动高峰则在6～10月；不同类型的积水容器均可成为该口岸媒介伊蚊的重要孳生地。     

北海口岸2008年伊蚊监测结果分析

目的了解埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊在北海口岸的密度、季节分布规律。方法采用人工小时法对成蚊进行监测,对幼虫的监测分别采用指数调查法、集卵器法和100ml记数法。结果在北海港捕获的697只及铁山港捕获的317只伊蚊成虫及两口岸所监测的幼虫,经鉴定均为白纹伊蚊。两地伊蚊成蚊平均密度分别为17.2和7.4只/人工小时,伊蚊幼虫的房屋指数、容器指数、布雷图指数、诱器指数及100ml记数法幼虫密度指数分别为4.0%和13.0%,19.2%和27.2%,5.0和17.2,12.0%和23.2%,2.0和2.8条/100ml。结论两地伊蚊密度及其幼虫相关指数较高,提示口岸存在登革热流行的潜在危险。通过调查,初步摸清了北海口岸伊蚊的种类构成、密度和幼虫相关的指数等情况,为进一步做好口岸埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊的防制以及登革热防控提供技术数据。     

诱蚊灯法对温州市蚊类种群密度季节消长监测研究

目的 掌握诱蚊灯法监测蚊类种群密度季节消长的变化规律,为防制蚊虫提供科学依据.方法 于2007和2008年每年4-11月在监测点用诱蚊灯诱捕成蚊,分类鉴定.结果 两年内诱蚊灯法监测共诱捕成蚊7685只,主要有淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊、白纹伊蚊和骚扰阿蚊,2007和2008年的平均密度分别为4.06和3.46只/(灯·h),密度季节高峰期在5-7月,诱蚊灯法监测蚊虫密度季节高峰与人工小时法相近.结论 诱蚊灯法适用于家栖和半家柄蚊虫季节消长监测,对白纹伊蚊监测效果有限,诱捕持续时间可采用3 h或15 h.     

2000年嘉峪关铁路地区居住区成蚊密度及种群调查

[目的]了解嘉峪关铁路地区居住区成蚊密度及种群。[方法]2000年5-10月，在嘉峪关铁路地区居住区设3个监测点，每旬的5日在日落后用紫外灯诱捕成蚊1h，进行计数及种群鉴别。[结果]嘉峪关铁路地区居住区成蚊密度综合指数为2.3只/灯，旬密度最高峰为8月下旬，达103只/灯；嘉峪关公寓成蚊平均密度较高；成蚊旬密度与旬平均气温，降水量呈正相关关系。蚊种中中华按蚊，白纹伊蚊分别占40.17%,29.91%,[结论]应根据本地区蚊密度，季节消长规律及蚊种组成采取综合防制措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.