真空勃起装置在前列腺癌根治术后阴茎康复治疗中的应用

真空勃起装置(VED)是利用负压吸引血流进入阴茎海绵体,从而促使阴茎勃起的一种装置。使用它可以进行阴茎康复治疗或者可以合用弹力环来维持勃起状态来满足性交需求。由于磷酸二酯酶5型抑制剂(PDE5i)在治疗难治性ED中的局限性,VED重新崛起并逐渐成为治疗前列腺癌根治手术后勃起功能障碍(ED)的一线治疗手段。目前,前列腺癌根治手术后早期应用VED和PDE5I的联合治疗以及VED和海绵体注射治疗(ICI)的联合治疗引起广泛的关注。因此,我们在这里回顾了VED在阴茎康复治疗中的角色,潜在的机制以及联合治疗的效果。     

勃起功能障碍治疗的现状与进展

勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)是指阴茎经常性的不能达到和保持足以进行满意性交要求的勃起.据报道,40～70岁的男性52%存在不同程度的ED,到2025年,全世界大约有3.22亿男性存在性功能障碍的问题,而大多数ED患者缺乏系统的临床治疗,即先从损害较小的口服药物治疗开始,第二步应用局部药物治疗(如海绵体注射和经尿道给药),最后的选择是外科治疗(阴茎假体置入);另外,血管外科技术对血管源性的ED患者也是一种可尝试的方法,基因治疗和组织工程技术在动物实验研究方面也取得可喜的成果.本文就目前阴茎ED治疗的现状与进展作一综述.     

勃起组织细胞凋亡与ED危险因素的关系

勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)是指由于多种原因造成的阴茎海绵体血液充盈不足,阴茎不能正常增大勃起,不能达到和维持足以进行满意性交的一类疾病。根据ED起源于不同的病理生理学过程,可分为心理性ED、器质性ED和两者皆有的混合性ED。器质性ED又可再分为内分泌性、神经性、血管性、药源性、糖尿病性及勃起器官组织结构功能异常性ED。     

血管性勃起功能障碍的诊疗现状及进展

勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)是指持续或反复出现的阴茎不能达到和(或)维持勃起以完成满意的性交,且病程维持至少3个月[1]。阴茎勃起过程是神经发动、动脉供血与海绵体储血的综合结果,任何一个环节出现问题都将导致ED。血管性ED可由于动脉血流入的减少,海绵体平滑肌(smooth muscle cell SMC)舒张能力减弱,静脉闭合功能障碍和海绵体纤维化等病理变化影响到阴茎勃起。血管性ED在ED病人中十分多见,近年来勃起机制的探明使血管性ED诊疗有了突飞猛进的发展,本文就此作一综述。     

阴茎异常勃起的诊治

阴茎异常勃起属于泌尿外科急诊。近年来 ,随着应用阴茎海绵体内血管活性物质注射治疗勃起功能障碍(ED) ,其发病率已明显增多。了解阴茎异常勃起的分类是治疗的关键。阴茎异常勃起分为局部缺血性 (低流量 )和局部非缺血性 (高流量 )两种类型。低流量性是由于阴茎海绵体平滑肌的异常松弛 ,导致静脉阻塞 ,以致患者有明显的疼痛和海绵体僵硬 ;高流量性可能与不能控制的大量动脉血流进入海绵体 ,而产生阴茎持续勃起 ,仅部分海绵体僵硬 ,故患者无明显疼痛。临床上根据分类和勃起的持续时间而采取不同的治疗方法 ,以防止阴茎海绵体的进一步损伤。     

海绵体脚结扎术后阴茎持续勃起

双侧阴茎海绵体脚结扎辅以阴茎背深静脉结扎,是治疗静脉性勃起功能障碍(ED),较有效的方法之一。目前研究静脉性ED的手术方法和疗效较多,对术后并发症及其处理的研究则较少。本文对本科1995年1月至2001年6月收治的31例静脉性ED患者,在行海绵体脚结扎术后发生阴茎持续勃起状况及处理方法进行分析、讨论。现报告如下。     

糖尿病性勃起功能障碍发病机制的研究

勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)是指因多种原因造成的阴茎海绵体血液充盈不足,致阴茎不能正常增大勃起。ED是糖尿病常见的并发症之一,有报道称糖尿病人患ED的发病率高达75％,尤其是中年男性患者,比非糖尿病患者高3-5倍,并随年龄和病程的     

9例阴茎异常勃起诊治体会

目的 探讨阴茎异常勃起的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析9例阴茎异常勃起患者的诊治过程.结果 9例患者均通过病史、体检、海绵体抽吸血气分析及多普勒超声检查确诊.经镇静、局部冷敷、海绵体抽吸血液、海绵体内注射药物及手术等不同方法治疗后,8例缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者中5例完全消退,3例部分消退;1例非缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者部分消退.5例随访6个月,其中4例出现ED.结论 阴茎海绵体血气分析、海绵体彩色多普勒检查对阴茎异常勃起有重要诊断价值,早期及正确应用海绵体注射药物和阴茎海绵体尿道海绵体分流术加术中冲洗是治疗缺血性阴茎异常勃起的可靠方法,但是由于大多数病人持续勃起时间较长,ED的发生率偏高.     

阴茎异常勃起诊断与治疗

阴茎异常勃起是一种相对罕见的外科急症，是指阴茎在没有性刺激的情况下持续勃起时间超过4个小时。分为缺血性，非缺血性和周期型3种类型。尽管并不是所有类型的患者均需要紧急处理，但由于缺血性阴茎异常勃起会导致海绵体组织纤维化和勃起功能障碍，因此所有的患者均需要得到紧急评估以便明确诊断后尽早治疗。该病治疗的目的是获得阴茎疲软和保留勃起功能。但是有些纠正异常勃起的治疗措施有导致勃起功能障碍的可能。所以目前的治疗方法包含了一系列选择。如果治疗缺失或延迟，随着缺血时间的延长，海绵体可能会永久损伤，这些治疗方法采用逐步递进的模式，其侵袭性和风险也随之增加。     

细胞凋亡与男性勃起功能障碍

勃起功能障碍(ED)是男性,尤其是老年男性的常见病和多发病。目前,对于引起ED的机制了解尚不深入。越来越多的研究发现勃起组织的过度凋亡是引起ED的重要机制之一。多数ED的危险因素均可以引起阴茎勃起组织的过度凋亡,从而影响勃起功能。本文就细胞凋亡的机制、凋亡在ED中的作用及凋亡与ED的危险因素糖尿病、高脂血症、海绵体神经损伤和衰老之间的关系作一综述。     

Strategies for maintaining penile size following penile implant

Introduction

Loss of penile size is a common complaint that can negatively affect patient satisfaction rates following successful penile prosthetic implant surgery.

Objective

The aim of this review is to describe the various strategies that have been used to maintain penile length or girth after the insertion of a penile prosthetic implant.

Methods

An extensive systematic literature review was performed, based on a search of the PUBMED database for articles published between 2002 to 2012. The following key words were used: penile prosthesis, implant, penile length, size, penis, enhancement, enlargement, phalloplasty, girth, lengthening, and augmentation. Only English-language articles that were related to penile prosthetic surgery and penile size were sought.

Discussion

Based on the results of our search, strategies were classified into 3 groups based on the timepoint in relation to the primary penile prosthetic insertion surgery, which included pre-insertion, intraoperative and post-insertion.

Conclusions

Strategies to preserve and potentially increase penile size are of great importance to all implanters. Besides traction therapies and surgeries to enhance perceived penile size, refinements in the surgical approach are simple ways to optimize penile length. A direct comparison of treatment outcomes evaluating the various approaches is not currently possible, owing to divergent study techniques. The implanting surgeon can best serve his patient by adopting a combination of different strategies that are individualized and specific to the patient’s needs.     

Magnified penile surface scanning in diagnosis of penile condyloma

To determine the incidence of penile condyloma in a group of high risk males, we have performed magnified penile surface scanning and biopsy of suspicious lesions in 51 men. All men were partners of women with proven condyloma. Of these men, 45 were found to have histologic evidence of condyloma, only 8 of which were grossly visible.     

Implantation of AMS 700 LGX penile prosthesis preserves penile length without the need for penile lengthening procedures

Implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) is a well-established definitive solution for erectile dysfunction when conservative treatments fail. Penile implants may shorten the penis. The AMS 700 LGX IPP is in common use but reports on its mechanical reliability, medium-term postsurgical patient satisfaction, and mean penile length preservation are lacking. We investigate the mean penile length, mechanical reliability, and patient satisfaction at 6 and 12 months after implantation of the AMS 700 LGX. This prospective study consecutively enrolled men undergoing first-time IPP implant surgery from February 2009 to April 2012. Stretched flaccid penile length, penile length at 50% and 100% of stiffness (P50 and P100) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) scores, were measured at 6 and 12 months postsurgery. Of 45 patients who underwent AMS 700 LGX implantation (median age 61 years) and completed 6 months’ follow-up, 36 (80%) completed the study. A significant difference in stretched flaccid penile length was seen between 6 and 12 months (P = 0.033). P100 was also significantly increased at 6 and 12 months, with a mean 10% increase (1.3 ± 0.4 cm) from baseline to 12 months. Differences in mean IIEF scores at 6 and 12 months were significant for the desired domain (P = 0.0001) and for overall satisfaction (P = 0.002); however, mean EDITS scores at 6 and 12 months were not significantly improved. AMS 700 LGX is a powerful tool for preserving penile length in men undergoing penile prosthesis implantation.     

Ectopic penile testis

A case of a rare form of penile testicular ectopia is reported. The embryology is discussed, and ectopia is differentiated from cryptorchism.     

Paediatric penile trauma

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with paediatric penile trauma in a retrospectively evaluated series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 64 boys (mean age 7 years, sd 4) who were hospitalized over the last 20 years because of penile trauma were reviewed. The cause of trauma was circumcision in 43 (67%), a human hair-tie strangulation injury in 10 (16%), an animal attack in four (6%), a bicycle accident in four (6%), a zipper injury in two (3%) and electrical injury in one (2%). Patients were managed according to the severity of the injury. Eight (12%) with minimal skin loss or meatal injury underwent primary skin closure or meatoplasty; 40 (62%) with urethrocutaneous fistulae underwent repair and five (8%) with a glans hanging on a thin pedicle had the glans and the urethra reconstructed. Patients with partial or complete amputation of the glans (10) underwent primary haemostasis and meatoplasty; the penis was lengthened in one. One child with complete avulsion of the penis underwent perineal urethrostomy. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients (84%) were followed for a mean (sd) of 5.7 (4) years; there were good cosmetic and functional results in 45 (83%). Fifteen patients are now adults; 13 (86%) reported normal sexual function. Of the 40 patients assessed with circumcision-related injuries, six (15%) had functional disability (short penis in one and fistulae in five). Of the 10 patients with a hair-tie injury, none lost their glans. Of the four injuries caused by animal attacks, three had poor results (emasculation in one, short penis in one and severe curvature in the remaining patient). There was no functional disability in the remaining forms of trauma. CONCLUSIONS: In our region, ritual circumcision and hair-tie strangulation injuries are the most common causes of penile trauma in children. Good functional and cosmetic results are possible in most cases. However, animal attacks are associated with the highest rate of long-term functional and cosmetic disability.