腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊及胆总管结石中转开腹列线图模型的建立

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的术前危险因素,建立预测中转开腹的列线图模型。方法回顾性分析沧州市人民医院2015年1月1日—2019年12月31日309例行LC联合LCBDE患者的临床资料,根据是否中转开腹分为未开腹组290例,开腹组19例。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析得到中转开腹的独立预测因素,应用RStudio建立列线图模型并对其进行验证。结果单因素分析结果表明腹部手术史、BMI、白细胞、中性粒细胞比率、碱性磷酸酶、血清总胆红素、胆囊壁厚度、胆总管直径及胆总管下段结石嵌顿是LC联合LCBDE发生中转开腹的相对危险因素(OR=0.195,0.369,0.287,0.241,0.237,0.082,0.166,0.198,0.190;95%CI:0.073~0.517,0.114~1.195,0.096~0.859,0.085~0.682,0.092~0.613,0.023~0.287,0.058~0.475,0.073~0.537,0.056~0.649);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,白细胞>10×10^9/L、碱性磷酸酶>150 U/L、血清总胆红素>17.1 umol/L、胆囊壁厚度>4 mm、胆总管直径>12 mm、胆总管下段结石嵌顿是LC联合LCBDE中转开腹的独立预测因素(OR=6.498,3.656,22.160,5.762,4.849,7.916;95%CI:1.434~29.442,1.095~12.203,4.485~109.496,1.491~22.262,1.384~16.988,1.366~45.884)。基于独立预测因素建立列线图模型,随后采用Bootstrap重复抽样对预测模型进行内部验证,校正曲线发现预测模型一致性良好,C-index为0.924(95%CI:0.857~0.990),受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.924(95%CI:0.855~0.992),说明预测模型准确性高。结论基于胆总管下段结石嵌顿、胆囊壁厚度、胆总管直径、白细胞、碱性磷酸酶及血清总胆红素因素建立的列线图模型预测LC联合LCBDE中转开腹能力较好,临床应用价值高。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术中转开腹的危险因素探讨及临床分析

目的:探讨行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石时中转开腹的危险因素并进行相关临床分析。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月—2018年6月期间197例行LC+LCBDE患者的临床资料,筛选中转开腹手术的危险因素,并比较完成腹腔镜手术患者与中转开腹患者围术期指标及术后并发症情况。结果:197例中15例(7.6%)中转开腹。单因素与多因素回归分析结果显示,血清总胆红素17.1μmol/L(OR=5.156,P=0.032)、胆囊壁厚度6mm(OR=7.971,P=0.012)、黄疸(OR=10.715,P=0.002)、胆总管下段结石嵌顿(OR=20.203,P=0.003)是中转开腹的独立危险因素。以上4种因素组合所建立回归方程预测中转开腹的ROC曲线下面积为0.891,敏感度为80.0%,特异度为98.9%。与中转开腹患者比较,完成腹腔镜手术患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛剂使用次数、术后抗生素使用时间、术后肛门排气时间、住院时间、住院费用、并发症发生率均明显减少(均P0.05)。结论:对于LC+LCBDE患者,应仔细评估上述4种独立危险因素,这对于完善术前准备、选择手术方式,降低开放手术转化率,以及改善患者预后具有重要意义。     

急性结石性胆囊炎行LC术难易程度的相关因素分析

目的：探讨急性结石性胆囊炎行LC(Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC)手术难易程度的相关因素。方法：将245例急性结石性胆囊炎患者根据手术时间和有无中转分成容易组（123例）和困难组（122例）（含中转开腹组33例 open cholecystectomy, OC）,分别比较各组术前一般资料、术前影像学差异和腹腔镜下所见,筛选出有统计学差异的指标。结果：术前资料中,容易组和困难组在体温、白细胞计数,手术时机、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊体积、胆总管直径各指标间差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;术中镜下所见,两组在胆囊壁厚度、大小、颈部结石嵌顿、胆总管直径、胆囊三角各指标间差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。结论：急性结石性胆囊炎体温升高,白细胞计数增加,胆囊壁增厚、胆囊体积增大、胆总管直径大于8 mm、颈部结石嵌顿、Calot三角不清是行LC困难的因素。     

胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的腹腔镜手术体会

目的 通过总结胆囊颈部结石嵌顿的腹腔镜手术体会,进一步提高手术技巧,降低中转开腹率,减少并发症。方法 胆囊颈部结石嵌顿行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC术)时要注意分离周围粘连时应紧贴胆囊壁,勿损伤结肠,十二指肠,胆囊必须减压。应用合理技巧牵开有结石嵌顿的Hartmann囊,显露Calot三角。游高胆囊时紧贴结石嵌顿处再向胆总管方向游离,分离胆囊床时一定在胆囊与肝脏之间。结果 我院以96年5月97年9月共实施LC术158例,经手术证实结石嵌顿于胆囊颈部16例,其中一例中转开腹,中转开腹率6.25％。结论 综上我们认为急性胆囊炎合并胆囊结石嵌顿于胆囊颈部行LC术时,通过合理的操作技巧,是能够可以成功的。从而降低了LC术的中转开腹率。     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石两种微创治疗方法的效果比较

目的 比较腹腔镜胆囊切除联合腹腔镜胆总管探查胆道支架引流术(LC+LCBDE+支架)和内镜下括约肌切开取石术(EST)联合LC(即EST+LC)两种微创手术方式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析宁夏回族自治区人民医院肝胆外科97例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人的临床资料,其中52例行LC+LCBDE+支...     

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胆总管下段嵌顿结石的处理因其解剖特殊性而较为困难,术前准确判断及评估决定了其治疗方式。胆总管下段结石嵌顿并急性化脓性胆管炎,遵照损伤控制外科理念治疗的重点应是胆道引流迅速缓解胆道梗阻优于结石的处理。胆总管下段结石嵌顿的治疗包括腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)结合内镜括约肌切开术(EST)以及腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开取石(LCBDE)辅助术中经胆道镜碎石,提倡LCBDE经胆道镜碎石,应避免胆胰肠结合部损伤及减少应用Oddi括约肌切开成形术治疗胆管下段嵌顿结石。     

腹腔镜内窥镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石两种术式的临床分析

目的 评价腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管探查取石术(LC+LCBDE)与内镜下Oddi括约肌切开、腹腔镜胆囊切除术(EST+LC)两种术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果.方法 回顾总结LC联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石256例,采用LC+LCBDE术132例、EsT+LC术124例治疗的临床资料,对两组病例的手术成功率、并发症发生率、手术总时间、住院费用、住院日进行对比统计分析.结果 两种术式的手术成功率、并发症发生率、平均住院日无显著性差异(P>0.05),手术总时间、手术费用比较有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 两种术式各有其适应证和优缺点.胆总管直径<1.0 cm、胆总管中下端结石或老年胆石症病人宜采用EST+LC术式;胆总管直径>1.0 cm的多发性较大结石、尤其是中青年病人应首选LC+LCBDE术式.     

腹腔镜内窥镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石两种术式的临床分析

目的 评价腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管探查取石术(LC+LCBDE)与内镜下Oddi括约肌切开、腹腔镜胆囊切除术(EST+LC)两种术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果.方法 回顾总结LC联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石256例,采用LC+LCBDE术132例、EsT+LC术124例治疗的临床资料,对两组病例的手术成功率、并发症发生率、手术总时间、住院费用、住院日进行对比统计分析.结果 两种术式的手术成功率、并发症发生率、平均住院日无显著性差异(P>0.05),手术总时间、手术费用比较有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 两种术式各有其适应证和优缺点.胆总管直径<1.0 cm、胆总管中下端结石或老年胆石症病人宜采用EST+LC术式;胆总管直径>1.0 cm的多发性较大结石、尤其是中青年病人应首选LC+LCBDE术式.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开取石在胆囊结石合并正常直径胆总管结石患者中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)联合胆总管切开取石(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, LCBDE)在胆囊结石合并正常直径胆总管结石患者中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析合肥市第二人民医院普通外科2014年3月至2021年7月期间通过LC 联合LCBDE 治疗的393例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料。结果通过测量胆总管十二指肠上段直径的不同将患者分为两组。扩张组胆总管直径>8 mm, 共280例, 正常直径(5 mm≤胆总管直径≤8 mm)胆总管结石113例。两组在手术时间术中及术后并发症上差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。随访期间胆总管正常直径组结石复发3例, 均通过ERCP取出。扩张组结石复发8例, 7例通过ERCP取出, 1例患者拒绝进一步治疗。结论在胆囊结石合并正常直径胆总管结石患者中行LC+LCBDE是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管探查及内镜括约肌切开治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的疗效对比

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(laparos copiccommon bile duct exploration,LCBDE)与LC联合内镜括约肌切开(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)取石术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2011年12月247例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料,其中91例行LC+LCBDE,156例行LC+EST;对比两种术式手术时间、中转开腹率、术后并发症、残石率、住院时间及住院费用等。结果:LC+LCBDE组手术时间短、术后并发症少、住院费用低,但住院时间稍长,两组中转开腹率、残石率差异无统计学意义。结论:LC联合LCBDE及LC联合EST治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全、可靠。应根据患者具体情况进行个体化治疗,病情允许时LC联合LCBDE可作为首选。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.