马鞍山地区不同人群戊型肝炎病毒基因型初步分析

目的了解马鞍山地区不同人群中戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）流行株基因型的分布状况。方法对来自一般人群、有偿献血人群、吸毒人群的血清标本进行HEV IgG、IgM抗体检测并将HEV IgM阳性的血清标本进行RT-PCR扩增,PCR阳性标本进行基因测序及序列分析。结果 HEV PCR扩增成功16份,其中HEV IgM抗体阳性病人和正常人群中10份标本阳性,吸毒人群和有偿献血人群中各3份标本PCR阳性,测序结果显示均为HEVⅣ型毒株感染。结论马鞍山地区不同人群中HEV流行株均为基因Ⅳ型,但不同人群内部的流行株存在较大变异。     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in The Netherlands]

At serological testing of 269 blood samples from patients sent in for hepatitis diagnostics and of 275 randomly selected samples from blood donors from all over the Netherlands, eight and five samples, respectively, were found to contain a positive antibody titre against hepatitis E virus (HEV). Follow-up samples could be obtained from three patients: in one patient the anti-HEV IgG titre remained unchanged over a period of 6 months, in one other the titre fell below the limit of detection and in the third, the titre increased in a period of 2 weeks. This patient had developed jaundice after a stay in Bangladesh. It is possible that in some patients, hepatitis E is mistaken for hepatitis A.     

不同人群戊型肝炎病毒感染及影响因素分析

目的了解江苏省扬中市家畜从业人员和普通人群戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染状况及HEV感染影响因素。方法对家畜诊治、销售、屠宰、规模化饲养和家畜散养等家畜从业人群以及普通人群进行横断面调查,采用间接酶联免疫吸附法检测血清HEV抗体,应用Logistic回归模型分析HEV感染影响因素。结果 947名调查对象中检测出9例抗-HEV IgM阳性,阳性率为0.95%;539例抗-HEV IgG阳性,阳性率为56.9%,其中以家畜销售人群HEV感染率最高为80.6%,农村家畜散养人群为79.3%,家畜诊治人群为75.9%,家畜屠宰人群为72.7%,家畜规模养殖人群为65%,普通人群为39.0%;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,家禽诊治、销售、屠宰、规模化饲养和家畜散养等家畜从业职业、在外就餐、不洗手等可增加HEV感染的风险,受教育程度高、不用河塘水洗菜为保护性因素。结论切断动物源性接触传播途径,提倡良好的生活卫生习惯,是预防戊型肝炎传播流行的必要和切实可行的措施。     

中国发现基因3型戊型肝炎病毒

目的通过对中国华东地区分离出的2株基因3型戊型肝炎病毒株进行同源性分析，探讨其分子起源和传播问题。方法收集华东某地区13个养猪场的133份猪粪便标本，利用巢式RT—PCR技术扩增戊肝病毒基因组的开放读码区2（ORF2）和RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶区（RdRp，ORF1），并进行基因同源性分析。结果戊肝病毒RNA检出率为43．61％（58／133）。其中，在同一个养猪场检出的2份阳性标本与23条戊肝病毒基因3型全长序列在ORF2和ORF1区的同源性分别为77．10％～92．64％和77．49％～91．14％，被划分为基因3型。另外12个养猪场的56份阳性标本均为基因4型。同时发现，某些日本分离的基因3型病毒株比其他基因3型株更接近本次分离的病毒株。结论这是在中国大陆地区首次发现基因3型戊肝病毒。同时证明在一个较为局限的群体中基因3型和4型病毒可以共存。     

广西部分不同人群庚型肝炎感染状况调查

目的 了解广西不同人群ＨＧＶ感染情况及探讨ＨＧＶ的传播途径。方法 采集不同人群血清并以ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测血清中的抗ＨＧＶ。结果 抗ＨＧＶ阳性率在静脉吸毒人群为２．８６％,慢性肝炎病人为２７．７１％,急性病毒性肝为病人为１８．６０％;肝癌病人为６．６７％,健康孕妇和献血员分别为３．３３％和１．６１％。急性病毒性肝炎病人中,以非Ａ－Ｅ型肝炎和丙型肝炎抗ＨＧＶ阳性率高,分别为２６．６９％和２４．４４％;乙     

Detection and molecular characterization of swine hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine herds and their faecal wastes

Recent findings of almost genetically indistinguishable swine and human strains, have suggested swine play a role in the transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV). The extent to which HEV may be present and persist in the faecal waste generated from intensive swine operations is largely unknown. The fate of swine waste liquid is often land application, possibly resulting in unintentional seepage into groundwater or run-off into surface waters, hence validating concerns of human exposure risks. Freshly passed swine faeces, barn flush liquid waste, and lagoon liquid from production sites in North Carolina were surveyed periodically for HEV using RT-PCR primers located in ORF2. On three farms where HEV RNA was detected in swine faeces, it was also found in stored liquid waste on several occasions. HEV presence was related to swine age but not to animal management and waste management procedures, which varied amongst the farms. Seasonal patterns of HEV prevalence could not be established as viral RNA was isolated at all time points from two farms. Phylogenetic analysis of 212 bases of the genomic RNA indicated that isolates resembled the known US swine and human strains (percentage nucleic acid homology 91 to 94%), with one amino acid substitution.     

The genetic divergences of codon usage shed new lights on transmission of hepatitis E virus from swine to human

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important pathogen causing public health burden. Swine has been recognized as a main reservoir. Interestingly, genotype 1 HEV only infects human; whereas genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic. However, there is a lack of in-depth understanding in respect to the transmission from swine to human. Codon usage patterns generally participate in viral survival and fitness towards its hosts. We have analyzed codon usage patterns of the three open reading frames (ORFs) for 243 full-length genomes of HEV genotypes 1, 3 and 4. The divergence of synonymous codon usage patterns is different in each ORF for genotypes 1, 3 and 4, but the genotype-specific codon usage bias in genotype 1 is stronger than those of genotypes 3 and 4. In respect to genotypes 3 and 4, compared with strains isolated from human, HEV isolated from swine shows appreciable variation in adaptation of codon usages to human or swine. These results may help to understand the transmission and host adaptation of HEV genotypes 3 and 4 from swine to human.     

The effects of socioeconomic development on worldwide hepatitis A virus seroprevalence patterns

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection confers long-term immunity, so mathematical analysis of age-specific seroprevalence in populations can reveal changes in the infection rate over time. HAV transmission is related to access to clean drinking water, personal hygiene and public sanitation. METHODS: We used an SIR (susceptible-infectious-recovered) compartmental model with age structure to fit a time-dependent logistic function for HAV force of infection for 157 published age-seroprevalence data sets. We then fit linear regression models for socioeconomic variables and infection rate. RESULTS: The proportion of the population with access to clean drinking water, the value of the human development index (HDI), and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) are all inverse predictors of HAV infection rates. Declining infection rates were observed in 65.6% of the surveys. Discussion This work demonstrates the utility of HAV seroprevalence studies to reveal patterns of change in force of infection and to assess the association between socioeconomic risk factors and transmission rates.     

不同基因型戊型肝炎病毒抗原表位的研究进展

此文介绍了戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)的分型、地理分布和抗原表位的研究进展,以期对HEV的诊断方法 、疫苗研究、进化和其是否为人畜共患等方面的研究提供依据.     

Isolation, detection and characterization of swine hepatitis E virus from herds in Costa Rica

Although swine HEV isolates from North America, Europe, and Asia have been genetically characterized, little is known about the strains presumed to be circulating in Latin America. In this study, seven commercial swine production sites in Costa Rica were surveyed for HEV. Using RT-PCR, with primers located in ORF2, 19/52 fecal samples produced a product of the expected size following two rounds of amplification. Most positive samples were from swine between the ages of 1.5 and 4 months. This study provides documented evidence for the endemicity of HE infections in swine residing in Central America. Through nucleic acid sequencing, isolates were found to be genetically similar, if not identical, with no amino acid substitutions. By comparison of swine and human HEV strains representing all four genotypes and phylogenetic analysis, our isolates closely resembled the US swine and human and other Genotype III strains, with 85-93% nucleic acid identity.     

猪粪便中戊肝病毒实时荧光RT-PCR定性检测方法的建立及其分子流行病学特征

目的 建立以TaqMan探针为基础的戊肝病毒(HEV)实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法和构建系统发育树,对戊肝病毒进行基因分型,检测中国部分省市猪场的猪粪便样本HEV污染水平。方法 参照GenBank HEV基因型序列,针对HEV保守区设计引物和探针,优化反应体系,建立实时荧光RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR检测体系。结果 建立的HEV实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的灵敏度为19.9拷贝/μL,扩增效率92.9%～109.1%,与札如病毒(Sa)、诺如病毒(Nov)、甲肝病毒(HAV)均不发生交叉反应。荧光RT-PCR检测猪粪便样本342份,其中HEV阳性样本210份,阳性率61.4%,育肥前阳性率56.6%,育肥后阳性率66.9%,育肥前后样本阳性率差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=24.8,P<0.05);经基因分型鉴定体系测定阳性毒株基因型均为HEV-4型,且存在4b、4d、4h三种基因亚型。结论 中国部分省市猪场中HEV感染普遍,基因型均为HEV-4型,各省市猪场感染率和基因亚型存在差异。     

Occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus. Analysis of indications for hepatitis B vaccine

This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of acute and chronic morbidity due to hepatitis B infection among employees of an institution for the mentally retarded. Based on a review of medical records, surveillance data, and serologic testing, we found no evidence of excess morbidity among 2,000 employees in a 10-year period. Hepatitis B vaccination is neither warranted nor presently cost-effective for most client-care personnel.     

Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among embalmers: a pilot seroprevalence study.

We performed a serosurvey of 133 embalmers in an urban area where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent. Although we found histories of needlesticks to be common, and the seropositivity rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) (13%) was approximately twice that of a blood donor comparison group, HIV antibody was uniformly absent in 129 embalmers who denied HIV risk factors, and present in one of four with self-described risk behaviors. The risk of HBV infection was higher among embalmers who have worked more than 10 years, relative risk (RR) 16.2 (95% confidence interval 2.1, 126.5), did not routinely wear gloves, RR 9.8 (CI 3.4, 28.5), or are employed in the city of Boston, RR 4.7 (CI 1.8, 12.0).     

A high hepatitis E virus (HEV) seroprevalence among unpaid blood donors and haemodialysis patients in Egypt

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among unpaid blood donors and haemodialysis patients in Egypt and to find out any possible relationship between HEV and HCV. METHODS: Serum samples collected from 95 unpaid blood donors and 96 haemodialysis patients were screened for HEV and HCV antibodies by enzyme immunoassay techniques. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 45.2% (43/95) in blood donors and 39.6% (38/96) in haemodialysis patients. Anti-HEV IgG was found in 69.2% (18/26) and 28.6% (20/70) in haemodialysis patients positive and negative for HCV, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes that HEV is endemic in Egypt and tends to accumulate in certain groups showing evidence of hepatitis C virus infection as in haemodialysis patients suggesting either shared parenteral risk or increased sensitivity to HEV coinfection; that is to say a possibility of combined route of transmission for HEV.     

Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in hepatitis C virus positive patients with cirrhosis. The Como cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis is a significant cause of death in Italy and one of the most frequent causes of hospitalization. Acute peptic ulcer and upper gastrointestinal bleeding reportedly occur in over 15% of cirrhotic patients. Since Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection strongly correlates with peptic ulcer, we sought to ascertain the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we examined 52 consecutive patients (31 female and 21 male, age range 54-82, mean 68.7 years) suffering from hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis attending the Unit of Gastroenterology of the Valduce Hospital of Como (Italy). RESULTS: The prevalence of antibodies against H. pylori was 86.5% (45/52) in the cirrhotics. Of female patients 28/31 (90.3%) were seropositive as compared to 17 of 21 (80.9%) of male patients. CONCLUSIONS: The very high prevalence of H. pylori infection may explain the frequent occurrence of gastroduodenal ulcer in cirrhotic patients.     

广西地区猪、鼠、狗戊型肝炎病毒感染血清学分析

目的了解广西地区猪、鼠和狗血清中抗．戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）IgG抗体流行情况。方法应用HEV基因1型开放读码框（ORF）2和ORF3多肽包被酶标板，辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）标记的羊抗猪、羊抗鼠和羊抗狗建立的酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测猪、鼠和狗血清中抗．HEV IgG。结果总抗．HEV IgG阳性率为31．84％（170／534），其中猪血清抗．HEV IgG阳性率为26．40％（66／250），鼠血清抗．HEV IgG阳性率为43．02％（77／179），狗血清抗．HEV IgG阳性率为25．71％（27／105）。结论猪、鼠和狗血清中存在HEV感染，鼠抗．HEV IgG阳性率最高。