聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出的方法比较（附46例报告）

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出的方法。方法将聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后患者46例分成两组,第1组18例,第2组28例,分别行乳房外下方切开抽吸和乳晕切开直视下取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶,术后复查磁共振。结果乳房外下方切开抽吸术后聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶有较多的残留,乳晕切开直视下几乎能完全取出。结论注射隆乳术后聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶必须在切开直视下取出。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射术后并发症原因初探

目的 探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射术后并发症发生的原因及治疗方法。方法 回顾分析2000年12月-2005年10月所收治的外院注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶后发生并发症的64例患者的病历资料．年龄23-54岁，其中注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳者51例，隆鼻2例，丰颞5例，面部局限性凹陷充填6例。结果 51例注射隆乳术后并发症患者B超检查显示分别在皮下、乳腺内、胸大肌筋膜及胸大肌内有不等量的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶存在。18例免疫球蛋白有异常改变。5例血清内检测出丙烯酰胺单体。平均0．011mg／ml：胶体取出6个月以上2例患者血清内均未检测到丙烯酰胺单体。取出注射物中有16例丙烯酰胺单体阳性．平均含量0．04mg／g。结论 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射入人体后其并发症有局部并发症和全身并发症2大类，局部并发症多与操作不当有关，而全身并发症则考虑与病人免疫学改变以及可能存在的肢体分解有关．另外也不排除心理因素。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症及临床处理现状

目的 简介医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现各种并发症的种类以及临床处理措施。方法 通过检索医药学有关聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术的文献资料，对注射隆乳术后患者出现的并发症类型、并发症的处理方法进行综述。结果 注射隆乳患者术后出现并发症种类繁多，以硬结、疼痛、感染、破渍等发生率最高，常常数种并发症共存；有些并发症是由于不恰当的处理所致。临床处理方法以手术取出、病变组织切除较为彻底。结论 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后可以出现多种并发症，并且不能从体内彻底清除，有些并发症是由不恰当处理方法所致。笔者反对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶体内注射，建议规范处理方法，避免给患者造成更大的创伤，同时对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射体内后对机体健康（包括生理及心理）的影响及注射入人体后的远期变化进行系统研究。     

经乳晕切口取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶80例临床观察

目的：探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后的手术取出方法。方法：对80例隆重乳者分别采用乳晕下半缘切口进行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出治疗。结果：72例感效果满意,8例术后乳房形态欠佳。结论：对大多数聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳采用乳晕下半缘切口进行取出手术能得到满意效果,乳房瘢痕不明显,并发症少,外形较佳。     

MRI在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症诊治中的应用

目的:探讨MRI在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的诊断和处理中的临床应用价值.方法:对24例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳者行MRI扫描,对注射物分布的层次、性状和数量进行定位和评估,再经乳晕切口,手术清除注射物.结果:24例病例中,10例(20只)注射隆乳术后的患者乳房形态可,乳房柔软度正常;7例(10只)患者乳房有变...     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发乳腺癌1例

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后引起的并发症与部分乳腺癌症状相类似,从而导致早期诊断乳腺癌非常困难.目前,虽然没有直接证据证明聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶与乳腺癌之间有确切联系,但有学者已证实合成聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的丙烯酰胺单体对人体有神经毒性及致癌性.该文回顾性分析了1例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发乳腺癌患者病史特点及相关检查结果,...     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆胸术后局部组织中VEGF的变化

目的研究聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(PAHG)注射隆乳术后对局部组织的影响,为其预后及临床治疗提供基础理论依据。方法研究组9例:均为聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆胸术后乳腺组织。对照组9例:其中2例为巨乳乳腺组织;2例为外伤后予以清创术提取的乳腺组织;1例为自体脂肪组织隆乳术后提取的乳腺组织;1例为乳房纤维瘤患者,术中取肿物边缘1 cm外的乳腺组织;2例从乳房烧伤后瘢痕患者提取的乳腺组织;1例为硅凝胶假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩患者提取的乳腺组织。将研究组及对照组采用简单数字随机分组法分为9组,采用实时定量PCR方法对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)m RNA含量进行检测,最后用SPSS13.0统计分析软件进行数据分析和统计学处理。应用t检验进行统计学处理分析。结果研究组与对照组经t检验,P>0.05,无统计学差异。结论在本研究中长时间注射PAHG并没有引起乳房组织标本中VEGF m RNA含量的改变,但也不能说明PAHG就一定不会导致肿瘤的发生,对于PAHG注射术后是否会导致肿瘤的发生还需要进一步的临床观察和大量的相关研究加以证实。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出后重新行假体置入隆乳术30例临床分析

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（polyaerylmaidehydroger，PAHG）作为一种医用软组织填充材料，自1997年引人我国以来，广泛应用于注射隆乳。单体的丙烯酰胺具有神经毒性，注射用PAHG产品中的残留丙烯酰胺的安全性问题始终是人们关注的焦点。实际应用中也发现，由于操作不规范等原因，注射隆乳后可有PAHG异位、包膜增厚、畸形及疼痛等并发症。2005—03—2008—10我们接诊了30例曾实施了PAHG注射隆乳的妇女，经手术切开取出注射物，同时实施乳房假体置人隆乳术，取得了满意效果，现报告如下。     

注射式隆乳术后哺乳期并发严重乳腺脓肿3例报告

我科2004～2006年收治3例因使用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(简称水凝胶)作双侧注射式隆乳术后,于哺乳期并发乳腺炎,早期处理不当并发乳腺脓肿严重感染共5侧乳房,经外科切开引流、病灶清除、回奶等对症治疗后均治愈,效果满意.现将治疗体会报告如下.     

乳房聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶抽吸术临床体会

<正>聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(奥美定)注射隆乳,以其注射方法简单、手术创伤小等优点,曾流行一时,但近年来因其注射物渗漏、局部硬结、瘘道、胸部不适等原因,要求手术取出者逐年增加。笔者自2005-02～2007-02共施行乳房聚丙烯酰胺水凝     

Dose-dependent chemopreventive effects of citronellol in DMBA-induced breast cancer among rats

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women world wide and its incidence is on tremendous increase. The present study is aimed to analyze the dose-dependent chemopreventive efficacy of citronellol on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. The mammary tumor was induced through a single dose of DMBA (25 mg/rat) injected subcutaneously near the mammary gland of rats. In DMBA-injected rats, 100% tumor incidence, increased tumor volume, and tumor burden along with loss of body weight were observed. Biochemical analysis revealed the increased levels of phase I detoxification proteins (cytochrome P450 and b5) and decreased activities of phase II detoxification enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase) in hepatic and mammary tissues. The levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and (GPx) and reduced glutathione) were decreased and lipid peroxidation by-products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and lipid hydroperoxide) got increased in plasma and mammary tissues. Oral administration of different doses of citronellol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) to DMBA-treated rats for 16 weeks absolutely inhibited the tumor incidence and restored the biochemical parameters near to normal level in 50 and 100 mg doses whereas the histopathological studies also supported the biochemical findings. Hence, the result suggests that the citronellol of 50 mg/kg body weight exerted significant chemopreventive effects and can be considered as a minimum optimum dose in the prevention of mammary carcinogenesis.     

Paradoxical zinc toxicity and oxidative stress in the mammary gland during marginal dietary zinc deficiency

Zinc (Zn) regulates numerous cellular functions. Zn deficiency is common in females; ∼80% of women and 40% of adolescent girls consume inadequate Zn. Zn deficiency enhances oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage. Oxidative stress and inflammation is associated with breast disease. We hypothesized that Zn deficiency increases oxidative stress in the mammary gland, altering the microenvironment and architecture. Zn accumulated in the mammary glands of Zn deficient mice and this was associated with macrophage infiltration, enhanced oxidative stress and over-expression of estrogen receptor α. Ductal and stromal hypercellularity was associated with aberrant collagen deposition and disorganized e-cadherin. Importantly, these microenvironmental alterations were associated with substantial impairments in ductal expansion and mammary gland development. This is the first study to show that marginal Zn deficiency creates a toxic microenvironment in the mammary gland impairing breast development. These changes are consistent with hallmarks of potential increased risk for breast disease and cancer.     

Biochemical studies evaluating the chemopreventive potential of brucine in chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis of rats

The present study was aimed to investigate the dose dependent chemopreventive activity of brucine against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in rats. The mammary tumor was induced by a single dose of DMBA (25?mg/rat) injected subcutaneously near the mammary gland. We observed reduced body weight and increase in tumor incidence, the total number of tumors, and tumor volume in DMBA alone injected rats and also observed decreased antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPX, and GSH) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS and LOOH) in plasma and mammary tissues. Increased levels of CYP450, Cyt-b5 and decreased levels of phase II (GST and GR) biotransformation enzymes were noticed in the liver and mammary tissues. Further, increased levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, PL, and FFA) and lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) were noticed. Whereas, decrease in the levels of HDL in plasma and decreased levels of PL and FFA in mammary tissues were observed. Oral administration of brucine in different doses (2, 4 and 8?mg/kg bw) inhibited the tumor incidence and restored the levels of biochemical markers near to normal in dose responsive manner. Biochemical findings are supported by histopathological studies. The results suggest that brucine at a dose of 8?mg/kg bw shows more significant chemopreventive activity in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.     

乳腺病伴重度乳房下垂的手术治疗分析

目的探讨乳腺腺体全切双环缩乳术在顽固性乳腺病伴重度乳房下垂治疗中的应用。方法应用乳腺腺体全切双环缩乳术治疗我院顽固性乳腺病伴重度乳房下垂患者60例,观察术后症状变化及并发症。结果术后所有患者临床症状均完全消失,乳头乳晕血供良好并全部成活;10例小乳晕患者因A、B环直接缝合术后乳晕增大2cm,2例患者出现散发表皮囊肿;60例患者均无脂肪液化、皮下积液等并发症出现。结论乳腺腺体全切双环缩乳术能将治疗疾病与整形美容相结合,术式简单,临床可操作性强。     

荔枝核提取物抑制乳腺增生模型大鼠乳腺组织ER和PR表达及促进乳腺细胞凋亡作用研究

目的:研究荔枝核提取物抑制乳腺增生(HMG)模型大鼠乳腺组织雌二醇受体(ER)和孕酮受体(PR)表达及促进乳腺细胞凋亡的作用。方法:肌肉注射苯甲酸雌二醇0.5mg·kg-1连续25d后,改肌肉注射黄体酮4mg·kg-1连续5d,复制大鼠HMG模型。取健康、未孕雌性SD大鼠60只,均分为6组,即正常(蒸馏水)、模型(蒸馏水)、乳结平(3.3g·kg-1)及荔枝核提取物高、中、低剂量(44、22、11g·kg-1)组,ig给药,每天1次,连续给药30d。通过免疫组化方法观察大鼠乳腺组织中ER和PR的表达情况,流式细胞仪检测乳腺组织细胞凋亡情况,并计算子宫指数。结果:高、中剂量荔枝核提取物能显著抑制HMG模型大鼠乳腺中ER和PR表达(P<0.01或P<0.05),显著促进乳腺细胞凋亡(P<0.01或P<0.05)。HMG大鼠乳头红肿及增生明显,子宫指数显著增加(P<0.01),而各给药组能不同程度地逆转上述病理性改变(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:荔枝核提取物能抑制HMG模型大鼠乳腺组织ER和PR表达,并促进乳腺细胞凋亡,改善HMG及子宫的病理变化,从而有效地对抗雌激素性大鼠HMG。     

Snail mRNA与环氧化酶-2mRNA在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨Snail mRNA及环氧化酶-2(COX-2) mRNA在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及其临床意义.方法 应用原位杂交技术测定30例乳腺单纯性增生、30例乳腺导管内癌和70例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中Snail mRNA及COX-2 mRNA的表达.结果 ①Snail mRNA及COX-2 mRNA在乳腺单纯性增生...     

Histopathological study of female beagle dogs for four year treatment with subcutaneous implantation of chlormadinone acetate (CMA)

The histopathological changes related to chlormadinone acetate (CMA) implantation were examined using female beagle dogs given 10mg/kg for four years. All control animals showed sign of estrus during the experiment, with periods of anestrus of normal duration. In contrast, estrus was completely inhibited in the CMA-implanted animals. Histopathologically, uterine sections from the CMA-implanted animals showed cystic glandular hyperplasia, but no histologic evidence of endometritis, myometritis, and pyometra was found. In the ovaries of the CMA-implanted animals, developing ovarian follicles were observed but no mature follicles were noted in addition to an absence of corpus luteum. No remarkable changes were observed in the liver, adrenal, mammary gland, gallbladder and implanted site. Furthermore, the intensity of staining and number and size of ACTH-and LH-positive cells in the pituitary sections of CMA-implanted animals were not different from control animals. It was concluded, therefore, that subcutaneous implantation of CMA is a potential drug-delivery system for reducing changes due to antigonadotropic and glucocorticoid-like activities and characteristic histopathological changes in the uterus due to progestagenic activity.     

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for lactational transfer of PCB 153 with or without PCB 126 in mice

Chemical exposure via breast milk is one of the great concerns in public health. Previously, we demonstrated that most body burden of PCB 153 can be transferred from the mother to the pups in mice during lactational period. Here we present a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to describe the lactational transfer of PCB 153 with or without PCB 126 in mice. The model incorporated physiological changes on the volume and the blood flow into mammary tissues, and considered mechanistic information on the movement of PCB 153 from adipose tissue to the mammary gland during lactational period. The mechanistic consideration includes fat volume changes, binding of PCB 153 to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and increased uptake of VLDL in mammary tissues. Model parameters depicting physiological changes were obtained from research articles dealing with chemical transfer during lactational period in rodents. Chemical-specific parameters were derived from previous PBPK models focusing on the PCB disposition in rodents. The developed model adequately described the lactational transfer of PCB 153 with or without PCB 126 in mice. Our model will provide a useful mechanistic tool to estimate the disposition of PCBs in diverse experimental designs regarding PCB effects during developmental period and to improve quantitative risk assessment of PCBs in the developing organisms.