CYP2D6*10多态性与肺癌易感性

目的 探讨CYP2D6*10等位基因C188T和G4268C位点单核苷酸多态性与肺癌遗传易感性的关系.方法 采用PCR-RFLP法检测118例肺癌患者和按性别、年龄频数匹配的118名正常对照者CYP2D6基因C188T和G4268C位点的单核苷酸多态性,Logistic回归分析各基因型与肺癌发病危险的关系以及基因多态与吸烟在肺癌发生中的联合作用.结果 非T188/T(C188/C C188/T)基因型和非CA268/C(G4268/G G4268/C)基因型与肺癌均有中等强度关联.按照吸烟情况进行分层分析后发现,不吸烟者、轻度吸烟者中携带非T188/T基因型或非CA268/C基因型的个体患肺癌风险增高.但是CYP2D6非T188/T基因型或非CA268/C基因型与吸烟在肺癌的发生中均不存在交互作用,CYP2D6C188T、G4268C两位点之间也不存在交互作用.结论 T188/T和C4268/C基因型在不吸烟者和轻度吸烟者中可能作为保护因素而降低肺癌易感性.     

热休克蛋白70-hom基因+2 437(T/C)位点基因多态性与肺癌的关系

目的:研究热休克蛋白(HSP)70-hom基因+2 437(T/C)单核苷酸多态性与肺癌遗传易感性的关系,探讨肺癌易感的HSP70-hom基因型.方法:应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测159例肺癌患者和202名正常对照人群HSPT0-hom基因+2 437(T/C)位点多态性,采用病例.对照研究分析其与肺癌的关系.结果:病例组与对照组之间HSP70-hom各基因型(TT、TC和CC)频率及T和C的等位基因频率分布,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).对病理类型分层分析并经年龄、性别、吸烟状况、饮酒史和肿瘤家族史调整后发现,非TT基因型携带者患肺鳞癌危险性是TT基因型携带者的2.17倍(95%CI:1.17～4.00).对吸烟状况进行分层分析并经年龄、性别、饮酒史、肿瘤家族史调整后发现,吸烟者及重度吸烟者中非TT基因型调整OR值分别为5.19(95%CI:1.57～17.19)和9.23(95%CI:2.52～33.84),与肺癌有强关联,提示TT基因型是吸烟者特别是重度吸烟者的保护因素.结论:HSP70-hom基因+2 437(T/C)位点TT基因型可能是肺鳞癌的遗传保护因素,并可降低吸烟者特别是重度吸烟者患肺癌的危险度.     

CYP2E1基因多态性与肺癌遗传易感性的关系

目的 研究CYP2E1基因多态性与中国四川汉族人群肺癌遗传易感性之间的相关性.方法 应用PCR-RFLP技术检测150例中国四川汉族肺癌患者和152例健康人的CYP2E1基因Rsa Ⅰ/Pst Ⅰ和Dra Ⅰ多态性的分布频率,并分析了这两种基因多态性与中国四川汉族人群肺癌遗传易感性之间的相关性,以及与吸烟在肺癌易感性中的交互作用.结果 ①CYP2E1基因Rsa Ⅰ/Pst Ⅰ和Dra Ⅰ多态基因型分布频率在2组间比较无显著性差异(分别为x2=3.186,P=0.203和x2=1.756,P=0.416);②按照吸烟因素分层,携带c1/c1基因型的不吸烟个体较携带突变基因型的个体肺癌风险显著增加(OR=2.453,95%CI=1.140～5.276,P=0.022);③与携带至少1个突变c2基因型的个体比较,携带c1/c1基因型的个体患肺腺癌的风险显著增加(OR=2.440,95%CI=1.235～4.820,P=0.01);④没有发现Dra Ⅰ多态性与肺癌风险之间的相关件.结论 ①CYP2E1的c1/c1基因型为中国四川汉族人群肺癌易感基因型;②Rsa Ⅰ/Pst Ⅰ多态性与中国四川汉族人群患肺腺癌的风险显著相关;③Dra Ⅰ多态性与中国四川汉族人群肺癌风险无相关性.     

CYP1B1与北方地区汉族人群喉癌易感性多基因关联分析

目的 ：探讨代谢酶CYP1B1基因CYP1B1*2 142 C/G,CYP1B1*2 355 G/T,CYP1B1*3 4326 C/G多态性与北方地区汉族人群喉癌易感性的关系。方法：采用病例-对照研究的方法,运用多重聚合酶链反应方法（Multi-PCR）及基质辅助激光解析-飞行时间质谱分析技术（MALDI-TOF MS）对200例北方地区汉族人群喉癌患者和200例健康对照组外周血DNA中CYP1B1*2 142 C/G、355 G/T,CYP1B1*3 4326 C/G基因进行多态性研究,并分析上述基因位点之间及基因和烟酒的联合作用与喉癌发生风险的关联强度。结果：携带CYP1B1*2 355 G/T突变型基因型的病例组患病风险高于对照组（OR=2.281,95%CI: 1.142～3.516,P＜0.001）,携带CYP1B1*3 4326 C/G突变型基因型的病例组患病风险低于对照组（OR=0.571,95%CI: 0.370～0.882,P=0.011）。C142T355C4326单倍体型具有协同效应,显著增加喉癌风险（Adjusted OR=3.180,95%CI:1.760～5.746,P＜0.001）。在非吸烟及吸烟者中携带CYP1B1*2 355 G/T突变型等位基因的危险度OR分别为2.080（95%CI: 0.742～5.830）、6.322（95%CI: 2.541～15.725,P＜0.001）。结论：CYP1B1基因的多态性与喉癌患病风险密切相关。CYP1B1*2 355 G/T突变型基因是喉癌的风险基因,CYP1B1*3 4326 C/G突变型基因是喉癌的保护基因。CYP1B1*2 142 C/G基因多态性与喉癌易感性无相关性。基因与基因之间具有协同作用,风险基因越多患癌风险越大。烟酒与基因之间无相互协同效应。     

白细胞介素-10-592C/A基因多态性与非小细胞肺癌易感性的关系

目的 研究白细胞介素-10-592C/A基因多态性与中国汉族人群非小细胞肺癌遗传易感性之间的相关性.方法 应用PCP-RFLP技术检测116例中国汉族非小细胞肺癌患者和120例健康人的白细胞介素-10-592C/A多态性的分布频率,并分析了这种基因多态性与中国汉族人群非小细胞肺癌遗传易感性之间的相关性,以及与吸烟在非小细胞肺癌易感性中的交互作用.结果 在不吸烟人群中,与携带A/A基因型相比,携带C/C基因型者患非小细胞肺癌的风险会增加,其校正OR值为3.15(95%CI:1.30～7.72,P<0.01).以携带A/A基因型且不吸烟者作为参照,吸烟指数>400且携带A/A基因型或C/A基因型者患非小细胞肺癌的风险均会提高,其校正OR值分别为2.61(95%CI:1.53～4.23,P<0.01)、2.41(95%CI:1.35～4.25,P<0.01).结论 IL-10-592C/A基因多态性多态性可能对非小细胞肺癌易感性产生影响,并可能与吸烟有一定的协同作用.     

miR-605和miR-149基因多态性以及相关因素与肺癌易感性的关联研究

目的:探讨miR-605和miR-149基因多态性以及相关危险因素与肺癌易感性的关联.方法:2002年-2008年共收集了244例肺癌患者以及243例年龄和性别相匹配的正常对照者的社会人口学特征等数据以及外周静脉血样.采用PCR-RFLP技术对miR-605(rs2043556)和miR-149(rs2292832)的两个单核苷酸多态性的基因型进行检测,采用多因素Logistic模型分析miR-149和miR-605基因多态性及吸烟与肺癌易感性的关系.结果:本研究未发现rs2043556与肺癌的易感性有关;AA基因型作为对照.AG和GG基因型肺癌易感性的OR分别为1.2(95%CI:0.4-3.4)和1.7(95%CI:0.6-4.8);经过性别分层后,在男性中携带至少1个G(GG+AG)等位子相对于AA基因的OR=1.5(95%CI:1.0-2.3).ra2292832与肺癌的易感性之间未发现相关性;TT基因型作为对照组,TC和CC基因型肺癌易感性的OR分别为0.7(95%CI:0.3-2.2)和0.6(95%CI:0.2-1.9);与不吸烟者相比,每天吸烟<20支的个体发病风险显著增加(OR=1.7,95%CI:1.0-3.0),吸烟20支及以上者的发病风险进一步增加(OR=4.2,95%CI:2.3-7.6);吸烟与miR-605和miR-149基因之间未发现对肺癌有交互作用.结论:本研究未发现miR-149基因多态性与肺癌的易感性之间存在关联;miR-605的突变可能增加男性肺癌的危险;吸烟明显增加了肺癌的发病风险,但是miR-149和miR-605基因与吸烟对肺癌没有明显的交互作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶13基因多态性与非小细胞肺癌易感性的关联研究

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶13基因(MMP-13)启动子区-77bp A/G单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与我国北方人非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)遗传易感性的关系.方法 采用基于医院的病例-对照研究方法,收集300例非小细胞肺癌患者(其中鳞癌161例,腺癌139例)和300例健康对照个体的静脉抗凝血5mL,以蛋白酶K消化-饱和氯化钠盐析法提取外周血白细胞DNA,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法对MMP-13-77A/G SNP进行基因分型,比较NSCLC病例组与健康对照组之间等位基因及基因型分布.结果 NSCLC病例组中吸烟个体的比例(62.00％)明显高于健康对照组(36.30％)(x2=39.54,P=0.00),经年龄、性别校正后的OR值为3.74 (95％CI=2.451～5.705).健康对照组中的MMP-13基因启动子区转录起始点上游77bp处A/G SNP的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P＞0.05).MMP-13基因-77A/G多态性位点的A等位基因频率在病例组为50.33％,显著高于健康对照组的44.33％(x 2=4.332,P＜0.05).MMP-13基因-77A/G SNP基因型分布在NSCLC病例组和健康对照组之间亦有显著性差异(x2=8.638,P＜0.05).与G/G基因型相比,A/A基因型能显著增加NSCLC的发病风险,(OR=1.309,95％ CI=1.033～1.659).根据NSCLC病理类型进行分层分析发现MMP-13基因-77A/G SNP与肺腺癌的发病风险相关;与G/G基因型相比,A/A基因型能够显著增加肺腺癌的发病风险,经年龄、性别和个体吸烟状况校正后的OR值为1.512(95％ CI=1.128～2.028).结论 吸烟可以显著增加NSCLC的发病风险.MMP-13基因SNP与NSCLC的发病风险相关,与G/G基因型相比,A/A基因型可显著增加NSCLC尤其是肺腺癌的发病风险.     

p53 Arg/Pro基因多态性及吸烟对河南汉族人群肺癌发病的影响

目的:检测p53基因第4外显子的第72密码子Arg/Pro多态性及吸烟对河南汉族人肺癌发病的影响.方法:采用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测124例肺癌患者和128名对照(病例和对照均为河南汉族人)p53基因Arg/Pro多态性,同时调查两组人群的吸烟状况,比较基因多态性和吸烟在两组中的分布情况.结果:对照组和肺癌组人群Pro/Pro基因型频率分别为15.6%和28.2%,与携带Arg/Arg和Arg/Pro基因型者比较,携带Pro/Pro基因型个体患肺癌危险增加且其调整OR(95%CI)为2.11(1.12～3.97).以不吸烟和非Pro/Pro基因型者为参照,Pro/Pro基因型和吸烟单独作用的调整OR(95%CI)分别为0.93(0.36～2.38)和2.27(1.13～4.54),二因素共同存在时的调整OR(95%CI)为10.49(3.42～32.23),Pro/Pro基因型与吸烟存在交互作用(χ2=5.209,P=0.023).结论:吸烟、p53 Pro/Pro基因型及其二者交互作用可能是河南汉族人群肺癌发病的危险因素.     

TNF-α及IL-6基因多态性与胃腺癌易感性的关系

目的:探讨肿瘤坏死因子 α（TNF α）和白细胞介素 6（IL 6）基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与胃腺癌及幽门螺杆菌（HP）感染胃腺癌发生发展的相关性。方法:采用基因芯片技术检测65例胃腺癌患者和71例健康对照人群中TNF α 238G/A、 308G/A和IL 6 597G/A、-174G/C、-572G/C位点多态性。同时应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定其血清中HP IgG/IgM/IgA型抗体浓度。结果：感染HP胃腺癌患者的阳性率明显高于感染HP的对照组(P=0.007, 相对危险度［OR］=2.53，95%可信区间［95%CI］=1.28-5.24)。胃腺癌组TNF α 238GA基因型和A等位基因频率明显高于对照组(P=0.024， OR=2.44， 95%CI=1.11-5.37; P=0.039， OR=2.13， 95%CI=1.03-4.41)，在HP阳性胃腺癌组明显高于HP阴性胃腺癌(P<0.05，OR=4.53,　95%CI=1.16-17.68; P<0.05，OR=3.52,　95%CI=0.98-12.64)。胃腺癌组IL 6 572CC基因型频率明显低于对照组(P=0.014，OR=0.17，95%CI=0.04-0.81)。未见TNF α和IL 6其他位点的SNP与胃腺癌组或HP阳性胃腺癌组有任何相关性。结论：TNF 238GA基因型及其等位基因A与胃腺癌或感染HP的胃腺癌易感性相关，而IL 6 572CC基因型则能降低胃腺癌易感性。     

ERCC1基因C8092A多态性与肺癌遗传易感性的关联研究

目的 研究ERCC1基因C8092A位点多态性与肺癌遗传易感性的关联,筛查肺癌遗传易感性的标志物.方法 采用病例对照研究的方法,选取264例肺癌患者为病例组,264例非肺癌患者为对照组.采用质谱法检测ERCC1基因C8092A位点的多态性,对照组进行Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律检验.采用X2检验比较ERCC1基因C8092A位点SNP在病例组和对照组之间频率分布差异,多因素Logistic回归分析得到校正后的比值比(OR)、95％的置信区间(CI).结果 携带ERCC1基因C8092A位点CA基因型个体的肺癌遗传易感性降低(CA vs CC,OR=0.380,95％ CI:0.267 ～0.541,P＜0.001),差异有统计学意义.校正混杂因素年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒后,CA基因型患肺癌的风险仍较低(校正OR=0.380, 95％CI:0.262～0.538, P＜0.001),差异有统计学意义.分层分析显示在≥61岁年龄组,无论性别、吸烟与否、饮酒与否,与CC基因型比较,CA基因型患肺癌的风险均降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ERCC1基因C8092A位点单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与肺癌遗传易感性有关,与CC基因型相比,CA基因型人群患肺癌的风险较低.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.