甲壳素的化学修饰及复合物系列

目的：综述有关甲壳素的化学修饰及复合物系列，为甲壳素在医药学领域的开发应用提供参考。方法：对国内外文献中有关甲壳素的化学修饰及复合物系列的报道进行了检索和综述。结果：甲壳素及脱乙酰甲壳素在化学结构上存有氨基和伯、仲羟基，可经化学修饰生成各种衍生物，从而引起物理、化学性质的巨大改观。我们主要列举一些在医药应用上有潜力的化学修饰衍生物的制法。甲壳素复合物系甲壳素通过络合、离子交换、键合等形式与其它活性成份相结合所形成的一种新产物，体现出一种协同作用。本文主要介绍已用于医药领域的多种复合物。结论：甲壳素化学修饰物及复合物系列的发展，将给医药领域带来重要影响。     

第十届国际肿瘤治疗化学修饰剂大会概况

第十届国际肿瘤治疗化学修饰剂大会概况１９９８年１月２８～３１日在美国佛罗里达州Ｃｌｅａｒｗａｔｅｒ召开了第十届国际肿瘤治疗化学修饰剂大会（１０ｔｈＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｎＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＭｏｄｉｆｉｅｒｓｏｆＣａｎｃｅｒＴｒ...     

量子血液疗法治疗真性红细胞增多症的护理

真性红细胞增多症是一种克隆性以红细胞异常增多为主的慢性疾病。患者的红细胞数量及全血总容量绝对增多。此病以中老年多见,目前治疗多采用骨髓抑制剂、脾切除、血液稀释等,缓解期短,易复发。我们采用量子疗法结合清除红细胞治疗真性红细胞增多症5例,效果满意,现将操作及护理体会介绍如下。     

化学修饰剂的研究现状

化学修饰剂对肿瘤细胞具有增敏作用,近期的研究显示其中的生物还原活性物在恶性肿瘤治疗中有放射增敏和化学增敏作用,因此引起广泛的重视。本文综述化学修饰剂中研究较多的生物还原活性物的主要作用机理及其临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的试验结果,展示其可喜的临床应用前景。     

血液替代品化学修饰的血红蛋白研究进展

本综述了血液替代品化学修饰血红蛋白的合成途径、特性、毒副作用以及最新的临床应用。     

WR-2721

在第8届国际癌症治疗的化学修饰剂会议的第一天下午,非正式地召开了一次专题讨论WR-2721的会议。     

肝硬化患者红细胞CR1分子基因多态性及数量表达的变化

 目的研究肝硬化患者红细胞补体受体Ⅰ型分子(Complement receptor type 1,CR1)密度相关基因多态性、数量表达及活性的变化.方法采用PGR和HindⅢ酶切技术测定红细胞CR1分子基因多态性,采用酶联法定量测定红细胞GR1分子的数量,采用红细胞天然免疫粘附功能实验测定红细胞CR1分子粘附活性.结果肝硬化患者红细胞CR1分子密度相关基因多态性与正常人相比,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05),但其红细胞CR1分子的数量表达及活性明显低于正常健康人群(P＜0.01),失代偿性乙肝后肝硬化患者的CR1分子数量明显低于代偿性乙肝后肝硬化患者(P＜0.05),但肝功正常的肝硬化患者红细胞CR1分子数量与正常人比较无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论肝硬化患者红细胞GR1分子数量表达及活性缺陷可能是后天因素引起;测定肝硬化患者红细胞CR1分子的数量对临床病情判断及发展预测有重要参考价值.     

生物技术在战伤救治中的应用

生物技术,尤其分子生物学技术已广泛渗透到医学科学的几乎所有领域,推动了诸多学科,如生物化学、生理学、免疫学、药学等由细胞水平向分子、基因水平迅速发展,使疾病的诊断、预防、治疗、新药研究等均有重大突破[1]。生物技术在战伤救治中同样具有广阔的应用前景。1　为战伤救治提供新型血源血液替代品的研究一直是目前世界性的研究热点之一。用生物技术研制的人工血[2]为安全、有效、贮存期长的即用型血液,可成为野战输血所急需的替代品。蛋白质工程技术的应用,为从红细胞中分离血红蛋白提供了新的技术手段。这类经过定位化学修饰的血红蛋…     

BX-A型冰冻红细胞洗涤机洗涤效果分析

目前国内已开发研制出BX-A型冰冻红细胞洗涤机，采用全自动、全封闭洗涤系统，具有安全、轻便、易于操作等特点。我们对BX-A型冰冻红细胞洗涤机洗涤的红细胞进行了临床效果分析。现分析报告如下。     

放射增敏作用机理

第8届国际癌症治疗的化学修饰剂会议中约有1/4的论文涉及到研究放射增敏作用机制的问题。     

Detection of AB0 blood group-active glycolipids extracted from red cell membrane and heat hematoma using TLC-immunostaining

Summary Glycolipids extracted from groups A, B, and 0 erythrocytes were developed on thin-layer plates; their AB0 blood group antigenicities were detected by immunostaining method using avidin-biotin-complex (ABC). Among series of glycolipids of different flow rates, antigen-specific staining was observed in five bands from group A₁ erythrocytes, four bands from group B, and two bands from group O. Monoclonal anti-A, -B, and -H antibodies specifically stained glycolipids from A₁, B, and 0 erythrocytes, respectively.AB0 blood grouping was possible from 5 g of epidural heat hematoma of a charred body by this method. ABC immunostaining on thin-layer chromatography is a useful and reliable method for AB0 blood grouping in forensic practice.Supported in part by a scientific grant from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan     

尿毒症患者肾移植前后红细胞免疫功能调节因子的变化

目的：探讨肾移植后红细胞免疫促进因子和抑制因子变化规律。方法：采用郭峰方法，对３８例尿毒症患者肾移植后红细胞免疫调节因子进行观察。结果；移植前ＲＦＥＲ与对照组比较，明显降低，而ＲＦＩＲ则明显升高，移植后ＲＦＥＲ和ＲＦＩＲ比移植前分别上升和下降幅芳较大，但仍未恢复至正常水平。     

Water chemical shift in 1H NMR of red cells: effects of pH when transmembrane magnetic susceptibility differences are low

The (1)H magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectrum of water in erythrocyte suspensions shows peaks from each of the intracellular and extracellular water pools. The splitting is a true chemical shift and is brought about by the elimination of water exchange under MAS conditions due to physical separation of the two water populations. The size of the chemical shift difference is determined by the concentration of intracellular protein affecting the average extent of hydrogen bonding of water. We present here a model of the chemical shift behavior for water in erythrocytes under normal high-resolution NMR conditions based on results from MAS experiments on these cells exposed to different pH and osmotic conditions. The model accurately predicts the chemical shift of water for a static sample, and the results demonstrate that in high-resolution NMR experiments the chemical shift of water will appear to be invariant if differences in magnetic susceptibility across the cell membrane are minimal (<10% of the magnetic susceptibility of water). Thus, changes in the shape and chemical shift of the water resonance are not due to pH changes in the physiological range. The findings are fundamental to an interpretation of the mechanism of chemical shift effects on the water resonance that may occur in functional MRI.     

泽兰有效部分L.F04对红细胞流变学的影响

目的研究泽兰有效部分L .F0 4对红细胞流变学的影响 ,以探讨其活血化瘀作用机理。方法用高分子右旋糖酐静脉推注造成大鼠血瘀证动物模型 ,观察泽兰L .F0 4对红细胞变形性、聚集性和膜流动性的影响。结果高分子右旋糖酐造成了大鼠红细胞变形性降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,聚集性增高 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,膜流动性降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。与模型组相比 ,L .F0 4大 ( 0 .61 2 g/kg)、小 ( 0 .30 6g/kg)剂量明显改善了红细胞变形性(P <0 .0 5 ) ,抑制了红细胞聚集 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;对红细胞膜流动性有增加的趋势 ,但未呈现出量效关系。结论L .F0 4可显著改善血瘀动物异常的红细胞流变学指标。     

银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫分子CD35与CD59/ECKR相关性变化的初步研究

目的 研究银屑病患者红细胞表面CD35(Ⅰ型补体受体CR1)与CD59及红细胞趋化因子受体(ECKR)的表达及其相关性,并探讨其在银屑病发病机制中的作用。方法 应用流式细胞仪同时检测寻常型银屑病患者新鲜红细胞表面天然免疫分子CD35,CD59的表达水平;分离一定量的红细胞与IL-8结合,离心后取上清液用ELISA法测IL-8含量,反映ECKR结合活性。结果 正常人红细胞CD35与CD59呈明显负相关(r=-0.603,P<0.01),而在银屑病和恶性肿瘤则呈紊乱状态。银屑病红细胞CD35与ECKR结合活性呈正相关(r=0.515,P<0.005),而正常人和肿瘤患者两者无相关性。结论 红细胞CD35与CD59间及CD35与ECKR间可能存在某种调控机制,并在机体天然免疫反应和银屑病免疫发病机制中可能起重要作用。银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能亢进和红细胞CD35表达增加可能属反应性,而CD59表达可能属代偿性增强。     

银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能的变化及临床意义

目的 研究银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能状况,并探讨其在银屑病发病机制中的作用。方法 测定新鲜血红细胞对肿瘤细胞的快速天然免疫反应,同时用流式细胞仪定量测定红细胞CD35。结果 银屑病患者肿瘤红细胞花环率和红细胞CD35分子定量均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),并且红细胞CD35分子定量与PASI评分是显著正相关(r=0.926,P<0.001)。结论 (1)银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能存在亢进和紊乱,红细胞CD35分子数量及其活性的增加是银屑病天然免疫反应能力亢进的基础,并且在银屑病免疫发病机制中可能起重要作用;(2)银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能的测定可作为判断银屑病病情的客观指标之一。     

Spin-echo 1H NMR detected response of ergothioneine to oxidative stress in the intact human erythrocyte

Human erythrocytes were subjected to oxidative stress using arsenicals. The study is a model for thiol-related redox processes observed in the etiology of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Spin-echo NMR spectroscopy of the living cell was used to monitor the cellular biochemistry. Oxidation of glutathione and the first demonstrated response of ergothioneine to a chemical stimulus in a cell were observed. The reversible nature of the ergothioneine response is interpreted as an environmental rather than a chemical change.     

Chemical shift and magnetic susceptibility contributions to the separation of intracellular and supernatant resonances in variable angle spinning NMR spectra of erythrocyte suspensions.

Factors contributing to the observation of two separate water resonance arising from erythrocyte suspensions under magic- and variable-angle spinning conditions were examined. By observing the 1H NMR spectra of different chemical species in erythrocytes at different spinning angles, two major effects of comparable magnitude were shown to contribute to the separation: 1) an isotropic chemical shift difference, and 2) a susceptibility difference between the intracellular and supernatant compartments. When the sample was spun at the magic angle, the susceptibility difference did not contribute to the separation. Use of different angles between the spinning axis and the main magnetic field provided a method for quantifiying the isotropic chemical shift and susceptibility differences between the compartments.     

Absence of genotoxic potential of 902 MHz (GSM) and 1747 MHz (DCS) wireless communication signals: In vivo two-year bioassay in B6C3F1 mice

Purpose: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the incidence of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes of B6C3F1 mice that had been chronically exposed to radiofrequencies (RF) used for mobile communication.

Materials and methods: ‘Ferris wheels’ were used to expose tube-restrained male and female mice to simulated environmental RF signals of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM, 902 MHz) or Digital Cellular System (DCS, 1747 MHz). RF signals were applied to the mice for 2 hours/day on 5 days/week for two years, at maximal whole-body-averaged specific absorption rates of 0.4, 1.3, and 4.0 W/kg body weight. Concurrent sham-exposed mice, cage controls, and positive controls injected with mitomycin C were included in this investigation. At necropsy, peripheral blood smears were prepared, and coded slides were stained using May-Grünwald-Giemsa or acridine orange. The incidence of micronuclei was recorded for each mouse in 2000 polychromatic and 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes.

Results: There were no significant differences in the frequency of micronuclei between RF-exposed, sham-exposed, and cage control mice, irrespective of the staining/counting method used. Micronuclei were, however, significantly increased in polychromatic erythrocytes of the positive control mice.

Conclusions: In conclusion, the data did not indicate RF-induced genotoxicity in mice after two years of exposure.     

NMR studies of erythrocytes immobilized in agarose and alginate gels.

31P and 13C NMR were used to study the energy metabolism in perfused, human erythrocytes. The erythrocytes were immobilized in agarose threads, Ca- or Ba-alginate beads, and Ba-alginate-coated agarose threads. Erythrocytes were easily washed out from the agarose threads, but not from alginate-containing gels. Various small molecules, such as hypophosphite, dimethyl methylphosphonate, and methylphosphonate, were taken up from the perfusion medium in a normal manner. In addition, the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) chemical shifts were sensitive to the oxygen partial pressure suggesting that O2 molecules were diffusing through the gel and modifying the binding of 2,3-DPG to hemoglobin. A combination of inosine and pyruvate stimulated the synthesis of 2,3-DPG, but only if inorganic phosphate was present in the perfusion medium. Inosine only resulted in a dramatic rise in the intracellular sugarphosphate concentrations. Furthermore, [2-13C]glucose was converted to [2-13C]lactate by immobilized cells at a rate which was comparable to that in a control suspension. In summary, immobilization in Ba-alginate-coated agarose threads was an efficient way of trapping human erythrocytes for whole cell NMR investigations.