骨髓间充质干细胞与复合I型胶原和骨形态发生蛋白2的聚乳酸乙醇酸构建组织工程骨

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)体外分离培养后种植到复合Ⅰ型胶原和重组人类骨形态发生蛋白2(rhBMP-2)的聚乳酸乙醇酸(PLGA)生物支架上,构建组织工程骨的可行性.方法密度梯度离心法提取分离BMSC,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,流式细胞分析法对细胞表面抗原进行鉴定.相分离法制备多孔三维PLGA生物支架,支架材料上复合Ⅰ型胶原和rhBMP-2,扫描电镜观察其超微结构.将第3代的BMSC接种于复合支架上,扫描电镜观察材料的细胞黏附性,将培养6 h 后的细胞-支架复合体植入SD大鼠肌袋内,于2个月后取材进行HE染色,观察其构建组织工程骨的情况.结果 BMSC可在体外分离扩增,表达CD29、CD44,不表达CD34和CD45.制备的PLGA支架孔隙率为90%,平均孔径为100 μm,与BMSC有较好的黏附性.2个月后动物体内细胞-支架复合体的大体观察和HE染色显示,BMSC种植到复合Ⅰ型胶原和rhBMP-2的PLGA生物支架上可构建骨组织.结论 BMSC可在体外长期、稳定培养,是理想的组织工程种子细胞.PLGA与干细胞有较好的黏附性,可用来做组织工程生物材料.BMSC种植到复合Ⅰ型胶原和rhBMP-2的PLGA生物支架上后,在动物体内可构建组织工程骨.     

成人食管上皮细胞的体外培养及生物学特性

目的 培养成人正常食管上皮细胞,建立能够体外长期培养的食管上皮细胞系,为上皮细胞的体外研究提供实验材料.方法 取食管癌患者正常食管上皮,用0.25%Dispase酶和0.25%胰蛋白酶/0.02?TA消化获取成人食管上皮细胞,使用无血清角化细胞培养液培养,通过细胞形态学观察和角蛋白、上皮膜抗原(EMA)免疫组织化学染色鉴定细胞.结果 原代培养8d后,细胞汇合成片呈铺路石样生长,细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原表达阳性,可连续传代.结论 为体外分离培养成人正常食管上皮细胞建立了方便可行的方法.     

rhBMP-2／PLGA缓释支架的制备及对MSCs细胞成骨活性的体外研究

目的探讨骨形态发生蛋白（rhBMP-2）的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸共聚物（PLGA）体外缓释生物支架对人骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）细胞的影响。方法采用粒子沥滤-冷冻干燥复合工艺制备了附载rhBMP-2的PLGA生物支架,并检测了在PLGA的降解过程中rhBMP-2的释药规律;同时分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,体外培养后分别接种于附载和未附载rhBMP-2的PLGA支架上。扫描电镜观察不同时间段MSC在支架上的生长情况;MTT法测定细胞增殖情况。结果rhBMP-2能被包裹进PLGA支架中,而且可以在PLGA支架降解过程中持续释放出来并诱导骨发生。结论骨形态发生蛋白的PLGA复合载体是一种较为理想的新型生物支架。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞与PLGA构建组织工程脂肪的实验研究

目的探讨采用聚乳酸一聚乙醇酸共聚物（PLGA）生物支架及骨髓间充质干细胞，构建组织工程化脂肪组织的可行性。方法将雄性大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞接种于PLGA支架上，成脂诱导培养1周，扫描电镜观察细胞在支架上的生长及黏附情况；同时，将细胞一支架复合体异体移植于雌性大鼠体内，观察其成脂情况，并使用原位杂交技术鉴定。结果在生物支架上大量成脂细胞呈簇状生长；1个月时可见脂肪组织形成，3个月时脂肪组织成熟。结论PLGA生物支架是一种理想的生物可降解支架，骨髓间充质干细胞接种于PLGA生物支架可用于组织工程化脂肪的研究。     

纤维蛋白支架上人羊膜上皮细胞的培养

目的：观察人羊膜上皮细胞（HAEC）能否在体外构建的纤维蛋白支架上良好生长。 方法： 体外构建的纤维蛋白支架，采用倒置显微镜观察，吉姆萨（Giemsa）染色和扫描电子显微镜，观察人羊膜上皮细胞在纤维蛋白支架上生长情况。 结果： 人羊膜上皮细胞在纤维蛋白支架上生长良好，细胞间相互有伪足等多种形式的接触。 结论： 体外构建的纤维蛋白支架与羊膜上皮细胞有组织相容性，纤维蛋白支架可能作为人羊膜上皮细胞的生长载体和胎膜破口的修复材料。     

不同培养体系对鼠表皮干细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的 探讨不同培养体系对表皮干细胞增殖、分化的影响,建立理想的调控表皮干细胞增殖、分化的培养体系.方法 酶消化和Ⅳ型胶原快速黏附法获取鼠表皮干细胞.分别在普通培养皿培养、与几丁质膜生物支架材料共培养及以几丁质膜生物支架材料作为载体植入裸鼠体内培养等不同培养体系下观察表皮干细胞生长情况.普通培养和与几丁质膜生物支架材料共培养4周后,对比表皮干细胞克隆形成率的差异.免疫组织化学染色观察表皮干细胞以几丁质膜为载体植入裸鼠体内后4周表皮干细胞的增殖、分化情况.结果 表皮干细胞在普通培养皿培养3d左右,细胞开始克隆增殖;12 d左右融合成片;传代培养后增殖能力逐渐减低,融合成片时间逐渐延长,传代培养3～4代后细胞终末分化,失去增殖能力.几丁质膜生物支架材料培养表皮干细胞,2周后呈棋盘式集落生长,几丁质膜生物支架材料上有大量的表皮干细胞小集落,集落上有大量的增殖细胞附着生长,扫描电镜下见几丁质膜生物支架材料纤维直径约10 μm,以纤维为主,上下两层呈纵横排列成十字孔,孔间有大量表皮干细胞集落.几丁质膜生物支架材料培养表皮干细胞4周后,其克隆形成率明显高于普通培养皿培养[(12.6±2.7)％比(5.7±1.1)％,P＜0.05].表皮干细胞几丁质膜生物支架材料植入裸鼠体内培养4周后,细胞大量增殖形成巢状排列,在表皮干细胞巢周围,可见有类似皮肤附件结构.结论 表皮干细胞在体外普通培养皿培养可增殖生长,但维持增殖时间较短;与几丁质膜生物支架材料共培养,可较长时间地维持表皮干细胞的增殖特性;植入体内后表皮干细胞大量增殖.     

胶原改良聚乳酸电纺丝支架用于组织工程化输尿管的体外构建***

背景：聚乳酸是一种应用广泛的细胞支架材料,但其疏水性和缺乏细胞识别信号影响了在组织工程器官构建中的应用。 目的：探讨Ⅰ型胶原蛋白改良聚乳酸电纺丝支架体外构建组织工程化输尿管的可行性。 方法：用Ⅰ型胶原蛋白醋酸溶液冻干法处理聚乳酸电纺丝,使Ⅰ型胶原蛋白吸附于电纺丝纤维表面,制成胶原改良电纺丝支架。将分离培养的输尿管上皮细胞分别接种于改良聚乳酸电纺丝支架和未处理的聚乳酸电纺丝支架上。 结果与结论：MTT检测显示输尿管上皮细胞在改良支架中生长良好,细胞整体活性在各时间点均明显优于未处理的聚乳酸电纺丝支架上的细胞。扫描电镜观察发现细胞在改良支架表面黏附良好,接种后5 d,支架表面大部分已被增殖的输尿管上皮细胞覆盖。说明胶原改良聚乳酸电纺丝支架能明显提高种子细胞的黏附和增殖活性,可用于体外构建组织工程化输尿管。 关键词：输尿管;电纺丝;聚乳酸;胶原;黏附;增殖;组织工程 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.12.002     

脂肪干细胞与三维支架体内外培养构建的组织工程化气管

背景：气管替代物包括自体组织皮瓣、气管同种异体移植、人工材料支架和无活力组织移植等,但均因为相关严重并发症和获取困难等因素使临床应用遇到很大困难。 目的：利用脂肪干细胞与聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(poly-D,L-lactio-co-glycolic acid,PLGA)、聚三亚甲基碳酸酯(poly(trimethylenecarbonate),PTMC)共聚物支架构建组织工程化气管支架模型。 方法：组织块法原代分离培养SD大鼠脂肪干细胞,脂肪干细胞行流式细胞术及多向分化能力鉴定,分别种植于PLGA-PTMC支架,经体内体外培养后行免疫组织化学及扫描电镜观察。 结果与结论：大鼠脂肪干细胞接种于支架后,呈球形,伸展出伪足,均匀贴附PLGA-PTMC支架,细胞间相互融合成团;经体内培养后,新生毛细血管丰富。PLGA-PTMC支架具有良好的生物相容性,无细胞毒性,其多孔的三维立体状结构适合脂肪干细胞黏附生长。经体内、体外培养得到组织工程化气管模型,新生血管丰富,可以作为有效的气管替代物。     

组织工程脊髓支架材料:聚乳酸-羟基乙酸最佳孔径的筛选

背景:细胞支架是细胞生长的载体,其孔径是影响组织工程脊髓疗效的重要因素之一。目的:通过将神经干细胞与不同孔径的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(poly lactic-co-glycolic acid,PLGA)支架体外复合培养,筛选确立组织工程脊髓支架材料的最佳孔径。方法:取传第1代的神经干细胞悬液50μL(细胞数1010L-1),分别种植在孔径200～300μm、400～500μm的PLGA支架上复合培养7d,得到两种组织工程脊髓。30只大鼠均建立脊髓损伤模型,造模后分为3组,分别在脊髓缺损处立即填塞上述两种组织工程脊髓,空白对照组在缺损处不进行材料移植。倒置相差显微镜及电镜下观察神经干细胞在PLGA支架中的生长增殖与分布,MTT检测两种组织工程脊髓所含神经干细胞的相对数量,采用BBB运动功能评分比较不同孔径的组织工程脊髓的移植疗效。结果与结论:镜下神经干细胞在各孔径材料上均紧密贴附并增殖分化,组织相容性良好。共培养7d后,孔径200～300μmPLGA支架组、孔径400～500μmPLGA支架组的吸光度值基本相似(P0.05),说明PLGA支架的孔径大小对培养的神经干细胞增殖数量无明显影响。移植第4周与空白对照组比较,孔径200～300μmPLGA支架组、孔径400～500μmPLGA支架组大鼠的神经功能均有不同程度恢复,BBB运动功能评分均明显升高(P0.05),且孔径200～300μm的PLGA支架其移植效果更好。     

胶原海绵支架体外构建组织工程膀胱黏膜***◆

背景：组织工程膀胱黏膜层的构建在组织工程膀胱修复中占有重要的地位,但目前并没有最合理的构建方法。 目的：探讨胶原海绵支架复合猪膀胱尿路上皮细胞体外构建膀胱黏膜结构的可行性。 方法：刮取猪膀胱黏膜层后用酶消化方式进行猪膀胱尿路上皮细胞原代培养,并进行尿路上皮细胞标志物免疫荧光和RT-PCR鉴定。制备疏松多孔的胶原海绵支架材料,将第3代尿路上皮细胞接种在胶原海绵支架上,体外培养4~8 d后观察尿路上皮细胞和胶原海绵材料的复合情况。 结果与结论：原代培养的猪膀胱尿路上皮细胞呈“多角形”、“铺路石”样,以克隆团形式生长。免疫荧光鉴定AE1/AE3阳性,RT-RCR检测uroplakin-ⅠA、uroplakin-Ⅱ阳性。胶原海绵复合尿路上皮细胞体外培养4~8 d后,细胞在胶原海绵支架上生长良好,覆盖胶原材料的表面并长入材料内部,保持了尿路上皮细胞的特性。体外培养6 d时,尿路上皮细胞与胶原支架复合效果最好,同时细胞数量也最多。结果初步表明了胶原海绵复合膀胱尿路上皮细胞可以构建组织工程膀胱黏膜,且体外培养6 d为最佳时间点。     

Biomimetic and synthetic esophageal tissue engineering

Background/PurposeA tissue-engineered esophagus offers an alternative for the treatment of pediatric patients suffering from severe esophageal malformations, caustic injury, and cancer. Additionally, adult patients suffering from carcinoma or trauma would benefit.MethodsDonor rat esophageal tissue was physically and enzymatically digested to isolate epithelial and smooth muscle cells, which were cultured in epithelial cell medium or smooth muscle cell medium and characterized by immunofluorescence. Isolated cells were also seeded onto electrospun synthetic PLGA and PCL/PLGA scaffolds in a physiologic hollow organ bioreactor. After 2 weeks of in vitro culture, tissue-engineered constructs were orthotopically transplanted.ResultsIsolated cells were shown to give rise to epithelial, smooth muscle, and glial cell types. After 14 days in culture, scaffolds supported epithelial, smooth muscle and glial cell phenotypes. Transplanted constructs integrated into the host's native tissue and recipients of the engineered tissue demonstrated normal feeding habits. Characterization after 14 days of implantation revealed that all three cellular phenotypes were present in varying degrees in seeded and unseeded scaffolds.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that isolated cells from native esophagus can be cultured and seeded onto electrospun scaffolds to create esophageal constructs. These constructs have potential translatable application for tissue engineering of human esophageal tissue.     

Esophageal epithelial cell interaction with synthetic and natural scaffolds for tissue engineering

As an initial step towards a tissue-engineered esophagus, rat esophageal epithelial cells (REEC) were isolated and characterized for epithelial identity, adhesion protein preference, and in vitro interaction with natural and synthetic scaffolds. The scaffolds consisted of AlloDerm (LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (75:25) (PLGA75), poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (50:50) (PLGA50), and polycaprolactone/poly(L-lactic acid) (50:50) (PCL/PLLA). Various factors-including calcium concentration, scaffold composition, and pore size--were evaluated for their influence on epithelial growth and differentiation. By day 18, keratinocytes seeded on AlloDerm cultured under high Ca(++) (1.5mm) conditions showed a proliferating basal cell layer, epithelial stratification (5--6 layers) and a thick keratin layer. The synthetic scaffolds (PLGA, PLLA, PCL/PLLA) also showed complete surface coverage, regions of proliferating basal cells, and evidence of stratification (2--3 layers) and keratinization. The highly porous nature of the synthetic scaffolds, however, limited the formation of a continuous epithelial layer and resulted in a lack of overall spatially-defined differentiation. In conclusion, rat esophageal epithelial cells were successfully isolated and characterized, with cells seeded on AlloDerm showing superior epithelial organization and stratification compared to synthetic scaffolds. Modification of the synthetic scaffold's surface properties and pore size may be necessary to mimic epithelial behavior on natural scaffolds.     

Implant-assisted meniscal repair in vivo using a chondrocyte-seeded flexible PLGA scaffold

A cell-based engineered construct can be used for healing of intractable meniscal lesions. Our aims were to assess the culture conditions (static versus dynamic oscillation) and the healing capacity of the chondrocyte-seeded flexible implants in a heterotopic mouse model. Swine articular chondrocytes were labeled with PKH 26 or DiI dye and seeded onto a flexible PLGA scaffold using dynamic oscillating conditions for 24 h. Half of cell-seeded scaffolds were cultured in the same dynamic conditions, while the remaining scaffolds were cultured statically. After 7 days, scaffolds were placed between swine meniscal discs and were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 6 weeks. Additional constructs for assessing in vivo cell tracking were implanted for 12 weeks. Live/dead assays demonstrated labeled chondrocytes attached throughout the scaffold in both culture conditions. DNA measurements showed no significant difference between the culture conditions. A continuous fibro-cartilaginous healing tissue was observed between meniscal discs in all 12 dynamically cultured constructs and 9 of 11 statically cultured ones. There was no evidence of meniscal healing using acellular scaffold as well as in meniscal constructs lacking an implant. Both PKH 26- and DiI-labeled cells were identified along the healing interface. We conclude the chondrocyte-seeded flexible PLGA implants induce healing of meniscal discs in nude mice. Culture conditions after seeding have no apparent effects on healing.     

Proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell encapsulated in polyelectrolyte complexation fibrous scaffold

A biofunctional scaffold was constructed with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in polyelectrolyte complexation (PEC) fibers. Human MSCs were either encapsulated in PEC fibers and constructed into a fibrous scaffold or seeded on PEC fibrous scaffolds. The proliferation, chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of the encapsulated and seeded hMSCs were compared for a culture period of 5.5 weeks. Gene expression and extracellular matrix production showed evidences of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the cell-encapsulated scaffolds and cell-seeded scaffolds when the samples were cultured in the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation media, respectively. However, better cell proliferation and differentiation were observed on the hMSC-encapsulated scaffolds compared to the hMSC-seeded scaffolds. The study demonstrated that the cell-encapsulated PEC fibers could support proliferation and chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of the encapsulated-hMSCs. Together with our previous works, which demonstrated the feasibility of PEC fiber in controlled release of drug, protein and gene delivery, the reported PEC fibrous scaffold system will have the potential in composing a multi-component system for various tissue-engineering applications.     

Growth and metabolism of human hepatocytes on biomodified collagen poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) three-dimensional scaffold

Hepatic tissue engineering offers a promising approach toward alleviating the need for donor liver, yet many challenges must be overcome including choice of scaffold, cell source, and immunologic barriers. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymers are innovative biodegradable materials that have been shown to be useful as scaffolds for seeding and culturing various types of cells. In this study, a porous sponge scaffold of modified PLGA polymer with collagen was investigated for its ability to improve the growth and metabolism of human hepatocytes. We evaluated the biocompatibility of collagen-modified PLGA (C-PLGA) scaffolds with hepatocytes isolated from human liver. Cell adhesion and function (cell density, culture lifespan, albumin synthesis, urea synthesis, and ammonia elimination and diazepam clearance) were assessed during different culture periods. The number of hepatocytes cultured in C-PLGA scaffolds was higher compared with those cultured in PLGA scaffolds without collagen modification, and the lifespan of hepatocytes cultured in C-PLGA scaffolds was longer than that of cells cultured in PLGA scaffolds. Albumin and urea synthesis and ammonia elimination from attached hepatocytes were greater in C-PLGA than in PLGA scaffolds, with the exception of diazepam clearance. Collagen-modified PLGA scaffold is a promising biomaterial for hepatic tissue engineering.     

Enhancement of osteogenesis by poly(lactide-co-glycolide) sponges loaded with surface-embedded hydroxyapatite particles and rhBMP-2

The bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were seeded on [poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds with hydroxyapatite (HA) coating, and "s" stands for surface] (PLGA/HA-S), PLGA/HA-M (containing the same HA amount in the matrix as that of the PLGA/HA-S and "m" stands for matrix), and PLGA scaffolds, which were then cultured in a medium-containing Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (ErhBMP-2). In vitro culture of rat BMSCs found no different cell morphology in all the scaffolds, but the alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic gene expression of type I collagen (COL I) and osteocalcin (OCN) in the PLGA/HA-S scaffolds were always highest and were significantly improved in comparison with those in the PLGA scaffolds. In a rat calvarial defect model, new bone formation was enhanced in the PLGA/HA-S/ErhBMP-2 implants at 4 and 8 weeks after implantation too. Therefore, the PLGA/HA-S scaffold can better enhance the ErhBMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and osteogenesis in vivo.     

In vivo bone formation following transplantation of human adipose-derived stromal cells that are not differentiated osteogenically

A number of studies have shown in vivo bone regeneration by transplantation of osteogenic cells differentiated in vitro from adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs). However, the in vitro osteogenic differentiation process requires an additional culture period, and the dexamethasone that is generally used in the process may be cytotoxic. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ADSCs that are not differentiated osteogenically in vitro prior to transplantation would extensively regenerate bone in vivo when exogenous bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is delivered to the transplantation site. We fabricated a poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) composite scaffold with osteoactive HA that is highly exposed on the scaffold surface. This scaffold was able to release BMP-2 over a 4-week period in vitro. Human ADSCs cultured on BMP-2-loaded PLGA/HA scaffolds for 2 weeks differentiated toward osteogenic cells expressing alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA, while cells on PLGA/HA scaffolds without BMP-2 expressed only ALP. To study in vivo bone formation, PLGA/HA scaffolds (group 1), BMP-2-loaded PLGA/HA scaffolds (group 2), undifferentiated ADSCs seeded on PLGA/HA scaffolds (group 3), and undifferentiated ADSCs seeded on BMP-2-loaded PLGA/HA scaffolds (group 4) were implanted into dorsal, subcutaneous spaces of athymic mice. Eight weeks after implantation, group 4 exhibited a 25-fold greater bone formation area and 5-fold higher calcium deposition than group 3. Bone regeneration by transplanted human ADSCs in group 4 was confirmed by expression of human-specific osteoblastic genes, ALP, collagen type I, OPN, OCN, and bone sialoprotein, while group 3 expressed much lower levels of collagen type I and OPN mRNA only. This study demonstrates the feasibility of extensive in vivo bone regeneration by transplantation of ADSCs without prior in vitro osteogenic differentiation, and that a PLGA/HA composite BMP-2 delivery system stimulates bone regeneration following transplantation of undifferentiated human ADSCs.     

Preparation,characterization and in vitro analysis of novel structured nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

In a previous study, a three-dimensional nanofibrous spiral scaffold for bone tissue engineering was developed, which showed enhanced human osteoblast cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation compared with traditional cylinder scaffolds, owing to the incorporation of spiral structures and nanofiber. However, the application of these scaffolds to bone tissue engineering was limited by their weak mechanical strength. This limitation triggered the design for novel structured scaffolds with reinforced physical characteristics. In this study, spiral polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds were inserted into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere sintered tubular scaffolds to form integrated scaffolds to provide mechanical properties and bioactivity appropriate for bone tissue engineering. Four experiment groups were designed: PLGA cylinder scaffold; PLGA tubular scaffold; PLGA tubular scaffold with PCL spiral structured inner core; PLGA tubular scaffold with PCL nanofiber containing spiral structured inner core. The morphology, porosity and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were characterized. Furthermore, human osteoblastic cells were seeded on these scaffolds, and the cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation and mineralized matrix deposition on the scaffolds were evaluated. The integrated scaffolds had Young’s modulus 250–300 MPa, and compressive strength 8–11 MPa under uniaxial compression. With the addition of an inner highly porous insert to the tubular shell, human osteoblast cells seeded on the integrated scaffolds showed slightly higher cell proliferation, 20–25% more alkaline phosphatase expression and twofold higher calcium deposition than those on the cylinder and tubular scaffolds. Furthermore, compared with sintered PLGA cylinder scaffolds, the integrated scaffolds allowed better cellular infiltration Therefore, this design demonstrates great potential for integrated scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications.