重症急性胰腺炎临床特征及治疗方案的选择

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎的临床特征及治疗方案的选择与预后的关系。方法2001年1月至2005年12月共收治重症急性胰腺炎患者783例,治疗方案根据中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组制定的《重症急性胰腺炎诊治原则草案》进行选择。其中胆源性胰腺炎375例,手术治疗182例,非手术治疗193例。非胆源性胰腺炎408例,手术治疗147例,非手术治疗261例。结果共治愈患者698例,治愈率89．1％。胆源性胰腺炎患者治愈357例,治愈率95．0％,其中手术治疗治愈171例,治愈率94．0％,非手术治疗治愈186例,治愈率96．4％;非胆源性胰腺炎患者治愈341例,治愈率84．0％,其中手术治疗治愈110例,治愈率74．8％,非手术治疗治愈231例,治愈率88．5％。存活患者中有48．3％发生了脏器功能障碍,其中18．3％为多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）;而死亡患者中100％有脏器功能障碍,其中97．6％为MODS。呼吸功能障碍、神经系统障碍与休克的发生率最高,分别为26．3％、11．7％和10．3％,死亡患者中呼吸、肾和心功能障碍的发生率最高分别为94．1％、60．0％和60．0％。存活与死亡患者真菌感染的发生率分别为8．9％与37．6％;消化道瘘发生率分别为0．9％和14．1％。结论针对胆源性胰腺炎的病因治疗和针对胰腺坏死感染的手术治疗是提高疗效的关键因素;MODS是造成胰腺炎患者死亡的主要原因,其中呼吸、肾和心功能障碍危险性较高。     

非胆源性重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方式选择

目的探讨非胆源性重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方式选择。方法回顾性分析2004~2010年期间我科收治的175例非胆源性重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床资料,其中157例非手术治疗,18例在非手术治疗的基础上,外科微创手术干预治疗。结果 157例非手术治疗,治愈150例(95.2%),死亡7例(4.8%),死亡原因为多器官功能衰竭;手术干预18例,治愈13例(72.2%),死亡5例(27.8%),其中3例全身感染合并胰腺坏死,2例十二指肠瘘、胰瘘、腹腔内反复出血。结论非胆源性重症急性胰腺炎以非手术综合治疗措施为基础治疗,非手术治疗无效具备手术指征时,应综合患者情况适时进行外科微创手术干预。     

急性重症胰腺炎的治疗体会

本文总结了过去20年间治疗的140例重症胰腺炎·早期手术组58例·非手术组82例。手术组的死亡率、并发症率和胰腺感染率分别为43.1%,、74.1%和37.9%，明显高于非手术治疗组7.3%、34．1%和1．2%(P＜0.001），非手术治疗组住院时间比手术组短（P＜0.001）。认为对四道感染的病例经非手术治疗无效应尽早手术，有胰腺感染的患者应立即手术，而对病因明确的胆源性胰腺炎可择期手术去除病因。     

重型急性非胆源性胰腺炎治疗决策的反思：附54例报告

目的：探讨急性非胆源性重症型胰腺炎治疗方法。
方法：回顾分析近10年间收治的54例急性非胆源性重症型胰腺炎患者的临床资料。将其分为3组：Ⅰ组为急诊手术组15例(系前5年收治入院保守治疗72 h手术者);Ⅱ组为简捷手术+非手术治疗(针对并发症治疗者)24例;Ⅲ组为简捷手术+后期手术治疗组（并发胰腺脓肿者15例）。
结果：54例患者治愈51例（94.5％）,其中24例并发胰腺囊肿2期手术治愈,3例死亡（5.5％）（均系急诊手术组）,1例死于急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）,1例死于感染中毒性休克,1例死于术后多器官系统衰竭（MOSF）。Ⅱ和Ⅲ组均无死亡病例。
结论：急性非胆源性重症型胰腺炎早期强化全身支持治疗,维护脏器功能和内环境稳定甚为关键,应该针对其并发症进行序贯性治疗,炎症反应高峰期采用简捷手术（局麻下腹腔置管引流处理）,可延缓胰腺病变进程,对形成胰腺脓肿者及时手术治疗,术后持续腹腔灌洗,可明显提高治愈率。     

非梗阻性胆源性重症急性胰腺炎的治疗

目的探讨非梗阻性胆源性重症急性胰腺炎的早期治疗方法。方法对收治的非梗阻性胆源性重症急性胰腺175例采用不同的治疗方案,其中63例3d内接受手术治疗,112例2周内行非手术治疗,对两组的临床治疗效果进行回顾性分析和总结。结果3d内手术治疗组中出现严重并发症者21例(33.3%),死亡16例(25.4%)。2周内接受非手术治疗组中出现严重并发症者19例(16.9%),死亡14例(12.5%);两组间差异均有显著性(P均<0.05)。结论非梗阻性胆源性重症急性胰腺炎2周内宜行非手术综合治疗,不宜过早手术。     

胆源性急性胰腺炎的手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨胆源性急性胰腺炎的手术治疗的指征和时机。方法 回顾性分析1991年-2000年收治的胆源性急性胰腺炎77例。结果 轻型胆源性急性胰腺炎69例，均予早期急诊手术解除胆道梗阻，均获得痊愈。重症胆源性急性胰腺炎8例，病情迅速恶化出现胰腺坏死，感染，均予以手术引流，痊愈4例。死亡4例。结论 对胆源性急性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应当早期急诊手术解除胆道梗阻，可获得良好预后。对重症胆源性急性胰腺炎出现坏死感染者应当及时手术引流，但预后不良。     

早期手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎20例分析

摘要： 为探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）早期手术的效果，对6年间收治的20例SAP患者，在非手术治疗24~48h仍无好转的情况下因符合手术指征而行早期手术治疗进行回顾性分析。术中吸净腹腔积液；如胰腺坏死较轻不剪开胰腺被膜，如胰腺坏死较重则剪开胰腺被膜充分松动胰床，但不作过多的胰腺及腹膜后坏死组织清除。胆源性胰腺炎加行胆囊切除加T管引流。术后保持引流通畅。结果示，本组早期手术治愈率85.0%(17/20)，死亡3例，病死率15.0%，均死于术后多脏器衰竭。手术至死亡时间分别为21，31，36d。提示积极早期手术治疗可提高SAP的治疗效果。     

重症非胆源性胰腺炎的非手术治疗

目的探讨重症非胆源性胰腺炎治疗的方法。方法回顾性分析重症非胆源性胰腺炎125例患者的临床资料,其中105例经非手术治疗,20例行手术治疗。结果 105例非手术治疗患者中,103例治愈出院,2例死亡。20例手术治疗者中手术后死亡2例。结论重症非胆源性胰腺炎,大多数可以通过非手术治愈出院,但若病情加重需要考虑手术治疗。     

非梗阻性重症胆源性胰腺炎34例外科治疗分析

目的：探讨无胆道梗阻的重症胆源性胰腺炎(SBP)的手术时机和手术方式。方法：对34例经手术治疗的非梗阻性SBP病例资料进行总结分析。结果：本组共死亡3例，1w内手术者死亡1例，2-4w内手术死亡2例，4w后手术无死亡病例，死亡原因是多器官功能衰竭(MOF)和胰腺坏死感染。结论：非梗阻性SBP的胆系和胰腺病变相互影响而且互为加重，手术时机和手术方式取决于胆系和胰腺的病理损害特点。     

胆源性急性胰腺炎的治疗体会

目的 探讨胆源性急性胰腺炎的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院2002年1月～2006年1月收治的胆源性急性胰腺炎150例的临床资料.结果 轻症胰腺炎126例中,非手术治疗114例,手术治疗12例,均治愈.重症胰腺炎24例中,非手术治疗8例,治愈5例,死亡3例,死亡率为37.50%;手术治疗16例,治愈13例,死亡3例,死亡率为18.75%.重症急性胰腺炎手术治疗组的死亡率显著低于非手术治疗组(P＜0.05).结论 血清ALT和TBIL水平是诊断胆源性急性胰腺炎有价值的敏感指标.抉择好手术时机是"个体化"治疗胆源性急性胰腺炎转归的重要环节.     

重症急性胰腺炎外科手术的评估

目的：总结近８年来重症胰腺炎的治疗经验。方法：分非手术和手术二组、二组病人均在ＩＣＵ监护和治疗，分析二组病人治疗后的疗效。结果：手术组３３例，死亡１１例（３２．４％），术后出现各种并发症和器官功能衰竭１５例（４４％），平均住院天数８７天。非手术组２０例，死亡２例（１０％），并发症９例（４５％），平均住院３４天。结论：对ＳＡＰ采用早期外科手术的观点应当改变。外科手术在ＳＡＰ中的指片应是梗阻性胆源性胰     

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection

OBJECTIVE: To determine benefits of conservative versus surgical treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Infection of pancreatic necrosis is the most important risk factor contributing to death in severe acute pancreatitis, and it is generally accepted that infected pancreatic necrosis should be managed surgically. In contrast, the management of sterile pancreatic necrosis accompanied by organ failure is controversial. Recent clinical experience has provided evidence that conservative management of sterile pancreatic necrosis including early antibiotic administration seems promising. METHODS: A prospective single-center trial evaluated the role of nonsurgical management including early antibiotic treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatic infection, if confirmed by fine-needle aspiration, was considered an indication for surgery, whereas patients without signs of pancreatic infection were treated without surgery. RESULTS: Between January 1994 and June 1999, 204 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were recruited. Eighty-six (42%) had necrotizing disease, of whom 57 (66%) had sterile and 29 (34%) infected necrosis. Patients with infected necrosis had more organ failures and a greater extent of necrosis compared with those with sterile necrosis. When early antibiotic treatment was used in all patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (imipenem/cilastatin), the characteristics of pancreatic infection changed to predominantly gram-positive and fungal infections. Fine-needle aspiration showed a sensitivity of 96% for detecting pancreatic infection. The death rate was 1.8% (1/56) in patients with sterile necrosis managed without surgery versus 24% (7/29) in patients with infected necrosis (P <.01). Two patients whose infected necrosis could not be diagnosed in a timely fashion died while receiving nonsurgical treatment. Thus, an intent-to-treat analysis (nonsurgical vs. surgical treatment) revealed a death rate of 5% (3/58) with conservative management versus 21% (6/28) with surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These results support nonsurgical management, including early antibiotic treatment, in patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis. Patients with infected necrosis still represent a high-risk group in severe acute pancreatitis, and for them surgical treatment seems preferable.     

56例胆源性胰腺炎的诊治分析

目的　探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎 (AcutebiliarypancreatitisABP)的诊断和治疗方法。 方法回顾性分析我院 2 0 0 1年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月收治的 5 6例ABP的临床资料。结果　轻型 :非梗阻型 1 1例经非手术治疗治愈 ;梗阻型 36例 ,其中 2 6例转为非梗阻型经非手术治疗治愈 ,1 0例转为重型行EST或开腹手术解除梗阻。重型 :梗阻型 7例 ,行ERCP +EST6例 (1例死于多器官功能衰竭 ) ,开腹手术 (胆囊切除、胆总管探查、胰腺被膜切开引流 ) 1例 ;非梗阻型 2例 ,开腹手术 1例死亡 (死于多器官功能衰竭 ) ,非手术治疗 1例。结论　区分壶腹部梗阻对ABP治疗至关重要 ,MRCP宜作为首选的检查方法。     

重症急性胰腺炎手术疗效的影响因素

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎病人手术疗效的影响因素.方法 观察分析从2005年1月至2007年7月于瑞金医院外科收治的SAP病人,对其中初次在该院手术的90例病人进行疗效影响因素的分析,并采用logistic回归,分别对FAP手术病人及非暴发性SAP手术病人进行关于手术效果的分析.结果 SAP手术病人存活率为81.11%,其中FAP手术病人存活率为75%.Logistic回归分析显示年龄、手术当日脏器功能障碍程度对所有SAP病人的手术疗效影响大.对于FAP病人行logistic回归分析显示在发病2周内行手术治疗比2周后手术疗效好;相反,非暴发性SAP病人则在发病2周后行手术治疗比2周内行手术疗效好.结论 手术指征和手术时机的合理选择是疗效提高的关键因素,FAP病人主要根据脏器功能障碍及腹内高压的发展趋势决定,最佳时机一般在发病两周内;而非暴发性SAP病人中,主要根据胰腺坏死感染及胰腺坏死相关的脏器功能障碍,最佳时机一般在发病两周后.     

Severe acute pancreatitis--diagnostic and therapeutic strategy

To establish the optimal diagnosis and therapeutical strategy in severe acute pancreatitis. 94 (56.9%) severe acute pancreatitis (79 males and 15 females, aged between 26 and 81), selected from 165 acute pancreatitis admitted in the last 5 years (2000-2004) were analyzed. The disease was assigned as severe when one or more of the following criteria were present: Ranson score >3 on admission or at 48 hours, APACHE II score >8, visceral failures, Balthazar CT score C, D or E and local complications (infected necrosis, pseudocyst or pancreatic abscess). Medical treatment (aggressive supportive intensive care therapy, minimizing pancreatic secretion and antibiotic therapy) was the first therapeutical step in all cases. 49 (52.1%) patients were operated on: 20 as early surgery imposed by biliary sepsis (16 cases) or by an acute abdomen with uncertain etiology and unfavourable evolution, and 22 as late surgery (at least 12 days after onset), imposed by the presence of the infected pancreatic necrosis, visceral failures or other local complications, the necrosectomy being the main surgical procedure for infected necrosis. 77 (81.9%) cases had a fair evolution. The conservative treatment led to a complete recovery in 37 (37.2%) cases. We registered an overall mortality rate of 12.7% and postoperative mortality rate of 14%; we also registered 5 (10.2%) postoperative complications: 4 pancreatic and 1 colonic fistulae. (1) The treatment of the severe acute pancreatitis must be performed only in the specialized multidisciplinary well equipped centers with very well trained staff. (2) Medical conservative treatment (aggressive supportive intensive care therapy and antibiotic therapy) is the main therapeutical method within the acute phase (first two weeks). (3) Very restrictive surgical indications within the acute phase. (4) Necrosectomy is the main surgical procedure for the infected necrosis.     

Infectious complications in necrotizing pancreatitis

Patients with CT evidence of more than 50 % necrosis, or an increased CRP or procalcitonin are at risk of developing severe pancreatitis and septic complications and should be monitored in an intensive care unit. ERCP and sphincterotomy are indicated in patients with biliary pancreatitis and impacted gall stones, biliary sepsis, or obstructive jaundice. In septic patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, a FNA should be performed for differentiation of sterile and infected pancreatic necrosis. Adequate volume resuscitation and analgesic treatment are the most important treatment of acute pancreatitis. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces septic complications in severe necrotizing pancreatitis and should be started early. Surgical therapy is indicated in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis. The surgical technique of choice is open necrosectomy with postoperative closed lavage of the lesser sac.     

Acute gallstone pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: In acute gallstone pancreatitis, the ideal point in time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy with special reference to the severity of the disease has been prospectively analyzed. METHODS: A total of 77 patients with biliary acute pancreatitis were admitted between November 1993 and July 1998 (37 men and 40 women; mean age, 63 years; median Apache II score, 13.3) and staged by contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings as having edematous or necrotizing disease. RESULTS: In 48 patients, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was found to be possible: 35 patients (73%) with mild and 13 patients (27%) with severe acute pancreatitis. The overall success rate was 79% (38 of 48 patients), with 85% (30 of 35 patients) and 62% (8 of 13 patients) having mild and severe disease, respectively. Median duration of time between onset of symptoms and surgery was 10 days (range, 4-19 days) in edematous and 14 days (range, 7-29 days) in necrotizing pancreatitis (p = 0.0353). Operating time (median, 80 min) and hospital stay (median, 5 days) were almost the same in both groups. Total morbidity was 8%, with no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with preoperative endoscopic common bile duct clearance is recommended as a treatment of choice for biliary acute pancreatitis. In mild disease, this is performed safely within 7 days, whereas in severe disease, especially in extended pancreatic necrosis, at least 3 weeks should elapse because of an increased infection risk.     

Débridement and closed packing for the treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of débridement and closed packing for necrotizing pancreatitis and to determine the optimal timing of surgical intervention based on patient outcomes. METHODS: Between February 1990 and November 1996, 64 consecutive patients with necrotizing pancreatitis were treated with necrosectomy followed by closed packing of the cavity with stuffed Penrose and closed suction drains. The mean APACHE II score immediately before surgery was 9, and 31% of the patients had organ failure. Patients were stratified with an outcome score based on death and major complications; this was correlated with the timing of surgical intervention. The data were then subjected to cut-point analysis by sequential group comparison. RESULTS: Patients underwent surgery a median of 31 days after diagnosis. Fifty-six percent had infected necrosis. The mortality rate was 6.2% and was no different in infected or sterile necrosis. Eleven patients required a second surgical procedure and 13 required percutaneous drainage; a single surgical procedure sufficed in 69%. Enteric fistulae occurred in 16% of patients. The mean hospital stay after surgery was 41 days, and the interval until return to regular activities was 147 days. A significant negative correlation between duration of pancreatitis and outcome scores was found, and sequential group comparison demonstrated that the change point at which significantly better outcomes were encountered was day 27. CONCLUSION: Débridement of pancreatic necrosis followed by closed packing and drainage is accomplished with a low mortality rate and reduced rates of complications and second surgical procedures. Although intervention is best deferred until the demarcation of necrosis is complete, delay beyond the fourth week confers no additional advantage.