2型糖尿病患者合并外周动脉疾病的危险因素分析

外周动脉疾病（peripheral arterial disease,PAD）是全身性动脉粥样硬化疾病的一种表现。糖尿病大血管病变是糖尿病患者致死致残的重要原因,因此了解2型糖尿病患者合并PAD的发病情况和分析相关临床危险因素对早期干预治疗有着重要的临床意义。目前一些研究认为,应用多普勒血流探测仪检测踝肱指数（ankle brachial index,ABI）是一项费用小、简单无创的诊断下肢动脉病变的可靠指标,可作为早期诊断PAD的首选和常规检查手段。现将我科应用多普勒血流探测仪完成PAD筛查患者情况报告如下。     

无症状糖尿病微血管病变的探讨

糖尿病 (DM)的微血管病变是 DM致残和致死的重要原因 ,无症状 DM(ADM)没有临床症状 ,更容易延误诊断和治疗。我们对 1998年初我市普查时做葡萄糖耐量实验 (OGTT,口服葡萄糖 75 g)符合 WHO诊断标准且没有临床症状的ADM2 8例及有临床症状的临床 DM(CDM) 32例进行眼底检查和尿白蛋白测定 ,了解其微血管病变的患病情况 ,以便引起人们的重视 ,采取积极的防治措施。1　对象与方法1.1　对象　 ADM2 8例 ,男 16例 ,女 12例 ,年龄 (5 3.5±10 .3)岁。 CDM32例 ,男 2 0例 ,女 12例 ,年龄 (6 0 .3± 10 .2 )岁。所有患者均无非糖尿病所致的…     

糖尿病骨骼肌超微病变与微血管病变的关系--附65例报告

探讨糖尿病骨骼肌超微病变与微血管病变的关系。方法:以透射电镜观察65例糖尿病患者的骨骼肌,同时检查眼底,检测糖化血红蛋白A1c、尿微量白蛋白排泄率(urinealbuminexcretion,UAE),并与10名正常人的检查结果作比较分析。结果:糖尿病患者的骨骼肌超微病变发生率为83%(54/65),肌病组合并糖尿病肾病和(或)糖尿病眼底病变的发生率为74%(40/54),无肌病组相应为27%(3/11)。肌病组患者骨骼肌中微血管基底膜指数为(20.1±5.3),无肌病组为(12.1±2.3),均较正常人(7.6±1.5)明显增高(P<0.01),且微血管基底膜指数与糖化血红蛋白A1c、UAE呈正相关(r=0.486,r=0.513,均为P<0.01)。结论:糖尿病肌病与肌组织中的微血管病变有关,微血管病变是糖尿病肌病的基本病理改变之一;骨骼肌组织中微血管病变程度可能在一定程度上反映糖尿病肾病、糖尿病眼底病变的情况。     

运动后踝臂指数对糖尿病下肢外周动脉病变的诊断价值

目的探讨糖尿病患者运动后测定踝臂指数(ABI)对其下肢外周动脉病变(PAD)的诊断意义和价值。方法将90例糖尿病患者按适量运动后测定ABI的不同分为PAD组(66例)和非PAD组(24例),对运动后2组患者ABI与血管造影及彩超检查的准确率及各项临床指标(年龄、BMI、血压、BUN、HbAlc、Cr、FCP、TC、UA、TG、HDL-L)进行分析比较。结果 PAD组经ABI测定均提示有动脉狭窄,经血管造影及彩超检查证实63例有动脉狭窄,诊断正确率为95.45%;非PAD组经ABI测定均提示动脉正常,经血管造影及彩超检查证实9例有动脉狭窄,诊断准确率为62.5%。2组ABI诊断准确率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.57,P=0.032)。PAD组的临床各项指标均高于非PAD组,其中年龄、SBP、DBP、HbAlc、TC、UA及TG等比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论运动后ABI测定是一种诊断糖尿病患者有无下肢外周动脉病变的可靠手段,可作为早期诊断PAD的常规检查方法。更多还原     

糖尿病患者下肢动脉疾病

下肢动脉疾病（Lower extremity arterial disease，LEAD）是糖尿病的常见并发症，其患病率为非糖尿病者的4倍，常导致患者截肢等严重后果。本文对糖尿病患者的下肢动脉疾病的流行病学、发病机制、远端动脉重建进行综述。     

糖尿病合并下肢动脉血管病变诊治进展

糖尿病下肢血管病变是糖尿病较常见的大血管并发症,是糖尿病患者下肢难愈合溃疡及截肢的主要原因,并且国内外研究表明糖尿病合并下肢血管病变发生率较高,因此下肢血管病变的早期防治具有重要价值。目前,随着科技的进步,糖尿病下肢血管病变的诊治方法也在不断探索中前进,现将糖尿病合并下肢动脉血管病变最新诊治进展作一综述。     

超声诊断多发性大动脉炎外周动脉病变的价值

目的 探讨超声诊断多发性大动脉炎外周动脉血管病变的价值。方法 采用Aeuson 128 XP 10型彩色超声诊断仪，探头频率5．0～7．5MHz，对33例多发性大动脉炎患者外周血管进行二维超声及彩色多普勒超声检查，分析病变动脉的二维及彩色多普勒声像图指标。结果 33例大动脉炎患者受累血管分布为：颈总动脉21例，锁骨下动脉14例，腹主动脉5例，肾动脉11例，股动脉1例，髂外动脉1例。病变血管壁厚度2．0～5．2mm。管腔不同程度狭窄或闭塞并出现盗血现象。结论 超声检查可全面显示多发性大动脉炎形态学改变，并可了解其血流动力学改变，是诊断大动脉炎的有力手段，可作为临床诊断多发性大动脉炎的常规方法。     

糖尿病微血管病变与血栓形成

糖尿病微血管病变与血栓形成王笑微综述王鸿利罗邦尧审校作者单位：２０００２５上海第二医科大学瑞金医院内分泌科糖尿病并发的微血管病变是患者死亡和致残的重要原因。最近国外资料表明：在因糖尿病及其并发症而死亡的病人中，血管并发症为其主要死亡原因，约占５０％，...     

行走受损问卷在2型糖尿病外周动脉疾病患者中应用的信效度评价

目的评价中文版行走受损问卷在2型糖尿病外周动脉疾病患者行走能力评估中的信效度。方法纳入2型糖尿病患者126例,据踝肱指数(Ankle-Brachial Index,ABI)分为PAD组(ABI0.9,n=39)与非PAD组(ABI≥0.9,n=87),以中文版WIQ问卷、简明健康调查问卷(SF-36)及6min步行试验(Six-minute walk test,6MWT)为研究工具行资料收集,采用信度分析、相关分析、两样本t检验等统计学方法评价量表信效度。结果WIQ量表总的Cronbach’sα系数为0.91,组内相关系数(Intraclass correlation reliability,ICC)为0.89。PAD组WIQ量表的距离、速度、爬梯维度评分及总评分与6min行走距离(Six-minute walk distance,6MWD)相关(r=0.76、0.84、0.60、0.86,均P0.01)。PAD组WIQ各维度评分和总评分与SF-36生理功能(Physical Functioning,PF)、生理职能(Role-Physical,RP)维度评分相关(均P0.01)。校正年龄后,PAD组与非PAD组间WIQ各维度评分及总评分的差异有显著意义(均P0.01)。结论中文版行走受损问卷(WIQ)信效度较好,且简单、可靠、实用,可作为临床工具用于评估2型糖尿病外周动脉疾病患者的行走能力。     

糖尿病肌少症影像学研究进展

肌少症是一种以骨骼肌质量减少及功能减退为特征的老年综合征,也是糖尿病的慢性并发症之一,可导致一系列不良的健康后果。早期识别诊断糖尿病肌少症对于防止疾病进展、保证患者生活质量具有重大意义,而影像技术对于评估肌少症早期骨骼肌质量改变方面具有极大的临床价值。作者主要阐述不同影像技术对于糖尿病肌少症的评估价值及特点。     

2型糖尿病认知障碍患者的磁共振成像研究进展

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)会导致大脑结构和功能异常,增加认知障碍的风险.但是,目前我们对T2DM认知障碍发病机理仍不清楚.而磁共振成像研究的进展进一步确定了T2DM导致认知障碍的相关神经因素.我们系统地回顾了有关T2DM患者神经影像学改变的文献,这些改变包括结构、大脑功能以...     

颈动脉内膜中层厚度对2型糖尿病伴发冠心病患者的诊断价值

目的探究最大颈动脉内膜中层厚度(cIMT)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴发冠心病患者的诊断价值。方法对40例T2DM伴发冠心病患者(观察组)与50例T2DM无伴发冠心病患者(对照组)的最大cIMT及实验室指标进行检测,分析T2DM伴发冠心病与最大cIMT的相关性。结果观察组患者的最大cIMT、高密度脂蛋白水平及年龄分别为1.31(1.11,1.42)mm、(1.02±0.12)mmol/L、(64.52±7.25)岁,与对照组的1.00(0.79,1.25)mm、(1.18±0.32)mmol/L、(55.58±10.02)岁,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01);经单因素筛选与多元回归分析后,患者的年龄、最大cIMT均是T2DM伴发冠心病的独立危险因素(P0.05);受试者工作特征曲线分析显示,最大cIMT对T2DM伴发冠心病的诊断特异性与敏感性分别为70.0%与75.0%。结论 T2DM伴发冠心病与最大cIMT有关,cIMT对冠心病患者具有较高的独立预测价值,可作为T2DM患者伴发冠心病的诊断指标。     

The effect of peripheral vascular disease on structure and function of resistance arteries isolated from human skeletal muscle

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is associated with numerous pathophysiological adaptations of the microvasculature. Considering this, active and passive pressure‐dependent and pressure‐independent mechanisms of vascular control were studied in small resistance arteries isolated from patients with PVD. Using pressure myography and confocal microscopy, human skeletal muscle arteriolar structure and function were compared between paired arteries; one isolated from the healthy non‐diseased proximal skeletal muscle vascular bed (PSM, internal control) and the other from the diseased ischaemic part of the leg [distal skeletal muscle (DSM)]. Structurally, arteries isolated from the diseased part of the leg displayed significant atrophy compared with the non‐diseased arteries. Functionally, no differences were observed in the fundamental ability small resistance arteries to contract or relax. However, active pressure‐dependent myogenic contraction was significantly reduced in DSM arteries compared with PSM arteries. DSM versus PSM; 3 ± 1% versus 22 ± 4% and 3·4% ± 1·1% versus 25 ± 4% at 80 and 120 mmHg, respectively. Furthermore, structural remodelling in DSM arteries could also be correlated with significant changes in vascular wall mechanics. DSM arteries displayed significantly greater incremental dispensability, wall stress and wall strain compared with PSM arteries as a product of pressure‐dependent distension. These alterations in pressure‐dependent active myogenic tone and passive mechanical properties goes some way to explain uncontrolled orthostatic‐dependent changes in leg fluid volume and oedema formation experienced by these patients.     

踝肱压力指数在诊断糖尿病女性冠心病的应用

目的女性冠状动脉疾病（cAD）的临床症状往往不定,尤其对患有糖尿病（DM）的女性,因此有必要通过简单的诊断测试,来确定高危糖尿病（DM）女性是否有患CAD的风险。方法本院疑似冠心病患者80例,其中DM患者34例。分别对患者行运动负荷心肌灌注成像和臂部、踝关节血压测量,以检测患者缺血性总灌注缺损大小（TPD）和踝肱压力指数（ABI）。结果缺血性TPD在男、女患者间比较无明显差异,而DM患者缺血性TPD明显大于无糖尿病患者;缺血性TPD在DM男、女患者中比较无明显差异;然而,ABI〈0．9的DM女性比ABI≥O．9的DM女性有较高的缺血性TPD,ABI值在男性中间比较无差异。结论ABI评估DM无症状女性CAD患者的发病是可行的,检测结果显示缺血性TPD〉10％是冠状动脉血运重建的一个显像指标。     

Soluble tissue factor is a candidate marker for progression of microvascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between abnormalities in blood coagulation and prevalent or incident cardiovascular complications in Type 2 diabetes. DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 128 patients with Type 2 diabetes in whom blood samples were collected at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. All cardiovascular complications at baseline and follow-up were recorded. Forty-three healthy, age-matched subjects served as a control group. RESULTS: Logistic analysis revealed an independent relationship between soluble tissue factor (TF) and microvascular disease [per pg mL(-1) TF: Exp(B) = 1.008; CI(95%)1.002-1.014], or neurogenic disease [Exp(B) = 1.006; CI(95%)1.001-1.011]. The highest levels of soluble TF were observed in patients with microvascular and neurogenic disease (P < 0.001). Patients with Type 2 diabetes having a soluble TF concentration >300 pg mL(-1) are at a 15-fold higher risk for the presence of microvascular disease and at a 10-fold higher risk for the presence of neurogenic disease compared with the patients with concentrations below 100 pg mL(-1). Soluble TF was correlated with tissue type plasminogen activator, von Willebrand factor antigen, systolic blood pressure and age. Levels of F1' + 2, D-dimer, FVIII activity, t-PA and vWFag were not different among patients with micro-, macro- or neurogenic complications compared with patients without those complications. Forty-eight new micro-, macro- and/or neurogenic complications were diagnosed after 1 year follow-up. With the exception of higher F1 + 2 levels after 1 year all other markers remained unchanged. A trend toward higher soluble TF levels was observed in patients with new microvascular events (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: Soluble TF is associated with existing microvascular and neurogenic complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes and is a candidate marker for progression of microvascular disease.     

Intraplatelet serotonin in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease

Intraplatelet serotonin (5-HT) content was determined in 23 patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 23 patients with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 29 patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and 34 age-matched normal subjects. Intraplatelet 5-HT content in normal subjects showed an age-related decline (r = -0.45; P less than 0.008), as has been previously demonstrated. The median 5-HT content in platelets of the young normal subjects was 4.36 (range: 3.62-6.79) nmol 10(-9) platelets, while that in the elderly normal subjects was 3.87 (range: 2.8-6.0) nmol 10(-9) platelets and that in young + elderly subjects was 4.05 (range: 2.8-6.8) nmol 10(-9) platelets. The median intraplatelet 5-HT content was significantly lower (P less than 0.002) in IDDM patients: 3.0 (range 1.3-6.3), NIDDM patients: 2.5 (range 1.7-5.8), PVD patients: 2.42 (range 0.94-4.98) nmol 10(-9) platelets than that in all young + elderly healthy subjects. The presence of hypertension in DM patients caused a small but significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in intraplatelet 5-HT content, whilst its presence had no effect in PVD patients. In a smaller study, it was established that NIDDM and PVD patients have significantly (P less than 0.002) greater plasma 5-HT concentrations than controls. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients had greater plasma 5-HT concentrations but this did not achieve statistical significance despite a 66% increment in its value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

自我护理对2型糖尿病患者并发冠心病危险因素的影响

目的：糖尿病患者更容易发生冠心病,本研究探讨糖尿病患者发生冠心病的独立危险因素,并研究自我护理对这些危险因素的影响。方法：我们连续入选2型糖尿病患者423例,其中单纯糖尿病患者182例,合并冠心病的患者241例。采集两组患者的病史资料和实验室检查结果,用多因素Logistic逐步回归分析这些糖尿病患者发生冠心病的关键危险因素,并探讨自我护理对这些危险因素的影响。结果：发现高血压、血脂异常、血糖控制差、肾功能减退等是糖尿病冠心病发生的独立危险因素。另外,对于这些危险因素,单纯糖尿病组和糖尿病合并冠心病组患者之间的自我护理方面存在显著差异(P<0.001)。结论：在2型糖尿病患者中,高血压、血脂异常、血糖控制差、肾功能减退等因素与冠心病的关联密切。积极的自我护理能够有效干预糖尿病并发冠心病的危险因素。     

Influence and interaction of diabetes and lipoprotein (a) serum levels on mortality of patients with peripheral artery disease

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for early complications and mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is also suggested to be a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated the association and interaction between diabetes mellitus, lipoprotein(a) and mortality in high risk patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS: We studied 700 consecutive patients [median age 73 years, interquartile range (IQR) 62-80, 393 male (56%)] with PAD from a registry database. Atherothrombotic risk factors (diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidaemia, arterial hypertension) and Lp(a) serum levels were recorded. We used stratified multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses to assess the mortality risk at a given patient's age with respect to the presence of diabetes and Lp(a) serum levels (in tertiles). RESULTS: Patients with Lp(a) levels above 36 mg dL(-1) (highest tertile) and insulin-dependent type II diabetes had a 3.01-fold increased adjusted risk for death (95% confidence interval 1.28-6.64, P = 0.011) compared to patients without diabetes or patients with non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes. In patients with Lp(a) serum levels below 36 mg dL(-1) (lower and middle tertile), diabetes mellitus was not associated with an increased risk for death. CONCLUSION: Insulin-dependent type II diabetes mellitus seems to be associated with an increased risk for mortality in PAD patients with Lp(a) serum levels above 36 mg dL(-1). PAD patients with non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes, and patients with diabetes and Lp(a) levels below 36 mg dL(-1) showed survival rates comparable to PAD patients without diabetes.     

Efficacy of aspirin for secondary prevention in patients with peripheral artery disease

Evaluation of: Berger JS, Krantz MJ, Kittelson JM, Hiatt WR. Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 301, 1909–1919 (2009).

Aspirin decreases the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with prior coronary heart or cerebrovascular disease. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend a low-dose aspirin regimen (75–325 mg/day) to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the effect of aspirin for secondary prevention in patients with PAD has not been well established. The paper under evaluation performed a meta-analysis of 18 trials to investigate the effect of aspirin on cardiovascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke and cardiovascular death) in patients with PAD. The results of this meta-analysis in a PAD cohort revealed that treatment with aspirin did not significantly reduce the combined end point of cardiovascular events; however, aspirin resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of nonfatal stroke. This analysis raises a number of questions regarding the overall efficacy of aspirin in PAD and what should be the optimal antiplatelet therapy in patients with PAD: aspirin, clopidogrel or perhaps a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel.