童年期目睹家庭暴力与大学生自伤和暴力行为的关联

目的了解大学生童年期目睹家庭暴力的发生状况及其与大学生自伤和暴力行为的关系,为儿童青少年身心健康相关研究提供参考。方法于2018年10月采用自编"安徽省大学生健康相关行为问卷"对合肥市4所高校4 034名大学生进行调查,多因素Logistic回归分析用于探讨童年期目睹不同类型家庭暴力对大学生自伤和暴力行为的影响。结果大学生童年期目睹家庭情感暴力、轻度躯体暴力、重度躯体暴力的报告率分别为27. 6%,22. 4%,10. 7%。单因素分析显示,童年期有目睹家庭轻度躯体暴力、重度躯体暴力和情感暴力大学生自伤行为、躯体暴力、情感暴力和性暴力的报告率均高于童年期无目睹家庭暴力的大学生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析(控制混杂因素)显示,童年期目睹父母间重度躯体暴力和情感暴力是大学生自伤行为(OR=1. 53,95%CI=1. 05~2. 23;OR=2. 15,95%CI=1. 51~3. 04)和情感暴力(OR=1. 65,95%CI=1. 16~2. 35;OR=2. 57,95%CI=1. 87~3. 53)的影响因素;童年期目睹父母重度躯体暴力是大学生躯体暴力(OR=4. 99,95%CI=2. 58~9. 62)和性暴力行为(OR=8. 68,95%CI=3. 30~22. 81)的影响因素(P值均<0. 05)。结论童年期目睹父母间家庭暴力会增加大学生自伤和暴力行为的发生风险,尤其是父母间重度躯体暴力。     

Heavy Alcohol Use and Dating Violence Perpetration During Adolescence: Family, Peer and Neighborhood Violence as Moderators

We examined the hypothesis that family, peer and neighborhood violence would moderate relations between heavy alcohol use and adolescent dating violence perpetration such that relations would be stronger for teens in violent contexts. Random coefficients growth models were used to examine the main and interaction effects of heavy alcohol use and four measures of violence (family violence, friend dating violence, friend peer violence and neighborhood violence) on levels of physical dating violence perpetration across grades 8 through 12. The effects of heavy alcohol use on dating violence tended to diminish over time and were stronger in the spring than in the fall semesters. Consistent with hypotheses, across all grades, relations between heavy alcohol use and dating violence were stronger for teens exposed to higher levels of family violence and friend dating violence. However, neither friend peer violence nor neighborhood violence moderated relations between alcohol use and dating violence. Taken together, findings suggest that as adolescents grow older, individual and contextual moderators may play an increasingly important role in explaining individual differences in relations between alcohol use and dating violence. Implications for the design and evaluation of dating abuse prevention programs are discussed.     

Violence against women in Mexico: a study of abuse before and during pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: We identified the prevalence and types of violence experienced by pregnant women, the ways victimization changed during pregnancy from the year prior to pregnancy, and factors associated with violence during pregnancy. METHODS: We interviewed 914 pregnant women treated in health clinics in Mexico about violence during and prior to pregnancy, violence during childhood and against their own children, and other socioeconomic indicators. RESULTS: Approximately one quarter of the women experienced violence during pregnancy. The severity of emotional violence increased during pregnancy, whereas physical and sexual violence decreased. The strongest predictors of abuse were violence prior to pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, parental violence witnessed by women in childhood, and violence in the abusive partner's childhood. The probability of violence during pregnancy for women experiencing all of these factors was 61%. CONCLUSIONS: Violence is common among pregnant women, but pregnancy does not appear to be an initiating factor. Intergenerational violence is highly predictive of violence during pregnancy.     

Emotional intimate partner violence experienced by men in same-sex relationships

Intimate partner violence research has focused almost exclusively on physical and sexual intimate partner violence in opposite-sex relationships, paying little attention to the intimate partner violence experienced by men in same-sex relationships. Emerging research focusing on intimate partner violence among male-male couples has focused largely on physical and sexual violence, with little consideration of the unique forms of emotional violence experienced by gay men. Ten focus-group discussions with gay and bisexual men were conducted to examine perceived typologies, antecedents and experiences of emotional violence that occur between male partners. Participants described emotional violence as the most threatening form of intimate partner violence, driven largely by factors including power differentials, gender roles and internalised homophobia. Results indicate that gay and bisexual men perceive emotional intimate partner violence to be commonplace. A better understanding of emotional violence within male-male relationships is vital to inform intimate partner violence prevention efforts and the more accurate measurement of intimate partner violence for gay men.     

Does violence affect one gender more than the other? The mental health impact of violence among male and female university students

The impact of violence on health has been studied mostly among women. While the studies including men show that violence is detrimental for them also, knowledge concerning gender differences is scarce. This study explores whether violence has a different impact on males and females in a sample of 502 Italian university students, responding to a self-administered questionnaire. We considered violence by family members, witnessed family violence, peers/school violence, intimate partner violence, and sexual violence. Mental health outcomes included: depression, panic attacks, heavy alcohol use, eating problems, suicidal ideation and attempts, and self-evaluation of health. Both males and females reported similar rates of experienced and witnessed family violence as well as of intimate partner violence, to which women reacted more negatively than men. Peers/school violence was more common among men. Sexual violence was more common and more severe among females. Among mental health effects, panic attacks were more common among females, and alcohol problems among males. We considered the cumulative impact of violence, calculating the odds ratios (ORs) for reporting each health outcome after having experienced zero, one, two, three or four/five types of violence. For both men and women, the more violence, the higher the risk of health problems; however, the real jump in the risk of mental suffering occurred between three and four /five types of violence, the latter category more often female. Moreover, we obtained ORs for the relationships between health outcome and each type of violence, after adjustment for the other types of violence. For experienced and witnessed family violence, the health impact was similar for males and females; for intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and peer/school violence it was larger for females. In the literature, women report more violence-related health problems than men. Results of the present study imply that the excess health problems among women may result from more intense or more frequent experiences of violence.     

Prevalence and severity of domestic violence among pregnant women, Mexico

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether pregnancy is a risk factor for domestic violence and to compare prevalence and severity of violence reported by women before and during pregnancy. METHODS: There were interviewed 468 women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were seen during prenatal visits at public clinics in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Emotional, physical and sexual violence were investigated. A severity index was built up. Logistic regression analysis was applied in order to identify the main variables associated to domestic violence during pregnancy. RESULTS: The prevalence of domestic violence did not change significantly before and during pregnancy (32%). The prevalence of each type of violence remained the same. About 27% of women who reported violence during pregnancy did not have experience it before, and a comparable proportion had experienced violence before but not during pregnancy. The severity of emotional violence significantly increased during pregnancy (compared to the previous year) whereas the severity of physical violence decreased. Variables most clearly related to violence during pregnancy were: couple's past history of child abuse; women witnessing domestic violence during childhood; and violence in the year before pregnancy. Several risk scenarios were identified, which could be helpful for health care providers. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that emotional violence is more prevalent than physical and sexual violence, allowing for a better understanding of this phenomenon.     

Prevalence and correlates of physical,psychological, and sexual intimate partner violence in Bolivia

Despite increasing awareness that domestic violence is a major public health problem, existing studies focus on physical and sexual violence and give little attention to psychological violence. This study uses data from the 2008 Bolivia Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) to examine the prevalence and correlates of physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence in Bolivia. The results show that psychological intimate partner violence is extremely common (affecting nearly one in two women) and often occurs in addition to physical violence. While physical, psychological and sexual intimate partner violence have several common predictors, there are factors that only affect some types of violence. Common risk factors include urban residence, respondent's employment status and having witnessed interparental violence in childhood. Although marital status is not a risk factor for physical violence, unmarried cohabitation is a strong risk factor for psychological intimate partner violence. Our findings highlight the need for research to assess the potential consequences of psychological intimate partner violence, particularly for women's mental health.     

长沙市农村中学生暴力遭遇影响因素多元多水平分析

目的 分析长沙市农村中学生暴力遭遇发生影响因素.方法 以过去一年是否遭遇情感暴力、躯体暴力、性暴力为多应变量,采用多元多水平logistic回归模型分析三种暴力类型间的相关关系及暴力遭遇的影响因素.结果 在3620名被调查者中,情感暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力的发生率分别为21.5%、24.3%和2.0%.采用多元多水平模型将班级水平的随机效应分离出来后得到情感暴力与躯体暴力、情感暴力与性暴力,躯体暴力与性暴力之间的相关系数分别为0.337、0.133、0.131;躯体暴力发生率在班级内存在聚集性(X2=4.286,P=0.038);情感暴力与性暴力在班级内存在关联性(X2=4.239,P=0.039);躯体暴力与性暴力在班级内存在关联性(X2=4.482,P=0.034).暴力发生率的影响因素有性别、吸烟、父母吵架、欺负他人、自尊水平.结论 多元多水平模型可将班级水平的随机效应分离出来,使结果的估计更加准确;在采取有关措施降低中学生暴力遭遇发生率时,除应注意一些个人因素和家庭因素的影响外,班集体小环境所起的作用也不容忽视.     

门诊护士遭受工作场所暴力的分析及对策

目的 了解门诊护士遭受医院工作场所暴力的情况,分析原因,为预防、干预工作场所暴力的发生提供依据。方法 自行设计医院工作场所暴力调查表,对本医院50名门诊护士遭受暴力情况进行调查。结果 50名护士中有46人遭受过暴力,暴力的总发生率为92.0%;语言暴力发生率为90.0%,口腔科及服务台是门诊发生暴力的常见工作场所。暴力发生的主要原因依次是就诊等候时间长、沟通不良、患者要求未得到满足、服务态度问题;社会地位低下、不安全感是门诊护士遭受暴力后的主要负面心理反应。结论 门诊护士遭受工作场所暴力的现象普遍存在,必须引起重视。应从多方面采取有效措施,预防和控制工作场所暴力的发生,确保护理人员身心健康。     

Anger Mediates the Relation Between Violence Exposure and Violence Perpetration in Incarcerated Boys

Youth who are exposed to violence are more likely to perpetrate violence. Incarcerated youth are a special population that is at a significantly greater risk for violent offending because of their relatively greater rates of violence exposure. Two important outcomes of violence exposure that may help explain its link with violence perpetration are posttraumatic stress disorder and problematic anger. The primary aim of the current study is to examine whether these important risk factors mediate the relation between two types of violence exposure (i.e., witnessing and victimization) and various types of violence perpetration in a sample of 373 incarcerated male adolescent offenders. A second aim is to test whether another well-established correlate of violence in youth, callous-unemotional (CU) traits (lack of empathy, guilt), adds unique variance beyond violence exposure, anger, and PTSD symptomatology. Findings suggest that anger is a robust predictor of violence and appears to at least partially act as the mechanism through which violence exposure is linked with violence perpetration. CU traits also contribute unique variance, beyond the significant effect of anger, to the statistical prediction of community, but not institutional, violence.     

Factors associated with violence by a current partner in a nationally representative sample of German women

Partner violence is a serious human rights violation and public health issue. Although its pervasiveness is well documented, more research is needed on risk and protective factors to inform interventions. This study is based on a secondary analysis of the first national survey on violence against women in Germany. Women who reported partner violence by their current partner were compared to women who never reported partner violence. The prevalence of physical or sexual violence, or both, by current partners was 17 per cent. Women who experienced violence during their childhood had higher odds of experiencing partner violence. Partner violence was associated with women's drug use in the last 5 years, physical disability or debilitating illness, having more than three children, experiencing violence by a non-partner and feeling socially excluded. The odds of violence also increased if both partners were unemployed or lacked vocational training or if only the woman had vocational skills. Relationships shorter than 5 years or where the man or both partners drank heavily were likewise associated with higher odds of violence. Partner violence interventions should focus on reducing children's exposure to violence and preparing women and men for the job market as well as including interventions that tackle social isolation and substance use.     

Prevalence of violence against women users of health services

OBJECTIVE: Intimate partner abuse is a complex phenomenon and a public health problem and health care services are one of the places sought by women in this situation. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of violence against women attending a health care center. METHODS: This study was carried out in a municipality of Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. A sample of 265 women, aged 18 to 49 years old, was interviewed using a questionnaire administered face-to-face. Violence was classified as psychological, physical, sexual and general. Statistical analyses utilized were exact logistic regression and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Psychological violence, at least once in life, was reported by 41.5%, physical violence by 26.4%, and 9.8% reported sexual violence. "General violence", which refers to anyone of the above mentioned types of violence, was reported by 45.3% of the women, and, in 20.3% of the cases, they stated it had occurred during the last 12 months before the interview. However, when asked whether they had suffered any kind of violence in life, only 22.3% answered affirmatively. The multivariate analysis indicated that the risk factors for each type of violence were: drug use by the partner, socioeconomic status and family history of violence for both psychological and general violence; drug use by the partner, schooling and family history of violence for physical violence; and, socioeconomic status and family history of violence for sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the prevalence of violence among women attending the health center is high and consistent with the results of other investigations. It also suggests that most of the violence is invisible to the health center.     

Frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type: physical, sexual, and psychological battering

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type (physical, sexual, battering, or emotional abuse) among women seeking primary health care. METHODS: Women aged 18 to 65 years who attended family practice clinics in 1997 and 1998 took part. Participation included a brief in-clinic survey assessing intimate partner violence. Multiple polytomous logistic regression was used to assess correlates of partner violence by type. RESULTS: Of 1401 eligible women surveyed, 772 (55.1%) had experienced some type of intimate partner violence in a current, most recent, or past intimate relationship with a male partner; 20.2% were currently experiencing intimate partner violence. Among those who had experienced partner violence in any relationship, 77.3% experienced physical or sexual violence, and 22.7% experienced nonphysical abuse. Alcohol and/or drug abuse by the male partner was the strongest correlate of violence. CONCLUSIONS: Partner substance abuse and intimate partner violence in the woman's family of origin were strong risk factors for experiencing violence. Efforts to universally screen for partner violence and to effectively intervene to reduce the impact of such violence on women's lives must be a public health priority.     

A national study of the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence among women in India

This article estimates the national prevalence rate of domestic violence in India and examines the demographic and socioeconomic status of the victims of domestic violence. The study used the Indian National Family Health Survey 3, a cross-sectional national survey of 124 385 ever-married women of reproductive age from all the 29 member states. χ(2) Analysis and logistic regression were used. Lifetime experiences of violence among respondents were as follows: emotional violence, 14%; less severe physical violence, 31%; severe physical violence, 10%; and sexual violence, 8%. Women of scheduled castes and Muslim religion were most often exposed to domestic violence. Women's poorer economic background, working status, and husband's controlling behavior emerged as strong predictors for domestic violence in India. Elimination of structural inequalities inherent in the indigenous oppressive institutions of religion, caste, and the traditional male hierarchy in society could prevent domestic violence.     

不孕症夫妇家庭暴力发生情况及影响因素分析

目的探讨家庭暴力中男女各方的影响因素,家庭暴力与男性性功能障碍、女性怀孕之间的关系.方法采用现状调查.2003年被诊断为不孕症的夫妇中抽取510对,对不孕症的情况、性功能障碍发生情况、家庭暴力发生情况及相关的知识态度进行问卷调查.结果有7.6%的丈夫发生了性功能障碍,实施过家庭暴力的丈夫中21.1%的人患有性功能障碍,未实施过家庭暴力的丈夫只有5.2%的人患有性功能障碍.有26.9%的妻子在最近一年遭受过家庭暴力.有24.6%的妻子在过去一年怀孕,其中遭受过精神暴力的妻子怀孕率为16.1%,未遭受过精神暴力的妻子怀孕率为26.3%.结论造成家庭暴力女方的因素有年龄、结婚年限、文化程度、经济收入、是否与公婆一起居住.造成家庭暴力的男方因素有年龄、是否出外打工、男性性功能障碍、家庭暴力知识态度的情况.家庭暴力可以引起男性性功能障碍和不孕,精神暴力可以引起女性不孕.要促进生殖健康就应该防止家庭暴力的发生.     

Prevalence and risk of violence against people with and without disabilities: findings from an Australian population‐based study

Objectives : There are no population‐based estimates of the prevalence of interpersonal violence among people with disabilities in Australia. The project aimed to: 1) estimate the prevalence of violence for men and women according to disability status; 2) compare the risk of violence among women and men with disabilities to their same‐sex non‐disabled counterparts and; 3) compare the risk of violence between women and men with disabilities. Methods : We analysed the 2012 Australian Bureau of Statistics Survey on Personal Safety of more than 17,000 adults and estimated the population‐weighted prevalence of violence (physical, sexual and intimate partner violence and stalking/harassment) in the past 12 months and since the age of 15. Population‐weighted, age‐adjusted, logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of violence by disability status and gender. Results : People with disabilities were significantly more likely to experience all types of violence, both in the past 12 months and since the age of 15. Women with disabilities were more likely to experience sexual and partner violence and men were more likely to experience physical violence. Conclusions : These results underscore the need to understand risk factors for violence, raise awareness about violence and to target policies and services to reduce violence against people with disabilities in Australia.     

中国农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力发生情况及其相关知识调查

目的 了解中国农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力发生情况及相关知识。方法 2004年11月至2005年1月，在吉林、安徽省和重庆市的人口基金项目县，采用多阶段容量比例抽样方法随机抽取25个乡镇，对3998名18岁及以上的已婚妇女进行问卷调查。结果 调查地区家庭暴力发生非常普遍，一生中总暴力、心理暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力的发生比例分别为64．8％、58．1％、29．7％和16．7％；调查前12个月中总暴力、心理暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力的发生比例分别为42．6％、37．2％、14．0％和7．7％。不同种类家庭暴力常常同时存在，将近1／3的妇女同时遭受2种或3种家庭暴力的伤害。调查妇女对家庭暴力的认识较差，75．2％的调查妇女对家庭暴力不了解，很多遭受过家庭暴力伤害的妇女对家庭暴力也一无所知，尤其是对心理暴力的知晓情况更差。结论 中国农村地区家庭暴力发生非常普遍，尤其是心理暴力，但已婚妇女对家庭暴力的了解还比较欠缺，需要引起有关部门的重视。     

Women's experience of intimate partner violence in Haiti

This study examined individual, partner, and community characteristics associated with the occurrence of intimate partner violence among ever-married women of reproductive age, using data from the 2000 Haiti Demographic and Health Survey. Separate logistic regressions were analyzed to assess women's risks of experiencing emotional, physical and sexual violence and multiple forms of intimate partner violence in the past 12 months. Twenty-nine percent of women in the sample experienced some form of intimate partner violence in the past 12 months, with 13 percent having experienced at least two different forms of violence. Significant positive associations with all forms of violence were found for lack of completion of primary school, history of violence exposure in women's families of origin either through witnessing violence between parents while growing up or direct experience of physical violence perpetrated by family members, partner's jealousy, partner's need for control, partner's history of drunkenness, and female-dominated financial decision-making. Significant positive associations were found between men's physical abuse of children at the community level and women's risk of experiencing emotional and physical violence. Neighborhood poverty and male unemployment, number of children living at home, women's attitudinal acceptance of wife beating, and male-dominated financial decision-making were additional risk factors for sexual violence. Women's economic independence was a protective factor for emotional and physical violence, while relationship quality was protective for all forms of violence and multiple victimizations.     

Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India

OBJECTIVES: We examined individual- and community-level influences on domestic violence in Uttar Pradesh, North India. METHODS: Multilevel modeling was used to explore domestic violence outcomes among a sample of 4520 married men. RESULTS: Recent physical and sexual domestic violence was associated with the individual-level variables of childlessness, economic pressure, and intergenerational transmission of violence. A community environment of violent crime was associated with elevated risks of both physical and sexual violence. Community-level norms concerning wife beating were significantly related only to physical violence. CONCLUSIONS: Important similarities as well as differences were evident in risk factors for physical and sexual domestic violence. Higher socioeconomic status was found to be protective against physical but not sexual violence. Our results provide additional support for the importance of contextual factors in shaping women's risks of physical and sexual violence.     

医院工作场所暴力的流行病学特征及危险因素分析

目的 探讨医院工作场所暴力的流行病学特征及危险因素。方法 抽样调查医院工作人员工作场所暴力发生情况,根据2002年5月10日世界卫生组织在题为《新的研究表明工作场所暴力威胁卫生服务》的公报中关于工作场所暴力的定义,采用频数分析和logistic回归等统计学方法对资料进行处理。结果 调查的4062名医院工作人员中1年内有2619人遭受过工作场所暴力,暴力的发生率为64.48％,其中心理暴力为49.12％,身体暴力为15.36％。男性更容易遭受多次暴力,且更容易遭受身体暴力;30～39岁年龄组医院工作人员是工作场所暴力的主要受害者,医生、护士。(含助理护士)是工作场所暴力的高危职业人群;白班是发生工作场所暴力事件的高峰时问,病房是多发地点。患者(或探视者)的要求未能得到满足、患者自认病情无好转和诊疗费用太高是工作场所暴力发生的主要危险因素。患者亲属和患者本人是主要的肇事者。结论 医院工作场所暴力问题严重,实施以医院为主导和改善医患关系的综合干预措施,尽量减少和避免工作场所暴力发生。