Simultaneous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and computer-assisted open-wedge high tibial osteotomy: a report of eight cases

Eight patients, aged 37–50 years, with chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency, medial compartment osteoarthritis and varus deformity underwent simultaneous arthroscopic ACL reconstruction and open-wedge high tibial osteotomy controlled by a computer navigation system.Despite preoperative planning, the surgeon may need to choose a different osteotomy site during the procedure, invalidating the previous plans. The intraoperative wire control for osteotomies is not precise. The navigation system can help obtain precise alignment during high tibial osteotomy.The average preoperative mechanical axis was 7.5 of varum (sd ± 1.17°), the average postoperative axis was 1.2° of valgus (sd ± 1.04°) (p < 0.01), and the average correction of the mechanical axis was 8.7° (sd ± 0.76°). The site of the osteotomy was 3.9 cm (3.5–4.8 cm, sd ± 0.35 mm) from the articular line, with an inclination of 27.9° (24–35, sd ± 4.8). The simultaneous use of these procedures allowed proper correction of the knee axis during the surgery. The surgery can be performed concomitantly with ACL reconstruction.     

The influence of tibial slope on the graft in combined high tibial osteotomy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background

Young patients with severe medial osteoarthritis, varus malalignment and insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are difficult to treat. The tibial slope has gained attention with regard to osteotomies and ligamentous instability. The purpose was to evaluate the outcome of combined high tibial osteotomy (HTO), ACL reconstruction and chondral resurfacing (CR, abrasion plus microfracture), and to analyse graft failure rates with regard to the tibial slope.

Anterior and rotational tibial subluxation in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament injuries: An MRI analysis

BackgroundThe relationship between preoperative tibiofemoral position and failure of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been widely discussed. Most established methods for measuring tibiofemoral position on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mainly focus on anterior tibial subluxation (ATS), while a quantitative measuring method for rotational tibial subluxation (RTS) is still undetermined. Moreover, there are still controversies about the related factors for ATS. The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe preoperative ATS and RTS in ACL-injured and ACL-intact knees and identify the related factors for ATS and RTS based on MRI images.MethodsDemographic data and preoperative MRIs of 104 ACL-injured patients were retrospectively analyzed. ACL-intact knees were 1:1 matched as control group. ATS was measured using longitudinal tibial axis, and RTS was determined by the difference between lateral and medial ATS. Related factors for ATS and RTS were examined.ResultsIncreased lateral ATS (P < 0.0001), medial ATS (P < 0.0001) and RTS (P = 0.0479) were observed in ACL-injured knees compared with the control group. Increased posterior tibial slope (PTS), Beighton Score ≥ 4, presence of meniscal injury and long injury-to-MRI time were identified as being correlated with the increase of ATS. Factors for the increase of RTS were increased lateral PTS, Beighton score ≥ 4, presence of lateral meniscal injury, and left side.ConclusionsIn ACL-injured knees, tibia not only subluxated anteriorly in both lateral and medial compartments, but also rotated internally. During preoperative planning, attentions should be paid to the factors that are correlated with altered tibiofemoral position.     

Influence of selected plane on the evaluation of tibial tunnel locations using a three-dimensional bone model in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a selected plane on the evaluation of tibial tunnel locations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) between two planes: the plane parallel to the tibial plateau (Plane A) and the plane perpendicular to the proximal tibial shaft axis (Plane B).MethodsThirty-four patients who underwent double-bundle ACLR were included. Three-dimensional model of tibia was created using computed tomography images 2 weeks postoperatively, and tibial tunnels of the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB) were extracted. To evaluate tibial tunnel locations, two planes (Planes A and B) were created. The locations of the tibial tunnel apertures of each bundle were evaluated using a grid method and compared between Planes A and B. The difference in coronal alignment between Planes A and B were also assessed.ResultsThe AMB and PLB tunnel apertures in Plane A were significantly more laterally located than in Plane B (mean difference; AMB, 1.5%; PLB, 1.7%, P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the anteroposterior direction between the planes. Coronal alignment difference between the planes was 16.8 ± 2.2°; Plane B was more valgus than Plane A.ConclusionAlthough tibial tunnel locations were not significantly influenced by the selected planes in the AP direction, subtle but statistically significant differences were found in the ML direction between the Planes A and B in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The findings suggest that both Planes A and B can be used in the assessment of tibial tunnel locations after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.     

Biomechanical evaluation of knee endpoint during anterior tibial loading: Implication for physical exams

Background

Physical exams that apply anterior tibial loads are typically used to evaluate knees with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The amount of anterior tibial translation that occurs during these exams can be difficult to assess due to a “soft” endpoint. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the biomechanical characteristics of the endpoint for the intact and ACL deficient knee using quantitative criteria.

Fifteen to twenty-eight years' follow-up results of high tibial valgus osteotomy for osteoarthritic knee

A long-term follow-up study was performed on 75 knees of 53 patients after high tibial valgus osteotomy. The earlier results have previously been reported. There were 15 knees in 11 men and 60 knees in 42 women. The follow-up period ranged from 15 to 28 years with a mean of 19±3 years. The age at osteotomy ranged from 46 to 73 years with a mean of 59.6±6.7 years. The diagnosis was medial compartmental osteoarthritis (OA) in 68 knees (46 patients) and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in 7 knees (7 patients). Valgus osteotomy was performed above the tibial tuberosity, with removal of a laterally based wedge in all cases, aiming for anatomical valgus angulation of 10°. The American Knee Society Score showed a Knee Score of 37±20 and a Function Score of 38±16 preoperatively and 87±13 and 80±19 at the final 15 to 28 years' follow-up. The femoro-tibial angle in standing was 186±6.5° (6° of anatomical varus angulation) before and 171±7.5° (9° of anatomical valgus angulation) at final follow-up (p<0.0001), with no apparent loss of limb alignment.     

Differences in impact on adjacent compartments in medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty versus high tibial osteotomy with identical valgus alignment

BackgroundIt is unclear why medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) with postoperative valgus alignment causes adjacent compartment osteoarthritis more often than high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for moderate medial osteoarthritis of the knee with varus deformity. This study used a computer simulation to evaluate differences in knee conditions between UKA and HTO with identical valgus alignment.MethodsDynamic musculoskeletal computer analyses of gait were performed. The hip–knee–ankle angle in fixed-bearing UKA was changed from neutral to 7° valgus by changing the tibial insert thickness. The hip–knee–ankle angle in open-wedge HTO was also changed from neutral to 7° valgus by opening the osteotomy gap.ResultsThe lateral tibiofemoral contact forces in HTO were larger than those in UKA until moderate valgus alignments. However, the impact of valgus alignment on increasing lateral forces was more pronounced in UKA, which ultimately demonstrated a larger lateral force than HTO. Valgus alignment in UKA caused progressive ligamentous tightness, including that of the anterior cruciate ligament, resulting in compression of the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. Simultaneously, patellofemoral shear forces were slightly increased and excessive external femoral rotation against the tibia occurred due to the flat medial tibial insert surface and decreased lateral compartment congruency. By contrast, only lateral femoral slide against the tibia occurred in excessively valgus-aligned HTO.ConclusionsIn contrast to extra-articular correction in HTO, which results from opening the osteotomy gap, intra-articular valgus correction in UKA with thicker tibial inserts caused progressive ligamentous tightness and kinematic abnormalities, resulting in early osteoarthritis progression into adjacent compartments.     

前交叉韧带损伤重建术后及随访的弥散张量成像观测

目的　为前交叉韧带重建术后的预后评估提供影像数据。 方法　选取新乡医学院附属医院膝关节弥散张量成像正常者100例和前交叉韧带Ⅲ、Ⅳ级损伤重建61例及随访57例,划分前交叉韧带损伤、重建处及正常组相应部位的感兴趣区,测量各向异性分数（fractional anisotropy,FA）、表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）,生成纤维示踪图像。 结果　前交叉韧带术前和术后1周、3个月的FA值和ADC值为（0.395±0.047）、（0.541±0.056）、（0.542±0.058）和（2.791±0.336）×10-3 mm2 / s、（2.263±0.224）×10-3 mm2 / s、（2.028±0.341）×10-3 mm2 / s,术后1周与3个月FA值差异无统计学意义,其他组间FA、ADC值差异有统计学意义。前交叉韧带损伤重建术后随访3个月、6个月、1年和正常组的FA值、ADC值为（0.542±0.058）、（0.595±0.056）、（0.684±0.059）、（0.577±0.064）和（2.028±0.341）×10-3 mm2 / s、（1.699±0.175）×10-3 mm2 / s、（1.375±0.151）×10-3 mm2 / s、（1.324±0.160）×10-3 mm2 / s,随访6个月与正常组FA值和随访1年与正常组ADC值差异无统计学意义,其他组间FA、ADC值差异有统计学意义。 结论　弥散张量成像能客观反映前交叉韧带重建术后的微观结构变化,在预后评估中有重要的诊断价值。     

关节镜下空心双螺纹钉治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下空心双螺纹钉治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的应用价值及手术技巧。方法2011年4月至2016年10月,关节镜下对26例新鲜前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折行断端清理和器械复位,用单枚直径3.0毫米空心双螺纹加压钉固定,强调术后早期关节功能锻炼。本组男性22例,女性4例,年龄13~42岁,平均年龄25.6岁。术前26例患者Lachman试验及前抽屉试验均阳性,Lysholm评分48.85±2.46分,IKDC2000主观膝关节评分52.41±2.26分。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间10~15个月,X线片复查提示平均6个月骨折骨性愈合,骨折复位良好。末次随访,全部26例患者术后膝关节屈伸功能恢复好,患者膝关节屈伸活动度122.1°±10.8°,无伸直受限,术后26例患者Lachman试验及前抽屉试验均阴性,Lysholm评分为89.77±3.06分,IKDC2000主观膝关节评分为91.54±2.68分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(T1=45.937,T2=52.479,P=0.000)。结论关节镜辅助下单枚空心双螺纹钉治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折操作简便,固定牢靠,功能恢复快,创伤小,具有临床推广应用的价值。     

ACL断裂单束解剖重建及胫骨隧道扩大的临床研究

目的　探讨前交叉韧带单束解剖重建术后胫骨隧道扩大对临床效果的影响。 方法　回顾性分析我科在2011年5月至2012年12月行关节镜下前交叉韧带单束解剖重建术的40例（40膝）患者资料,通过膝关节X线片、CT及三维重建测量胫骨隧道宽度后,对骨隧道扩大进行分级及定义。采用膝关节活动度（range of motion, ROM）、前抽屉试验（anterior drawer test ADT）、Lachman试验、轴移试验（pivot shift test, PST）、Lysholm评分表、IKDC2000评分表评定临床疗效。 结果　术后随访未发现关节屈伸活动障碍者。术后患侧活动度与健侧活动度,两者间差异无统计学意义（t =-1.844,P =0.069）。骨隧道扩大组与非扩大组间ADT、Lachman和PST差异无统计学意义（χ2 =1.314、0.011、0.005,P =0.33、1.0、1.0）。40例患者术前Lysholm评分与术后Lysholm评分、两者差异有统计学意义（t =-45.50,P <0.001）;术前IKDC2000评分与术后IKDC2000评分两者差异有统计学意义（t =-25.18,P <0.001）。骨隧道扩大各级别间Lysholm评分差异无统计学意义（F =1.274,P =0.292）,各级别两两间差异无统计学意义。 结论　膝关节镜下单束解剖前交叉韧带重建术后胫骨隧道扩大对患者中期临床疗效没有明显影响。     

Marrow adipose tissue accumulation and dysgenesis of the trabecular bone after anterior cruciate ligament transection and reconstruction in the rat proximal tibial epiphysis

The accumulation of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is frequently associated with bone loss. Although anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury induces bone loss, MAT accumulation after ACL injury has not been evaluated. In addition, no information about changes in MAT after ACL reconstruction is available. In this study, we aimed to examine (1) the effects of ACL transection on the amounts of trabecular bone and MAT present, and (2) whether ACL reconstruction inhibits the changes in the trabecular bone and MAT that are induced by ACL transection. ACL transection alone or with immediate reconstruction was performed on the right knees of rats. Untreated left knees were used as controls. Histomorphological changes in the trabecular bone and MAT in the proximal tibial epiphysis were examined prior to surgery and at one, four, and 12 weeks postsurgery. The trabecular bone area on the untreated side increased in a time-dependent manner. However, after ACL transection, the trabecular bone area did not increase during the experimental period, indicating dysgenesis of the bone (bone loss). Dysgenesis of the trabecular bone after ACL transection was attenuated by ACL reconstruction. MAT accumulation due to adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy had been induced by ACL transection by four weeks postsurgery. This ACL transection-induced MAT accumulation was not prevented by ACL reconstruction. Based on these results, we conclude that (1) dysgenesis of the bone in the proximal tibia following ACL transection is accompanied by MAT accumulation, and (2) ACL reconstruction attenuates dysgenesis of the trabecular bone but cannot prevent MAT accumulation.     

关节镜下自体骨-髌腱-骨重建前交叉韧带132例临床分析

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体骨-中1／3髌腱-骨（B-PT-B）复合体移植重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的手术方法、疗效及影响因素。方法在膝关节镜监视下采用挤压螺钉固定自体B-PT-B重建ACL132例，同时处理合并伤。术后给予严格的有计划的康复训练，定期检查关节功能，进行Lysholm评分。结果术后随访1—7年，平均2年7个月。132例中优85例，良33例，可14例；良、可患者皆为早期病例，优良率89．4％。全组均未发生髌骨骨折、髌腱断裂等并发损伤，患者均在短期内恢复日常生活和正常运动功能。结论关节镜下自体B—T—B重建ACL疗效确切、操作简便，手术技术改进与熟练可进一步有效地控制并发症增加疗效。     

3D打印胫骨隧道导航模块辅助前交叉韧带重建的临床研究

目的　探讨3D打印胫骨隧道导航模块辅助前交叉韧带重建的可行性及疗效评价。 方法　选取2015年1月至2016年5月就诊于莆田学院附属医院骨科,符合标准,行前交叉韧带重建的56例患者,随机分为两组：3D打印组和对照组,评估两组手术时间、术中定位的次数、术后6、9个月IKDC膝关节功能评分、术后6、9个月Lysholm评分以及术后9个月膝关节活动度。计数资料采用卡方检验分析,计量资料采用两独立样本t检验分析。 结果　最终52例患者进入统计学分析,对照组27例,3D打印组25例。对照组和3D打印组的手术时间及胫骨隧道的定位次数差异有统计学意义（t=4.186,P<0.05;t=3.069,P<0.05）。术后3个月、术后9个月IKDC膝关节功能评分、Lysholm评分以及术后9个月的膝关节活动度,两组比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论　3D打印胫骨隧道导航模块辅助前交叉韧带重建存在可行性。     

前交叉韧带胫骨附着处临床解剖学研究

目的 研究前交叉韧带(ACL)胫骨附着处的解剖形态学特点,并探讨ACL胫骨附着处测量值埘选择ACL重建方式的意义.方法 对10例福尔马林处理的成人膝关节标本进行解剖.在屈伸膝关节时根据ACL纤维张力区分前内束和后外束,然后从胫骨附着处切断韧带,用Photoshop软件测量附着处的相关数据.结果 ACL存在着两个不同的功能束,即前内束和后外束;胫骨附着处的形状不规则,可分为倒三角形、椭1形及四边形三种;ACL胫骨附着处的前后径与横径分别为(17.89±2.44)mm、(13.85±1.79)mm;前内束和后外束胫骨附着处的面积分别为(101.18±32.28)m㎡、(77.61±19.86)m㎡;两束中心点连线的距离为(8.03±1.51)mm.结论 本研究改进的数字图像测量方法是一种既实用又廉价的测量方法;ACL胫骨附着处测量值可作为选择ACL重建方式的参考.     

Complications following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the English NHS

Unlike the English National Joint Registry (NJR) for arthroplasty, no surgeon driven national database currently exists for ligament surgery in England. Therefore information on outcome and adverse events following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery is limited to case series. This restricts the ability to make formal recommendations upon surgical care. Prospectively collected data, which is routinely collected on every NHS patient admitted to hospital in England, was analysed to determine national rates of 90-day symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) rate, 30-day wound infection and readmission rates following primary ACL reconstruction between March 2008 and February 2010 (13,941 operations, annual incidence 13.5 per 100,000 English population). 90-day DVT and PTE rates were 0.30% (42) and 0.18% (25) respectively. There were no in-hospital deaths. 0.75% (104) of the consecutive patient cohort had a wound complication recorded. 0.25% (35) underwent a further procedure to wash out the infected knee joint and 1.36% (190) were readmitted to an orthopaedic ward within 30 days. This is the first national comprehensive study of the incidence of significant complications following ACL surgery in England. This should allow meaningful interpretation of future baseline data supporting the development of a national ligament registry.     

Biomechanical testing of hybrid hamstring graft tibial fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Hamstring tendon using quadrupled semitendinosus and gracilis autografts is a well-established technique for ACL reconstruction. However, several methods have been used for tibial fixation of the tendon graft. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of quadrupled hamstring graft tibial fixation using three different fixation methods. Nine matched pairs (18 specimens) of cadaver tibias were divided into three groups of six specimens. The first group was fixed with only a tapered 30-mm bioabsorbable screw (BIS), the second group was fixed first with a BIS and then the remaining tendon portion was additionally fixed with a titanium cortical screw and spike washer, and the third group was fixed with only a cortical screw and spike washer. A custom-made probe hook was mounted on a load cell (Interface, MFG, Scottsdale, AZ) to measure the ACL tension before and after the final tibial fixation. Group 2 displayed greater mean maximum load at failure than both groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.05). The stiffness of the graft nearly doubled in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.05). All specimens failed by slippage and pullout. Biomechanical testing with cadavers showed that a BIS and additional cortical screw and spike washer fixation to the distal hamstring tendon resulted in higher load at failure and stiffness compared to either BIS or cortical screw and spike washer fixation alone.     

The negative impact of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional male footballers

Background

Soccer is one of the most common international sports in which ACL injuries occur, with previous studies reporting high return-to-play rates following ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Return-to-play analysis fails to take into consideration how effective a player remains once returning to competition. The aims of this study are to provide a large-scale international analysis of return-to-play and player performance statistics among professional soccer athletes following ACLR.

Patients' attitudes and factors in their selection of grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Surgeon recommendation is the primary influence for patients choosing a graft for their ACL reconstruction. However, it is unknown if demographic factors also play a role. We hypothesize that education, age, and living in an urban setting may influence a patient's graft choice. Patients who had an ACL reconstruction from 2005 to 2009 were identified retrospectively, and received a written survey on their demographics and the factors affecting graft choice. They also rated their perception of those factors based on a Likert scale. Out of 471 surveys distributed, 151 responses were received. The mean follow-up time was 19 months (range, 1 to 63 months). Autograft was used in 57%. Surgeon recommendation was the primary factor in graft choice (63%). 87.4% of patients felt they made the right choice; only 4.6% would have picked a different graft if they could choose over again. More than half (51.7%) of patients did significant personal research, and used mostly medical websites (41.1%). 67.6% of patients were not adverse to allograft. The primary factor for patients in graft choice was surgeon recommendation. Still, the use of medical websites was widespread, and patients in an urban environment were less likely to rely solely on their surgeon's recommendation. Older patients were more concerned with autograft donor site morbidity, and patients with a higher level of education were less averse to allograft.     

Influence of anterolateral ligament injuries on stability and second-look arthroscopic findings after allograft transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of anterolateral ligament (ALL) injuries on stability and second-look arthroscopic findings after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.