35%总体表面积烧伤犬小肠对葡萄糖-电解质液吸收效率的研究

目的 研究35%总体表面积(TBSA)Ⅲ度烧伤休克对Beagle犬小肠葡萄糖一电解质液(GES)吸收效率的影响,比较肠内补液与静脉补液的复苏效果.方法 成年雄性Beagle犬12只,采用凝固汽油燃烧法造成35%TBSAⅢ度烧伤,伤后0.5 h开始按Parkland公式计算的量和速率补液.随机分为肠内输注GES组(EGES)和静脉输注乳酸林格液组(IVLR).在清醒状态下观察EGES组伤后8 h内肠道对水分和Na+的吸收速率,以及两组动物血浆Na+浓度、血浆容量(PV)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心排血量(CO)和尿量的变化;伤后8 h收集肠内残余的液体计算吸收总量.结果 伤后肠道对水分和Na+的吸收速率明显降低,3.5 h降至伤前的21%和37%,其后缓慢回升,至伤后8 h仍低于伤前;8 h内液体平均吸收速率[(99±47)ml·h-1·m-1]与输入速率[(81±11)ml·h-1·m-1]比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),吸收液体总量为输入量的(94.8±3.7)%.伤后8 h内两组血浆Na+浓度、MAP、CO的变化趋势一致,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).伤后4 h EGES组尿量和PV均明显少于IVLR组(P均＜0.05),但8 h两组比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 35% TBSA烧伤休克进行肠内补液时,液体吸收效率和吸收总量可满足Parkland公式要求,能达到与静脉补液同样的扩容和改善血流动力学效果.     

Reperfusion injury in burned rats after delayed fluid resuscitation.

Organ failure from ischemic injury is common in deaths that are due to burn when fluid resuscitation is not performed. Organ perfusion after a delay in resuscitation, however, may induce or even accelerate ischemic organ damage. To study this phenomenon, 40 rats were classified (n = 10) to serve as normal control, burn with no resuscitation, burn with early fluid resuscitation, and burn with delayed resuscitation groups. A modified Walker burn model was used to inflict 50% total body surface area scald burns on the rats. Cellular energy metabolism and tissue water content of several vital organs were measured at 8 hours after burn injury. Adenosine triphosphate, total adenine nucleotides, and energy charge in liver, heart, and kidney tissues were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) with delayed fluid resuscitation compared with early resuscitation. Furthermore, in heart and kidney tissues adenosine triphosphate, total adenine nucleotides, and energy charge were significantly lower in the delayed resuscitation group compared with the group that received no fluid resuscitation. This indicates that heart and kidney tissue are more viable at 8 hours after burn injury, with no fluid resuscitation compared with delayed resuscitation. Water content of lung and muscle tissue were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the burn group that received no fluid resuscitation compared with that in early and delayed resuscitation groups. Water content of muscle was significantly greater with delayed resuscitation compared with the early resuscitation group. Results indicate that delayed fluid resuscitation in cases of burn shock may disrupt the cellular energy metabolism in some vital organs and cause skeletal muscle edema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

卡巴胆碱对烧伤犬肠内补液时肠黏膜血流量和吸收效率的影响

目的 研究卡巴胆碱对50%总体表面积(TBSA)Ⅲ度烧伤休克Beagle犬肠内补液时肠黏膜血流量和吸收效率的影响.方法 成年雄性Beagle犬18只,采用凝固汽油燃烧法造成约(51.2±2.6)%TBSAⅢ度烧伤,伤后0.5 h开始按Parkland公式量和速率补液.随机将动物均分为静脉输葡萄糖一电解质液(GES)组(VGES)、肠内输GES组(EGES)和肠内输GES/卡巴胆碱组(EGES/CAR,含0.25 μg/kg卡巴胆碱的GES).在动物清醒状态下观察两个肠内补液组伤后8 h内小肠黏膜血流量(IBF)、水和Na+的吸收速率,以及3组动物血浆Na+浓度、血浆容量(PV)和伤后8 h小肠组织Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的变化.结果 伤后两个肠内补液组水和Na+的吸收速率均较伤前显著降低(P均＜0.05),EGES/CAR组自伤后1.5 h和2.5 h起显著高于EGES组(P均＜0.05),但8 h两组均低于伤前和按Parkland公式补液速率(P＜0.05).EGES组对肠内补液不耐受(腹泻)发生率为83%,显著高于EGES/CAR组的50%.伤后8 h EGES/CAR和EGES组输入肠内的液体仅有47.1%和63.8%被吸收;EGES/CAR组吸收液体总量和吸收率显著多于EGES组.伤后各组IBF均较伤前显著降低;伤后8 h已恢复到伤前水平(P＞0.05);EGES/CAR组IBF伤后2 h起高于EGES组(P＜0.05),但两个肠内补液组伤后8 h仍显著低于伤前和VGES组水平(P均＜0.05).3组伤后8 h小肠黏膜Na+-K+-ATP酶活性比较:VGES组＞EGES/CAR组＞EGES组(P＜0.05).两个肠内补液组伤后8 h内的血浆Na+浓度和PV均显著低于VGES组(P均＜0.05),但伤后4 h起EGES/CAR组显著高于EGES组(P均＜0.05).结论 50%TBSAⅢ度烧伤早期IBF和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性显著降低,肠内补液的吸收效率显著低于按Parkland公式输入速率,不能维持静脉补液的血浆Na+浓度和PV;而卡巴胆碱能增加IBF和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性,提高肠内补液的吸收速率、PV和血浆Na+浓度,改善口服补液的疗效.     

The use of blood in burn shock. Clinical and experimental study

We have given whole blood as one of the main constituents of burn shock resuscitation for the past 28 years. To appraise the value of using whole blood, we have summarized the clinical experience of 2630 burn patients. Overall mortality was 4.18%. The lethal area of the burn were 50% of the population is expected to die was 82.8% total body surface area and 57.4% third-degree burns. The incidence of renal failure, pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal bleeding was 0.9%, 0.4%, and 0.6% respectively. To confirm the advantage of transfusion of whole blood, we have carried out a series of experimental studies. Two groups of 25 dogs with 25% total body surface area full-thickness burns were treated with two resuscitation regimens. Group I was treated with whole blood, and group II with no blood, during the shock phase. After 48 hours, the infusions were stopped. Measurements were made before the burn and 2, 24, 48, 72, and 144 hours after the burn injury. The animals were then killed for histologic studies. From our data, we concluded that whole blood used in burn shock did not increase hemoconcentration or viscosity; it improved anemia, oncotic pressure, hypoproteinemia, acid-base balance, oxygenation, hemodynamics, and myocardial contractility, promoted cardionatrin secretion, reduced edema of tissue, and protected viscera from degenerative changes and bacterial colonization.     

Acute respiratory failure that complicates the resuscitation of pediatric patients with scald injuries.

Respiratory failure that requires endotracheal intubation is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication of scald burns in children. Because scalds are rarely associated with a direct pulmonary injury, the pathophysiology of respiratory failure is unclear. A possible mechanism may be upper airway edema, diminished pulmonary compliance secondary to fluid resuscitation, or both. To identify an at-risk population for intubation after a scald injury, the hospital courses of 174 consecutive patients under the age of 14 years who were admitted after a scald injury to a single burn center during a 6-year period were examined. Seven of these patients (4%) required endotracheal intubation. No patient older than 2.8 years or who had a scald injury that covered less than 19% of the total body surface area required intubation. Patients who required intubation were younger (mean age, 1.4 vs. 2.8 years, P<.001), had a larger mean burn size (29.9% vs. 12.3% total body surface area, P<.001), and required more fluid resuscitation (7.66 vs. 4.07 cc/kg per percentage of total body surface area burned, P<.001) than patients who did not require intubation. Examination of the adequacy of resuscitation revealed that the intubated patients had an average hourly urine output of 0.84 cc/kg during the first 24 hours, suggesting that resuscitation was not excessive. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that both larger burn size (P = .041) and younger age (P = .049) were independent predictors of the need for intubation. Young patients with large body surface area burns that required large volumes of resuscitation comprise an at-risk group for respiratory failure after a scald injury. Increased vigilance is merited during the resuscitation of these patients.     

血浆代用品血定安应用于烧伤休克复苏的临床研究

目的 :验证血浆代用品 (血定安 )在烧伤休克液体复苏中的临床疗效。方法 :2 0例烧伤总体表面积( TBSA)大于 40 %且因延迟复苏导致休克的烧伤患者 ,随机分为血定安复苏组 (血定安组 ,n=11)和血浆复苏组 (血浆组 ,n=9)进行复苏 ,观察休克期心排血量 ( CO)、氧供给 ( DO2 )、血细胞比容、血液黏度、血浆黏度、乳酸( L A)含量及碱缺失 ( BD)等血流动力学、血液流变学及氧代谢指标的变化。结果 :快速补液 2 h后 ,CO和 DO2显著升高 ( P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ,血细胞比容、血液黏度、血浆黏度、L A和动脉血 BD显著下降 ( P<0 .0 5或P<0 .0 1)。两组间比较 ,伤后 2 4h内血定安组补液后血浆黏度显著低于血浆组 ( P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,其余指标无显著性差异 ( P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论 :在烧伤后休克复苏中 ,血浆代用品血定安与血浆的疗效相近 ,可以在烧伤休克早期救治中广泛应用。     

Usefulness of warm fluid in acute burn resuscitation: an experimental study in dogs

Hypothermia is a common complication in patients with extensive burns, receiving massive volumes of fluid for resuscitation at ambient temperature. It is therefore important to maintain the body temperature of patients with extensive burns. The present study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of warm fluid for burn injury resuscitation. Ten dogs were used in this study. Full-thickness burns, involving 40% of the body surface, were generated in the backs of the animals. In the control group (n = 5), the fluid temperature was maintained at about 23 degrees C, while in other group (n = 5), the temperature of the fluid was maintained at 39 degrees C with a warming device. Cardiac output and urinary output were measured in both groups for up to 24 hours. The cardiac output decreased in all animals during the first two hours following injury. The cardiac dynamics remained depressed in the control group. By contrast, in animals treated with warm fluid, the cardiac output returned to the baseline level within 4 hours of resuscitative measures and then decreased slightly for the subsequent 20 hours. The urinary output was better in animals treated with warm fluid, indicating the improved hemodynamic state in these animals. These results suggested that the hemodynamic state in acute burn shock was ameliorated by the use of warm fluid. Therefore, warmed fluid resuscitation might be useful to perform immediate excision and grafting for the patients with extensive burns in acute burn shock.     

重度烧伤不同的烧伤面积对休克期补液量的影响

目的再探讨重度烧伤不同的烧伤面积对休克期补液量的影响,对伤后第1个24 h的常规补液公式[晶体与胶体总量(mL)=1.5×体重×烧伤面积,补液系数为常数1.5]提出完善的建议。方法回顾2005年1月~2011年10月间本院收治的69例烧伤面积大于30%、年龄18~70岁、伤后到入院时间少于4 h并且平稳度过休克期的烧伤患者,记录其烧伤面积、体重及伤后第1个24 h的晶体、胶体量,计算出补液系数Y=(晶体+胶体)/体重/烧伤面积,使用SPSS 17.0统计软件对补液系数Y与烧伤面积X进行直线回归分析,求得回归方程,得到补液系数与烧伤面积的关系。结果自变量烧伤面积X与因变量补液系数Y呈直线性相关,回归方程:Y=0.0124X+1.1865,回归方程及相关系数有统计意义(P<0.001)。结论大面积烧伤患者早期补液系数不应局限于常数1.5,重度烧伤休克期补液量与烧伤面积不宜仅考虑为直线相关,而应考虑为曲线相关。传统的第1个24h烧伤补液公式可调整为:晶体与胶体补液量(mL)=(0.0124×烧伤面积+1.1865)×体重×烧伤面积。     

口服补液对犬50%TBSA烧伤休克期循环氧动力学指标的影响

目的 研究口服补液对50%TBSA烧伤休克期循环氧动力学指标的影响,为提高烧伤休克口服补液的复苏效果提供依据.方法 成年雄性Beagle犬18只,先期无菌手术行颈动、静脉置管,24 h后用凝固汽油燃烧法造成50%体表面积Ⅲ度烧伤.随机分为不补液组(n=6)、口服补液组(n=6)和静脉补液组(n=6).伤后第一个24 h不补液组无治疗,口服补液组和静脉补液组根据Parkland公式分别从胃内或静脉输注葡萄糖-电解质溶液;伤后24 h起三组均实施延迟静脉补液.测定动物非麻醉状态下的平均动脉压(MAP)、红细胞压积(HCT)和血乳酸(LAC)含量,抽取动脉和混合静脉血测定动、静脉氧分压和血氧含量.计算氧供量(DO2)、氧耗量(VO2)和氧摄取(Oext),并统计3 d死亡率.结果 不补液组伤后8 h MAP比伤前降低77.1%,HCT和血乳酸分别升高48.5%和533.7%;DO2,VO2和Oext水平伤后进行性降低,24 h内动物全部死亡.两补液组上述指标逐渐恢复,伤后72 hMAP和HCT恢复至伤前(P＞0.05),但血乳酸水平仍显著高于伤前(P＜0.01).伤后24 h内同期比较,口服补液组MAP,DO2,VO2和Oext水平显著高于不补液组(P＜0.01),但低于静脉补液组;血乳酸低于不补液组,但高于静脉补液组(P＜0.01).伤后24 h起Do2与静脉补液组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但VO2和Oext仍显著低于静脉补液组(P＜0.01).72 h死亡率:不补液组100%、口服补液组50%(3/6),而静脉补液组为零.结论 50%TBSA烧伤休克期采用口服补液能显著改善动物循环氧动力学指标,减轻高乳酸血症,降低动物的病死率.     

Repeated large-dose haptoglobin therapy in an extensively burned patient: Case report

The case of a 24-year-old man who sustained a 100% body surface area burn and inhalation injury is presented. Hemoglobiuuria reappeared 2 hours after haptoglobin was first administered. In addition to individualized fluid resuscitation and plasma administration, a large dose of haptoglobin was repeatedly administered while we monitored for occult blood in the centrifuged urine. As a result, postburn shock and acute renal failure were prevented.     

严重延迟复苏烧伤休克患者血浆脑钠肽的变化

目的 观察严重延迟复苏烧伤休克患者早期血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平的变化,探讨其对延迟休克复苏的临床意义.方法 选择36例烧伤总体表面积32%～92%、深Ⅱ度至Ⅲ度的严重延迟复苏烧伤患者.采用电化学发光(ECL)法动态检测10例严重烧伤休克延迟复苏时并发心力衰竭者(休克伴心衰组)和26例延迟复苏休克期渡过较平稳者(休克复苏后平稳组)入院即刻、入院3 h及伤后24、48、72、168 h血浆BNP、血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平,同时检查左室射血分数(LVEF)的变化.结果 心衰组人院3 h及伤后24、48、72 h血浆BNP浓度(ng/L)较平稳组明显升高(入院3 h;1 521.38±121.11比391.36±63.27,伤后24 h:2 516.86±193.25比360.79±146.56,伤后48 h:1 587.76±169.23比398.92±77.46,伤后72 h:974.45±166.33比283.43±68.15,均P＜0.01),LVEF明显降低(入院3 h:0.33±0.03比0.58±0.09,伤后24 h:0.36±0.09比0.60±0.10,伤后48 h:0.35±0.08比0.62±0.11,伤后72 h:0.39±0.10比0.64±0.10,均P＜0.05);两组LDH(μmol·s-1·L-1:平稳组人院即刻2.87±0.50、入院3 h 3.02±0.43、伤后24 h 4.02±0.87,伤后48 h 6.90±0.87、伤后72 h 3.64±0.75、伤后168 h 2.67±0.45,心衰组分别为2.97±1.40、3.84±0.37、4.29±0.45、8.50±0.38、3.84±0.62、2.30±0.38)及CK-MB(U/L:平稳组入院即刻59.12±13.75、入院3 h 70.39±10.72、伤后24 h 79.29±17.27、伤后48 h 67.44±12.77、伤后72 h30.28±7.13、伤后168 h 21.44±3.15,心衰组分别为65.76±16.38、81.46±7.92、86.43±14.19、72.53±11.27、36.39±6.18、22.85±7.26)的变化比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 血浆BNP浓度测定可作为严重烧伤休克复苏时检测心衰的一项简便易行的有效方法.     

A comparison of total body water analyses: bioelectric impedance analysis versus the tritiated water method.

Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) is used to measure the body composition and total body water of normal subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine if the hydration of patients with burns could be assessed by BIA. Assessments of total body water as determined by BIA and the tritiated water method were prospectively compared. The 2 analyses were performed 48 hours after admission for 5 patients with acute burns to determine the correlation of the 2 methods. The patients had a mean age of 36.4+/-14.7 years (range, 20-56 years), a mean burn size of 39.4%+/-15.9% of the body surface area (range, 23%-65%), and a mean full-thickness burn size of 27.7% of the body surface area. The total body water was measured on admission and again at 48 hours postburn. There is an excellent relationship between BIA and tritiated-water-method determinations of the total body water of patients with severe burns (r = 0.958). This correlation suggests that BIA provides an accurate measure of total body water, and so it is a reliable means of monitoring fluid resuscitation in patients with burns.     

烧伤早期心肌力学的变化及延迟快速补液对其的影响

目的 探讨烧伤早期心肌力学变化及延迟快速复苏对心脏功能的影响。方法 12只犬随机分 为对照组和烧伤组(n=6)。烧伤组动物制备35％总体表面积Ⅲ度烧伤模型,并从伤后6 h起用乳酸林格液进 行复苏．以尿量为1．0 ml·kg-1·h-1及心排血量(CO)为伤前值的70％-80％来调整输液速度和输液量,观 察伤后24 h内平均动脉压(MAP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室内压最大上升／下降速率(±dp／dt max)及 心排血指数(CI)的变化。结果 烧伤后0．5 h,MAP、LVSP、±dp／dt max及CI就已明显降低,直至伤后6 h 即复苏前一直呈下降趋势;复苏后2 h内上述各种指标逐渐接近对照组水平,至复苏后4 h与对照组比较差 异无显著性(P均>0．05),其输液量为每1％烧伤面积(3．63±0．99)ml／kg。结论 在烧伤早期即有心脏功能 低下,快速复苏是恢复心肌功能的主要手段。     

Microalbuminuria in acute burn injury.

Microalbuminuria is a known finding in inflammatory states. We hypothesized that urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) would correlate with injury severity and resuscitation demands after acute burns. This pilot study evaluated 30 adults admitted within 12 hours of injury with burns > or =10% total body surface area burn injury (TBSA). The urinary ACR was calculated for each patient at 7 to 12 hours, 19 to 24 hours, and 43 to 48 hours following burn injury. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary ACR > or =20 mg/g. Study patients (23 males, 7 females) had a mean age of 42.9 + 14.0 years and a median TBSA burn injury of 18.8%. Inhalation injury was present in 10 of the study patients, and all patients with inhalation injury had microalbuminuria at the time of admission. One study patient died. Median time from burn injury to resuscitation was 30 hours, and the median fluid requirement was 4.2 ml/kg/%TBSA. Microalbuminuria was not uniformly present in burn-injured patients during the first 48 hours after injury. ACR values early in the hospital course correlated with higher lactate concentrations early after burn injury. However, ACR correlated with neither injury severity nor resuscitation demands after burn injury during any studied time range. Microalbuminuria does not have apparent clinical utility in burn-injured patients, and other markers of injury severity and resuscitation demands should be sought.     

The 2000 Moyer Award. The relevance of base deficits after burn injuries

The relevance of an elevated base deficit (BD) during the fluid resuscitation of a thermally injured patient is not completely understood. After nonthermal trauma, early elevation of the BD represents insufficient cellular perfusion and is ultimately associated with a higher incidence of organ dysfunction and death. However, this relationship has not been completely examined after burn injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine if elevation of the BD during burn resuscitation was associated with potential consequences of malperfusion, such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. The records of 72 patients with burn injuries (mean age, 46 +/- 17 years; mean total body surface area burned, 44% +/- 18%) who required fluid resuscitation on admission to an adult regional burn center were analyzed. Patients with a mean BD of less than -6 mmol/L during the first 24 hours were compared with patients with a mean BD of more than -6 mmol/L. Despite adequate resuscitation with good maintenance of urinary output, the patients in the group with a mean BD of less than -6 mmol/L had more florid systemic inflammatory response syndrome (P = .004), had more prevalent acute respiratory distress syndrome (P = .012), and experienced more severe multiple organ dysfunction (P < .001) compared with patients in the group with a mean BD of more than -6 mmol/L. The results suggest that abnormal elevation of the BD after burn injuries represents a malperfusion state, which may not be recognized if only "traditional" parameters, such as UO, are followed. Furthermore, this state appears to be related to the onset of more severe systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction.     

卡巴胆碱对犬50%总体表面积烧伤口服补液时肺血管通透性和肺组织含水量的影响

目的 研究卡巴胆碱(CAR)对犬50%总体表面积(TBsA)烧伤休克期口服补液时肺血管通透性和肺组织含水量的影响.方法 成年雄性Beagle犬12只,先行颈动、静脉置管,24 h后造成50%TBSAⅢ度烧伤.伤后24 h随机分为口服补液组和口服补液+CAR组,每组6只,从胃内分别输注葡萄糖一电解质溶液(GES)和含CAR的GES液(20 gg/kg CAR溶于GES),伤后24 h起实施静脉延迟补液,补液量和速率均根据Parkland公式确定.于伤前(0)及伤后2、4、8、24、48和72 h测定各组犬呼吸频率(RR)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、血管外肺水指数(ELWI)和肺血管通透性指数(PVPI);于伤后72 h处死动物,取肺组织测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及肺组织含水量.结果 烧伤后两组动物RR、ELWI和PVPI较伤前均显著增加,PaO2显著降低(P均<0.01);伤后72 h PaO2恢复至伤前水平.口服补液+CAR组伤后4、8和24 h RR、ELWI和PVPI显著低于口服补液组,伤后8、24、48 h PaO2显著高于口服补液组(P<0.05或P<0.01),但伤后72 h两组间上述指标差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).伤后72 h口服补液+CAR组肺组织MPO活性、MDA含量及肺组织含水量均显著低于口服补液组[(2.64±0.38)U/mg比(4.12±0.46)U/rag,P<0.01;(3.60±0.54)μtmol/mg比(5.14±0.62)μmol/mg,P<0.01;(77.40±0.56)%比(78.30±0.54)%,P<0.01].结论 50%TBSA烧伤口服补液时给予CAR能抑制肺组织炎症反应和过氧化损伤,减轻烧伤休克引起的肺血管通透性增加和肺水肿.     

卡巴胆碱对烧伤休克犬口服补液时胃排空和胃黏膜二氧化碳分压的影响

目的 研究卡巴胆碱对烧伤犬休克早期口服补液时胃排空和胃黏膜二氧化碳分压(PgCO2)的影响.方法 将24只成年雄性Beagle犬随机分为4组:35%总体表面积(TBSA)烧伤后口服葡萄糖一电解质液(GES)组及其卡巴胆碱干预组(35%TBSA GES组和35%TBSA GES/CAR组);50%TBSA烧伤后口服GES液组及其卡巴胆碱干预组(50%TBSA GES组和50%TBSA GES/CAR组),每组6只.采用凝固汽油燃烧法分别造成颈背部35%TBSA Ⅲ度烧伤和颈背部+胸腹部50%TBSA Ⅲ度烧伤.各组于烧伤后0.5 h开始按Parkland公式量和速率(4 ml·kg-1·1%TBSA-1,前8 h内补1/e量,后16 h内补另1/2量)口服补液;GES/CAR组于伤后0.5 h口服卡巴胆碱(20 μg/kg溶于GES中).烧伤后2、4、8和24 h测定胃排空率和PgCO2,并观察胃不耐受症状.结果 烧伤后各组犬胃排空率均显著低于伤前(P均＜0.05),伤后2 h 35%TBSA GES组降至51.5%.伤后4 h 50%TBSA GES组降至39.2%,之后逐渐恢复,但伤后24 h仍显著低于伤前(P均＜0.05).35%TBSA GES/CAR组伤后各时间点胃排空率均显著高于同烧伤面积GES组(P均＜0.05),平均提高15.0%,伤后8 h恢复至伤前水平;50%TBSA GES/CAR组于8 h起胃排空率显著高于同烧伤面积GES组,但伤后24 h仍低于伤前水平(P＜0.05).伤后各组犬PgCO2均较伤前显著升高(P均＜0.05),35%TBSA GES/CAR组伤后各时间点显著低于同烧伤面积GES组,50%TBSA GES/CAR组伤后4 h起显著低于同烧伤面积GES组(P均＜0.05).伤后各组犬出现呕吐等胃不耐受症状情况比较:50%TBSA GES组(83.3%,5/6)＞50%TBSA GES/CAR组(50.0%,3/6)＞35% TBSA GES组(16.7%,1/6)＞35%TBSA GES/CAR组(0,0/6).结论 卡巴胆碱能显著改善Beagle犬烧伤休克早期胃对GES的排空,降低PgCO2,提高口服液体复苏的效果.     

Hepatic and intestinal blood flow following thermal injury

Because cardiac output decreases after burn injuries, investigators have assumed, based upon dye clearance techniques, that hepatic and intestinal blood flow are also decreased following these injuries. Blood flow to the liver, stomach, small intestine, and kidney was determined by the uptake of 201thallium and 125I-labeled fatty acid (para-125I-phenyl-3-methyl pentanoic acid) in a 20% body surface area scald injury that also included plasma volume replacement resuscitation. Uptake of these radioisotopes was determined 15 minutes, 18 hours, and 72 hours after injury. The uptake of the 201thallium and 125I-labeled fatty acid by the gastrointestinal tissues was not statistically different at any of the time periods after comparison of the injured and control (sham-treated) animals. 201Thallium uptake by the kidney was significantly diminished 15 minutes after the burn injury (P less than 0.01). Based on these blood flow measurement techniques, the data suggest that the 20% body surface area scald injury did not alter blood flow to the liver or gastrointestinal tract within the initial 72 hours after the burn injury even though a decrease in renal blood flow was easily detected. These results suggest that the dysfunction of the gastrointestinal system or hepatic system observed after an acute burn injury is not simply the result of hypovolemic shock, which reduces both renal and mesenteric blood flow. These gastrointestinal and hepatic alterations may be related to a factor or factors other than intestinal ischemia.     

How long do we need to give antioxidant therapy during resuscitation when its administration is delayed for two hours?

Twenty-four guinea pigs with third-degree burns over 70% of the body surface area were divided equally into four groups. All animals received Ringer's lactate (R/L) beginning 30 minutes after burn injury. Group 1 received R/L without vitamin C beginning 2 hours after burn injury. Groups 2, 3, and 4 received R/L with vitamin C until 4, 8, and 24 hours after burn injury, respectively. Beginning 3 1/2 hours after burn injury the hourly fluid volume was reduced to 25% of the Parkland formula calculation. The hourly sodium and fluid intake in each group was the same. Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated higher hematocrit and lower cardiac output values as compared with those values for group 3, indicating hypovolemia and hemoconcentration in these groups. Group 3 showed hematocrit and cardiac output values equivalent to those values for group 4. We conclude that high-dose vitamin C must be given until 8 hours after burn injury to maintain adequate hemodynamic stability in the presence of a reduced resuscitation fluid volume.     

Oral hypertonic electrolyte-glucose/mosapride complex solution for resuscitation of burn shock in dogs

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of oral feeding of an electrolyte glucose mosapride solution for resuscitation in dogs with shock after a 35% TBSA full-thickness burn and the effect of mosapride on gastric emptying time. Eighteen male Beagle dogs were randomly divided into intravenous isotonic solution group, intragastric hypertonic solution group, and mosapride group after they were subjected to a 35% TBSA full-thickness flame injury. In intravenous isotonic solution group (I group), isotonic electrolyte glucose solution was given through vein with adoption of the Parkland formula. The resuscitation fluid in intragastric hypertonic solution group (H group) and mosapride group (M group) consisted of 1.8% NaCl and 5% glucose, the total fluid volume was one half of that for I group, and it was given in divided amount every 2 hours. Mosapride was added to the resuscitation fluid in mosapride group. Fluid replacement was begun 30 minutes after the injury in all the groups. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output index (CI), intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI), blood volume (BV), serum sodium concentration, intestinal mucosal blood flow (IMBF), gastric emptying, and serum motilin levels were determined at different time points. The urinary output of all animals was measured immediately after burn upto 360 minutes postburn. CI, ITBI, BV, and IMBF were all decreased obviously after burn. In I group and M group, CI, ITBI, BV, and IMBF were increased gradually after resuscitation, and they were significantly higher than that of H group (P < .05). MAP in all three groups was lowered significantly and then gradually recovered, showing no significant difference among groups. The urinary output in M group was similar to that in I group (P > .05), and it was higher than that in H group (P < .05). Serum sodium level in H group and M group increased in varying degrees and were markedly higher compared with the I group (P < .05). Postburn gastric emptying in H group was much more delayed (P < .05), but in M group it was much faster. Motilin level in the latter group also increased gradually postburn and was markedly higher than that of the other two groups (P < .05). At the early stage of 35% TBSA third-degree burns, gavage of 1.8% hypertonic electrolytes glucose ends in slow gastric emptying, resulting in delayed recovery from shock. When a prokinetic drug mosapride was added to the solution, gastric emptying could be accelerated and a resuscitation effect similar to that of intravenous isotonic fluid resuscitation can be achieved, while total fluid volume can be decreased by half.