A hazardous finding of a rare anomalous left main coronary artery in a patient with a secundum atrial septal defect

A 23-year-old male referred for evaluation of a "choking" sensation with exertion and a murmur. A transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated right atrial and ventricular dilatation, right ventricular volume overload, and a large secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) with left to right shunt and a calculated pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) estimated at 2.3 to 1. Cardiac catheterization also demonstrated evidence of the ASD with Qp/Qs of 4.6 to 1 with a significant step-up in oxygen saturation at the right atrial level. Additionally, an anomalous left main coronary artery (ALMCA) origin from the anterior right coronary cusp was suspected. Using 64-slice multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography (CCTA) the left main coronary artery was seen to arise from the right coronary cusp then traverse between the pulmonary trunk and the proximal ascending aorta before bifurcating into the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries that followed their normal courses distally. Based on the high risk nature of associated sudden death from an anomalous left main coronary artery (ALMCA) coursing between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, the patient underwent surgical re-implantation of the ALMCA to the left coronary cusp and repair of the ASD. This case highlights a rare finding of a hazardous ALMCA in a patient with a secundum ASD and the utility of CCTA in evaluating the course of coronary anomalies along with other cardiac pathology.     

超声心动图在介入封堵房缺术中的应用

目的：评价经胸超声心动图（TTE）与经食管超声心动图（TEE）在继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）介入封堵术中的应用价值。方法：对52例继发孔型ASD患者术前均行TTE或TEE检查,根据检查结果选择封堵器型号,术中应用TTE或TEE引导监测封堵器的释放。根据引导方式,分为A组30例,使用TTE引导监测;B组22例,使用TEE引导监测。术后使用TTE随访。结果：A组29例在TTE引导下介入封堵治疗成功,1例因下腔静脉缘较薄未封堵成功,成功率96.67%;B组21例在TEE引导下介入封堵治疗成功,1例因ASD过大未封堵成功,成功率95.45%。A组TTE术前检查ASD直径3~27mm,实际用封堵器大小8~36mm,B组TEE术前检查ASD直径4~36mm,实际用封堵器大小8~40mm,A组ASD直径小于B组,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;A组封堵器大小小于B组,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组ASD直径与封堵器大小间相关性均较好。50例随访3~6个月以上,效果良好,均无并发症。结论：依靠TTE或TEE选择封堵器、术中引导监测ASD介入封堵治疗可以顺利完成。TTE及TEE是引导ASD介入封堵治疗必不可少的手段。     

右心声学造影诊断合并肺动脉口狭窄的房间隔缺损应用价值

目的探讨右心声学造影对合并肺动脉口狭窄(PS)的房间隔缺损(ASD)的诊断价值。方法应用经胸超声心动图(TTE)技术和右心声学造影技术分析出15例合并PS的ASD患者的声像图表现。结果TTE和右心声学造影对合并PS的ASD的检出率分别是66%和100%。结论右心声学造影有助于合并PS的ASD的诊断。     

经导管介入封堵术治疗儿童室间隔缺损36例临床分析

目的探讨经导管治疗儿童先天性心脏病室间隔缺损封堵术的可行性及安全性,进行多方面综合疗效评价。方法通过经胸超声心动图（TTE）选择适合封堵术的先天性心脏病室间隔缺损（VSD）患儿36例,术前常规检测心电图（ECG）,胸部X线等,房间隔缺损（ASD）合并VSD 1例。在TTE及X线引导下行介入封堵术,术后通过胸片、心电图和TTE进行动态的随访观察。结果35例患儿封堵成功,技术成功率为97.2%,1例（2.8%）手术失败,改为体外循环下矫正畸形。术后5例病人有少量残余分流,2例出现房室传导阻滞（AVB）,1例出现完全性右束支传导阻滞（RBBB）,1例出现不完全性左束支传导阻滞（iLBBB）,封堵器脱落1例,心包填塞（PT）1例。VSD术前TTE测量值与术中X线测量值比较,差异无统计学意义。术后75%以上病人接受了3~6个月随访,35%以上病人接受了12个月随访,X线及TTE检查：全部显示肺血流量减少,右心房、右心室缩小,心电图提示无明显心律失常发生。结论经导管先天性心脏病封堵术治疗VSD具有很高的成功率及安全性;介入封堵术疗效好,并发症少,术后恢复快;TTE和X线可以准确地应用于先天性心脏病封堵术中。     

心腔流场可视化的超声观察

本文简介了流场的概念以及心腔流场的研究技术,着重介绍了血流向量成像技术(VFM)的临床应用,包括左心室流场、右心房流场、肺静脉流场、左心耳流场、主动脉弓流场的观察,主动脉瓣反流的定量评估,定量体肺流量比Qp/Qs的准确性,评价房间隔缺损(ASD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)患者左室腔涡流特征等。     

TTE联合TEE应用于感染性心内膜炎的术前诊断价值分析

目的观察分析经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)联合经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)应用于感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis,IE)的术前诊断价值。方法选取本院2015年3月—2019年3月收治的IE患者95例设为研究对象,所有研究对象均行TTE与TEE检查,比较TEE与TTE的赘生物检出率,IE相关并发症率以及TTE与TEE诊断方法一致性。结果赘生物检出率TEE明显大于TTE,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TEE检出并发症高于TTE,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TTE与TEE诊断方法一致性较弱。结论TEE诊断赘生物检出率明显高于TTE,TTE与TEE诊断方法一致性较差,因此,即使TTE检查阴性,临床高度怀疑的患者,仍需进一步行TEE检查以明确诊断。     

Prolonged survival in a female with untreated tetralogy of Fallot

It has been reported that most patients with untreated tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) die by the time they reach adulthood. We report the case of a 72-year-old female diagnosed by echocardiography and cardiac cathetherization as having TOF and diagnosed at birth with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). During childhood, she was very thin and lacking in physical strength. On first consultation at our hospital, she was suffering from mild dyspnea, classified as NYHA functional class III, and her fingers were clubbed and cyanotic. Her PaO2 was 48.0 mmHg under room air, and hypoxia was recognized. An echocardiography and cardiac cathetherization showed a VSD, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, over-riding of the aorta and stenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract with a pressure gradient of 84 mmHg. There was a bidirectional shunt with 24% flow from the left to right and 43% from the right to left ventricle. Her Qp/Qs was 0.75. Surgical treatment was recommended. However, the patient refused, because her symptoms were alleviated with home oxygen therapy. This report shows the prolonged survival of this 72-year-old female with untreated TOF.     

先天性房间隔缺损对新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的影响

目的:通过检测先天性房间隔缺损(atrial septal defect,ASD)新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的变化,探讨其对新生儿的潜在危害。方法:利用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测68例先天性房间隔缺损患儿与82例正常新生儿心脏各腔室的大小、肺动脉内压力、三尖瓣反流等。结果:进行心脏彩超检查的原因以心脏杂音、紫绀、宫内窘迫或新生儿窒息、呼吸急促、肺动脉瓣第二心音亢进最常见。房间隔缺损有房间隔水平存在异常分流但探测不到回声失落的无缺损型34例,回声失落直径<5mm的小缺损型21例,回声失落直径≥5mm的大缺损型13例。三种类型对室间隔、左心室、主动脉、左室后壁的影响差异无显著性,但对右心房、右心室、肺动脉的影响程度与缺损直径有显著正相关;只有大型房间隔缺损型导致左心房扩张;缺损和分流束的直径与肺动脉压力增高、三尖瓣反流率、反流面积也有显著正相关;但分流方向与缺损直径无关。结论:新生儿先天性ASD以轻型最多见,可导致新生儿心脏结构和血流动力学的异常改变。     

256层螺旋CT血管造影对婴幼儿重症法洛四联症术前诊断的价值

目的 探讨256层螺旋CT血管造影在婴幼儿重症法洛四联症术前诊断中的价值.方法 2008年1月至2010年12月对48例重症法洛四联症婴幼儿术前行256层螺旋CT检查,所有病例均随后在工作站进行分析,用最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重组(MPR)和容积再现(VR)等方法,同时与经胸超声心动图(TTE)及手术结果对照.结果 CT检查中,发现TTE漏诊动脉导管未闭4例;主动脉缩窄6例;同时CT显示5例(6处)体、肺动脉粗大侧支.48例患儿中,手术证实256层螺旋CT诊断准确47例,TTE诊断准确33例.256层螺旋CT与TTE诊断的准确率分别为97.9％(47/48)、68.8％ (33/48),两种检查方法的诊断准确率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 256层螺旋CT可作为婴幼儿重症法洛四联症术前诊断及合理制订手术方案的重要依据.     

胎儿心脏四腔心观对胎儿房间隔异常的诊断价值

目的胎儿心脏四腔心观对胎儿房间隔异常诊断的临床价值。方法对孕24～40W的胎儿常规行胎儿超声心动图检查,尤其是具有先天性心脏病高危因素者,以四腔心观观察胎儿心脏。结果检出胎儿房间隔异常29例,房间隔缺损8例(上腔型1例,中央型4例,Ⅰ孔型房缺3例),单心房5例,心内膜垫缺损6例(其中,不完全型心内膜垫缺损2例,完全型心内膜垫缺损4例),房间隔膨出瘤7例,三房心2例,房间隔早闭1例,产前诊断房间隔异常者均被证实;另有2例房间隔缺损生后复查确诊,缺损分别为6mm及7mm,诊断的特异性为100%,准确性93.5%。结论胎儿心脏四腔心观诊断胎儿房间隔异常的特异性、准确性高,是胎儿期诊断先天性心脏病最重要的检查手段。     

国产封堵器治疗边缘不足的房间隔缺损的效果观察

目的 探讨使用国产封堵器治疗边缘不足(<5 mm)的继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)的可行性及近期疗效.方法 27例边缘不足的继发孔型ASD患者术前经胸或经食管超声心动图测得缺损最大直径平均为(22.89±8.08)mm,根据ASD边缘不足分为前缘(主动脉缘)不足型、后缘(主动脉对侧缘)不足型、下缘(下腔静脉缘)不足型及复合不足型,分别制定封堵策略,用国产封堵器经导管或经右胸小切口进行封堵治疗.分别于术前、术后48～72h及3个月时经胸超声心动图观察封堵器位置及有无分流,同时测量右心大小以观察疗效.结果 本组中前缘不足型20例(0～4 mm),下缘不足型3例(1～4 mm),后缘不足型1例(2 mm),复合不足型3例(前缘、下缘均<5 mm).27例ASD患者中成功封堵26例,1例术后1 h发现封堵器脱落改行直视修补术,成功率96.3%(26/27).26例患者封堵后右房及右室内径较封堵前明显缩小(P<0.01),无介入操作相关并发症发生.结论 前缘、后缘或下缘<5 mm的继发孔型ASD可用国产封堵器封堵治疗,且安全、有效、并发症少、费用低.     

经导管房间隔缺损封堵术后心脏形态大小变化的随访研究

目的评价房间隔缺损(ASD)患者经导管ASD封堵术后及随访中心脏形态和大小的变化。方法应用超声心动图分别测量36例ASD患者经导管ASD封堵治疗术前、术后3 d、术后3月和术后6月右室舒张末期前后径(RVEDD)、右房长径(RAD1)右房横径(RADt)、左室舒张末期前后径(LVEDD)、左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)和左房前后径(LAD)。结果ASD封堵术后3 d及术后3月,RVEDD、RAD1、RAD t逐渐缩小;LVEDD、LVEDV和LAD逐渐增大。术后6月随访时,RVEDD继续缩小,LVEDD和LVEDV继续增大,RAD1、RADt和LAD无进一步变化。结论ASD封堵术治疗既减轻了右心容量负荷,使右房、右室内径缩小,也改善了左心的几何构型,使已经缩小的左房、左室逐渐增大恢复。     

先天性心脏病复合畸形的临床介入治疗策略探讨及评价

目的研究先天性心脏病复合畸形经心导管介入治疗的病例选择、手术方法、疗效、安全性及评价。方法选择2008年1月至2008年12月在本院接受同期介入治疗的11例复合型先天性心脏病患儿为研究对象。其中,男性患儿为3例,女性为8例,平均年龄为（4.08±2．64）岁,最小为5个月,最大为10岁。本组先天性心脏病复合畸形类型包括：3例室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect,VSD）合并动脉导管未闭（patent ductus arteriosus,PDA）,3例房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect,ASD）合并肺动脉瓣狭窄（pulmonary stenosis,PS）,2例房间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭,1例房间隔缺损合并室间隔缺损,2例动脉导管未闭合并主动脉缩窄（coarctation of aorta,COA）,其中1例为同期介入治疗。介入治疗复合畸形的顺序为：肺动脉瓣球囊扩张术或主动脉球囊扩张术、室间隔缺损封堵术、动脉导管未闭封堵术、房间隔缺损封堵术（本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,取得受试对象的知情同意,并与试验患儿监护人签署临床研究知情同意书）。结果11例患儿均成功封堵,手术顺利。术后X射线心脏造影及彩超提示,封堵器成形好,未见残余分流。术中、术后均未见严重并发症。其中,1例室间隔缺损术后心电图提示不完全右束支传导阻滞,给予地塞米松治疗后,心电图复查正常。结论介入治疗单纯性先天性心脏病的技术目前比较成熟,成功率高,但复合型先天性心脏病同期进行介入治疗,其操作较复杂,技术难度较高。本研究证明,若掌握恰当手术指征,制定合理操作策略,手术过程仔细、谨慎,介入治疗的可行性、安全性是较肯定的。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断新生儿非青紫型先天性心脏病的临床价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断新生儿非青紫型先天性心脏病的临床价值。方法:2005年5月～2007年1月本院出生活产儿9612例,其中临床疑诊为先心病225例行彩色多普勒超声心动图检查,可疑或明确诊断病例出院后继续定期随访观察。结果:发现非青紫型135例,其中室间隔缺损43例(31.9%),继发孔型房间隔缺损54例(18例明确为房间隔缺损,36例为房间隔缺损可疑),动脉导管未闭35例(25.9%)。38例室间隔缺损患儿随访发现缺损自闭及变小12例,无明显变化16例,扩大10例,15例明确为房间隔缺损患儿随访发现缺损自闭或变小2例,31例房间隔缺损可疑患儿随访发现自闭或变小26例。29例动脉导管未闭患儿在3个月内随访发现自闭或变小22例。在随访后确诊为先心病患儿共69例,检出率为7.18‰。结论:彩色多普勒超声心动图可作为诊断新生儿非青紫型先心病的重要手段。     

介入封堵术治疗小儿动脉导管未闭的临床应用

目的探讨小儿动脉导管未闭(PDA)介入治疗中的特点和经验,并进行多方面综合疗效评价。方法通过经胸超声心动图(TTE)选择适合封堵术的动脉导管未闭(PDA)患儿37例,术前常规检测心电图(ECG),胸部X线等,PDA合并降主动脉狭窄1例。在TTE及X线引导下行介入封堵术,术后通过胸片、心电图和TTE进行动态的随访观察。结果37例病人封堵成功,技术成功率为97.3%,1例手术失败,改为开胸矫正畸形。术后2例病人有少量残余分流。PDA术前TTE测量值与术中X线测量值比较,差异无统计学意义。术后31例(86.1%)病人接受了3～6个月随访,17例(47.2%)病人接受了12个月随访,X线及TTE检查:全部显示肺血减少,右心房、右心室缩小,心电图提示无明显心律失常发生。结论经导管行PDA封堵术具有很高的成功率及安全性;介入封堵术疗效好,并发症少,术后恢复快;TTE和X线可以准确地应用于动脉导管未闭封堵术中。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图在室间隔缺损术前对照研究中的应用价值

目的应用经胸和经食管超声心动图在室间隔缺损术前对比观察缺损类型和大小。方法 24例室间隔缺损患儿,术前分别进行经胸和经食管超声心动图检查。年龄3～12岁,平均年龄8.6±4.3岁,体重15～40kg,平均体重20.2±9.8kg。膜周型室间隔缺损18例,嵴内型室间隔缺损6例。缺损大小3～9mm,平均大小5.7±3.6mm。术前分别用两种方法观察缺损的大小,部位及缺损与周边组织的关系。结果二者对于缺损定位及大小的观察没有明显差异。对于缺损分流束的观察经食管超声明显优于经胸超声。结论经胸与经食管超声心动图在术前评价室间隔缺损中发挥着重要的作用,经食管超声评价缺损分流束的多少更具优势。     

血浆BNP水平与Tei指数对左向右分流型先天性心脏病患儿心功能的评价

目的:探讨血浆脑钠肽(BNP)及Tei指数在左向右分流型先天性心脏病(CHD)患儿中的变化及其对心功能评价的价值。方法:44例左向右分流型CHD患儿按心室容量负荷分为左心型组及右心型组,对照组20例。应用ELISA方法测定血浆BNP浓度;超声心动图测量左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、右室舒张末期内径(RVEDD)、肺循环血流量/体循环血流量(Qp/Qs)、左室射血分数(LVEF)及左室Tei指数,进行比较;22例CHD患儿接受手术治疗,手术前后进行比较。结果:①与对照组比较,左心型和右心型CHD组血浆BNP浓度均显著增高(P<0.001),左室Tei指数亦增大(P<0.05);②左心型和右心型CHD组血浆BNP浓度分别与LVEDD和RVEDD、Qp/Qs、左室Tei指数呈正相关;③手术后CHD患儿血浆BNP浓度和左室Tei指数均低于术前(P<0.01)。结论:血浆BNP水平及Tei指数是评价左向右分流型CHD患儿心功能的有效、敏感指标,可为临床诊治工作和疗效判断提供参考。     

Severe pulmonary hypertension in ostium secundum atrial septal defect

Between 1969 and 1999, 149 patients underwent cardiac catheterization for ostium secundum atrial septal defect, in hemodynamics department. Age average was 21.5 +/- 16 years (2-67). Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure average was 35 +/- 15.6 mm Hg (15-140). The atrial septal defect was closed in 108 patients (by surgery in 107 cases, and by interventional catheterization in one case). Mean follow-up was 8 +/- 7 years (1-20). Overall mortality rate was 2.7%. Severe pulmonary hypertension (systolic pressure > or = to 50 mm Hg) was seen in 13.4% of cases. It was present at all ages, but more frequent above 20 years. Obstructive pulmonary vascular disease was noticed in 2% of patients. Clinical and haemodynamic data analysis showed that, severe pulmonary hypertension is a frequent, and unpredictible complication of secundum atrial septal defect; it might occur at any age and worsen considerably the cardiac disease prognosis. Because of atrial septal defect hemodynamic profile, and current rise of percutaneous closure technics, invasive investigation should be more and more routinely performed, in order to define the best therapeutic option. Early and systematic closure of secundum atrial septal defects, should prevent, or at least minimize pulmonary vascular lesions.     

Therapeutic implications of transesophageal echocardiography after transthoracic echocardiography on acute stroke patients

Background

The role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of acute stroke patients is still ill-defined. We conducted a prospective observational study to find the prevalence of TEE findings that indicate anticoagulation as beneficial, in acute ischemic stroke patients without indication for anticoagulation based on clinical, electrocardiographic and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings.

Methods

We prospectively studied all patients referred to our laboratory for TTE and TEE. Patients were excluded if the diagnosis was not acute ischemic stroke or if they had an indication for anticoagulation based on clinical, electrocardiographic, or TTE data. Patients with TEE findings that might indicate anticoagulation as beneficial were identified.

Results

A total of 84 patients with acute ischemic stroke and without indication for anticoagulation based on clinical and electrocardiographic or TTE data were included in the study. Findings indicating anticoagulation as beneficial were found in 32.1%: spontaneous echo contrast (1.2%), complex aortic atheroma (27.4%), thrombus (8.3%), and simultaneous patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm (2.4%).

Conclusions

The results of our study show that TEE can have therapy implications in 32.1% of ischemic stroke patients in sinus rhythm and with TTE with no indication for anticoagulation.     

实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入封堵治疗中的临床价值

目的:评价实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)在房间隔缺损介入封堵术前术后的应用价值。方法:RT-3DE检测187例房间隔缺损患者,分析缺损口的空间位置、大小和形态,并于封堵术后RT-3DE评估封堵器的位置及距主动脉瓣、二尖瓣和三尖瓣等周围组织和血管的距离。结果:RT-3DE能实时动态的显示房间隔缺损及其封堵器的位置、形态及其周围组织的关系,其中25例缺损口的下腔静脉端未见残端回声,5例缺损口最大间距为45 mm以上,且缺损口的心房顶部端和下腔静脉未见明显残端回声,1例因缺损处为筛孔状改行外科手术。结论:RT-3DE在明确房间隔缺损的解剖位置、观察封堵器释放后的形态结构、明确残余分流的性质及原因等方面较二维超声心动图具有明显优势。