联合应用甘氨酸和甲强龙对失血性休克大鼠肝脏枯否细胞的影响

目的探讨失血性休克大鼠肝脏枯否细胞的功能变化以及联合应用甘氨酸和甲强龙对枯否细胞的影响。方法50只大鼠随机分成假休克组（仅进行手术操作但不放血诱导休克）、休克组、甘氨酸组、甲强龙组和联合治疗组（甘氨酸＋甲强龙）,每组10只。大鼠经动脉放血,造成失血性休克,随后用自体血和生理盐水回输进行复苏。复苏后2h,行肝脏枯否细胞的分离和培养,细胞培养24h后分别用1、10、100和1000ng/ml的脂多糖（LPS）刺激,测定细胞内Ca^2＋和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平。结果枯否细胞内Ca^2＋在20min左右开始大幅度增高,大约27min达到高峰,同时细胞内Ca^2＋浓度增加呈现LPS剂量依赖性。联合治疗组细胞内Ca^2＋浓度和TNF-a含量明显低于休克组以及低于甘氨酸、甲强龙治疗组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。结论联合应用甘氨酸和甲强龙比单一制剂更有效抑制失血性休克后枯否细胞内Ca^2＋升高、抑制枯否细胞的激活,抑制TNF-α的过度产生和机体炎症反应。     

甘氨酸对鼠肝热缺血再灌注后肝窦内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨甘氨酸对大鼠肝脏热缺血再灌注后肝窦内皮细胞损伤的保护作用及其机理。方法　取健康雄性SD大鼠 72只 ,制备成鼠肝热缺血再灌注模型 ,而后随机分成正常对照组、缺血再灌注组、士的宁 +甘氨酸治疗组和甘氨酸治疗组 ,每组各 18只。分别于再灌注后 1、3、2 4h检测血浆中内皮素 (ET)、透明质酸 (HA)、肿瘤坏死因子 α (TNF α)、谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)及肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)含量的变化 ,并在光镜下观察肝窦内皮细胞的病理改变。结果　在再灌注后的不同时点 ,甘氨酸治疗组中ET、HA、TNF α及ALT含量较缺血再灌注组显著降低 (P<0 .0 1或P<0 .0 5 ) ,SOD值相应升高 ,同时光镜下肝窦内皮细胞的病理变化明显改善 ,士的宁可部分拮抗甘氨酸的作用。结论甘氨酸对鼠肝热缺血再灌注后肝窦内皮细胞的损伤具有保护作用。推测这种作用可能与肝窦内皮细胞及枯否细胞膜上的甘氨酸受体密切相关。     

甘氨酸抑制脂多糖介导的鼠枯否细胞激活的时相选择及机制探讨

目的探讨甘氨酸抑制脂多糖介导的鼠枯否细胞激活效应相关机制和甘氨酸的最佳用药时机。方法将40只BALB/c小鼠分为内毒素组、预防组、早期治疗组和后期治疗组,每组10只。分离培养枯否细胞后,内毒素组加入脂多糖(10mg/L),预防组、早期治疗组和后期治疗组分别在加入脂多糖前24h、加入后0和4h加入甘氨酸(1mmol/L),分别在加入脂多糖后0、1、2、6和12h,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应及蛋白印迹法测定枯否细胞的白细胞介素1受体相关激酶4(IRAK4)mRNA和蛋白表达水平,用酶联免疫吸附法检测枯否细胞的核因子κB(NFκB)活性和培养上清液的肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)含量。结果脂多糖刺激后,预防组的IRAK4mRNA和蛋白表达、NFκB活性的相对峰值分别为3.64±1.13、34.54±10.31、0.47±0.10,TNFα峰值为(1780.70±210.17)pg/ml,与早期治疗组比较,差异均无统计学意义,但与内毒素组和后期治疗组比较,各峰值均明显降低,差异有统计学意义。结论提前或者在脂多糖刺激的同时应用甘氨酸,能有效抑制脂多糖介导的枯否细胞激活效应,其作用机制之一可能为抑制IRAK4的表达。     

冷缺血对大鼠部分肝移植肝再生的影响

目的　研究冷缺血对移植肝再生及肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)和白细胞介素 10 (IL 10 )表达的影响。方法　建立稳定的大鼠部分肝移植模型。实验分为 :5 0 %肝切除对照组、冷缺血 30min后部分肝移植组 (实验 1组 )和冷缺血 10h后部分肝移植组 (实验 2组 )。观察各组生存率 ,并分别于术后 1d、2d、4d取肝组织 ,免疫组织化学检测各组增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)、TNF α、IL 10的表达 ;对各组肝再生增殖及TNF α和IL 10的表达进行相关性分析 ;探讨TNF α和IL 10的变化对大鼠部分肝移植术后肝再生的影响。结果　 5 0 %肝切除组、冷缺血 30min后部分肝移植组和冷缺血 10h部分肝移植组存活率分别为 10 0 % ,79%、2 9% ;冷缺血 10h部分肝移植组与冷缺血 30min部分肝移植组相比 ,PCNA、TNF α表达降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而IL 10表达增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　随着冷缺血时间的延长 ,降低了部分肝移植术后的肝再生能力和生存率。TNF α和IL 10在移植肝肝再生过程中起重要的调控作用。     

烧伤患者应用亚胺培南/西司他丁钠盐或头孢哌酮后部分炎症介质水平的改变

目的　观察应用亚胺培南 /西司他丁钠盐 (IPM)或头孢哌酮 (CPZ)治疗烧伤感染患者后其部分血浆炎症介质水平的变化及差异。　方法　选择 13例革兰阴性杆菌感染的烧伤患者 ,其中7例应用IPM(IPM组 ) ,6例应用CPZ(CPZ组 )。于用药前及用药后 2、12、2 4、4 8、72h抽取静脉血 ,检测血浆内毒素 /脂多糖 (LPS)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)和白细胞介素 6 (IL 6)水平的变化 ,并进行相关性分析。结果　用药后 2h两组患者血浆LPS水平升高 ,其中CPZ组较用药前升高了 (13.95±10 .2 9)pg/ml( P <0.0 5),升高幅度大于IPM组 ,随后逐渐降低。CPZ组用药后 2hTNF α水平为(0 .86± 0 .16 )ng/ml,明显高于用药前 [(0 .38± 0 .15 )ng/ml]及IPM组 [(0 .4 7± 0 .13)ng/ml](P <0.0 1)。两组患者用药后各时相点血浆IL 6水平与用药前比较及组间比较 ,差异均无显著性意义 (P >0.0 5)。两组患者TNF α水平与LPS、IL 6水平呈显著正相关 (P <0.0 0 1～ 0.0 1)。结论　应用不同种类抗生素治疗革兰阴性杆菌感染的烧伤患者时 ,可诱导细菌释放LPS、TNF α,其释放量存在一定差异。TNF α的产生与LPS、IL 6的释放存在相关性。     

肺动脉灌注低温保护液减轻体外循环肺内炎性反应

目的　研究肺动脉灌注低温保护液减轻体外循环肺内炎性反应的作用。方法　 4 0例行法洛四联症 (TOF)根治术的病儿随机分为肺保护组 2 0例 ,对照组 2 0例。肺保护组体外循环期间肺动脉灌注低温肺保护液 ,对照组行常规TOF根治术。围手术期监测血浆肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)水平。收集术后6h气管吸出物 ,检测其中炎性介质白细胞介素 (IL) 6、IL 8水平。征得病儿家属同意 ,术后取右下肺组织活检 ,观察组织内炎性反应情况。同时监测围手术期肺功能及临床指标。结果　肺保护组血浆中TNF α水平低于对照组 ,以回ICU 0h、2 4h差异显著 (P <0 0 1、P <0 0 5 ) ;术后 6h内气管吸出物中IL 6和IL 8水平肺保护组低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;肺组织活检对照组可见中性粒细胞浸润 ,肺保护组无明显病理改变。肺保护组术后肺泡 -动脉氧分压差 (A aO2 )较对照组低 ,以回ICU 0h、12h和 2 4h差异显著(P <0 0 5、P <0 0 1和P <0 0 5 ) ;肺保护组呼吸机辅助通气时间短于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　肺动脉灌注低温保护液可明显减轻体外循环中肺内的炎性反应和改善肺功能。     

中药复方骨复生对激素性股骨头缺血坏死家兔TNF-α的影响

目的 :探讨中药复方骨复生治疗激素性股骨头缺血性坏死的机制。方法 :32只日本大耳白兔被随机分为空白对照组 (n =12 ) ,造模组 (n =2 0 )。造模组肌注醋酸泼尼松龙 ( 0 32mg/kg·d) 8周。分别在第 6、8周处死每组动物 2只。 8周后将造模组剩余动物随机分为 2组 :骨复生组 (A组 )及模型组(B组 )。原空白对照组剩余动物组成空白组 (C组 )。A组给予骨复生煎液灌胃 ,B组和C组均给予生理盐水灌胃。治疗 4周后 ,采血测定肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)水平。结果 :模型组较空白组TNF α水平明显升高 (P <0 0 0 1) ;而骨复生组较模型组TNF α水平明显降低 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :TNF α水平升高可能是激素性股骨头缺血坏死发病的重要促进因素 ,中药复方骨复生可降低TNF α水平从而治疗激素性股骨头缺血坏死     

限制性液体复苏对失血性休克大鼠网状内皮系统的影响

目的探讨限制性液体复苏对失血性休克大鼠网状内皮系统的影响。方法60只SD大鼠制成未控制性重度失血性休克模型,随机分成对照组、NF组(无液体复苏组)、NS40组(限制性液体复苏组)和NS80组(常规大量液体复苏组),检测和比较休克复苏后各组存活大鼠肝脏枯否细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。结果重度失血性休克大鼠失血后150min存活率NF组、NS40组和NS80组比对照组明显提高,NS40组较NS80组显著改善(P0.05);NS40组大鼠肝脏枯否细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能较NS80组明显改善(P0.05)。结论限制性液体复苏可以显著改善失血性休克大鼠的网状内皮系统的吞噬功能,提高大鼠的免疫功能,降低死亡率。     

大鼠急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡与外周血浆TNF-α的关系

目的 :探讨急性胰腺炎 (AP)胰腺细胞凋亡与外周血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)之间的关系。方法 :将 4 8只SD大鼠随机分为两组 :胰腺炎组 (n =2 4 )和假手术组 (n =2 4 )。胆胰管逆行加压注射 4 %牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠AP模型 ,术后 1h、3h、6h、12h抽血后分批处死 ,应用末端脱氧核苷酸转换酶 (TdT)介导的原位末端标记法检测胰腺细胞凋亡 ,用放射免疫法测定外周血浆TNF α的含量。结果 :胰腺炎组术后 1h凋亡细胞进行性增多 ,6h后减少 ,6h凋亡指数显著高于 3h、12h(3h ,P <0 .0 5 ;12h ,P <0 .0 1) ;TNF α浓度 ,3h、6h较 1h明显降低 (3h ,P <0 .0 1;6h ,P <0 .0 1) ,12h较 6h明显升高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :诱导胰腺细胞凋亡是TNF α参与AP发病机制的一个重要因素 ,这种作用与TNF α自身的浓度有关。     

核因子-κB对大鼠移植肝血管内皮细胞活化的影响

目的　探讨大鼠肝移植后肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)早期释放、核因子 κB(NFκB)活化对内皮细胞E selectin、ICAM 1表达和中性粒细胞粘附积聚的影响。方法　建立大鼠肝移植和假手术模型 ,实验组供、受鼠分别于术前 1h注射己酮可可碱 (PTX ,5 0mg/kg) ,对照组注射等量生理盐水 ,测定肝组织和血清TNF α浓度、NFκBp6 5蛋白含量、ICAM 1和E selectinmRNA表达、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、血清丙氨酸转氨酶 (ALT)、门冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)含量及肝脏水肿程度 (W /D)。结果　移植后 1hTNF α达较高水平 ,3h达高峰 ;NFκBp6 5 3h达高峰 ,持续至 6h ;E se lectinmRNA、ICAM 1mRNA分别于移植后 6h和 12h达高峰 ;移植后 12hMPO活性明显增高。应用PTX组 ,TNF α浓度、NFκBp6 5含量、E selectin和ICAM 1mRNA表达量、MPO活性均降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。移植后 6h ,应用PTX组AST、ALT、LDH、W /D水平也显著降低 ,和对照组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　PTX通过减少TNF α早期释放 ,抑制NFκB活化 ,从而下调内皮细胞粘附分子表达和减少中性粒细胞浸润 ,来减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤。     

失血性休克大鼠复苏前后胃Cajal 间质细胞及Cx43的变化

目的：探讨失血性休克复苏前后大鼠胃Cajal间质细胞及间隙连接蛋白Connexin 43（Cx43）的变化。方法：SD大鼠随机均分为对照组与实验组。对照组大鼠行假手术;实验组大鼠通过放血制作失血性休克模型,维持休克状态1 h后行液体复苏。分别于休克1 h和复苏治疗后3,6,12,24 h取大鼠胃组织于电镜下观察Cajal细胞超微结构;免疫荧光染色及Western blot检测Cx43的表达。结果：电镜显示实验组休克1 h时Cajal细胞水肿、核皱缩、基膜破坏;复苏治疗后3,6 h无明显变化,12 h时结构开始逐渐恢复,至24 h Cajal细胞恢至接近对照组状态。免疫荧光染色发现实验组Cx43荧光强度于休克1 h明显减弱,但从复苏治疗后逐渐升高,至24 h基本接近对照组。Western blot法显示Cx43蛋白表达量变化与免疫荧光染色结果相一致。结论：失血性休克能导致Cajal细胞损伤与Cx43表达减少,两者改变所造成细胞间信息传递缺陷可能是失血性休克时胃肠道动力障碍的重要原因之一。     

AAS the association for academic surgery newsletter

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock produces a marked decrease in hepatic ATP, adenylate energy charge, and total adenosine nucleotides. This is followed by slow recovery to normal levels after resuscitation. Nucleotide metabolites are increased following shock and resuscitation. Previous experimental work has shown that supraphysiologic doses of insulin have salutary effects in animals with hemorrhagic shock and in cardiac patients. It appears that insulin causes increased availability of glucose and energy-producing substrates. This study examined whether resuscitation with glucose and insulin after hemorrhagic shock would alter the changes previously seen to occur in hepatic ATP levels, adenylate energy charge, or nucleotide metabolites. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 30 min. They were then resuscitated with the shed blood and one of three fluids: (1) lactated Ringer's, (2) lactated Ringer's with 10% glucose, (3) lactated Ringer's with 10% glucose + 6 units/kg regular insulin. Liver biopsies were obtained prior to shock (baseline), after 30 min of shock (shock), and 90 min after resuscitation (90 min). Tissue levels of ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine were measured. Serum at 90 min was evaluated for potassium, glucose, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). RESULTS: The insulin-treated group had significantly increased hepatic ATP and energy charge following resuscitation compared with the other two groups. The insulin group also exhibited significant hypoglycemia. Total adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, and AMP) were significantly elevated 90 min postresuscitation in the insulin group. Mean blood pressures throughout the experiment were not significantly different among groups. TNF-alpha was highest in the insulin-treated group, but this was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation with insulin and dextrose significantly increased hepatic ATP and adenylate energy charge after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Total nucleotide pool levels were not different between groups, indicating that there was a shift of the equilibrium away from the metabolites toward ATP and ADP in the insulin-treated group. Insulin treatment had no significant effect on blood pressure or TNF-alpha. However, it caused significant hypoglycemia and hypokalemia.     

西沙必利对大鼠出血性休克复苏后胃损害的作用

目的：观察西沙必利对大鼠出血性休克复苏后胃损害的作用。方法：108只Wistar大鼠随机分为假休克(SS)组、出血性休克复苏(HS)组和出血性休克复法律后西少必利治疗（HSC）组，同位素标记生物微球法测量胃血流量，同时测定胃黏膜内pH（pHi）、胃排空、胃黏膜丙二醛（MDA）含量和Na^ -K^ -三磷酸腺苷酶（ATPase）活性，以及门静脉血乳酸水平。结果：HSC组与HS组相比，大鼠胃内色素相对残留率显降低，胃血流量下降幅度减少，2h胃pHi有显回升，4h胃黏膜MDA含量降低、Na^ -K^ -ATPase活性增加，门静脉血乳酸水平显下降。结论：出血性休克复苏后应用西沙必利有改善复苏后持续存在的胃缺血缺氧状态。     

A novel approach to maintaining cardiovascular stability after hemorrhagic shock: beneficial effects of adrenomedullin and its binding protein

BACKGROUND: Vascular responsiveness to adrenomedullin (AM), a recently discovered vasodilator peptide, is depressed after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Downregulation of AM binding protein-1 (ie, AMBP-1) appears to be responsible for this hyporesponsiveness. Therefore, we hypothesize that administration of AM/AMBP-1 improves cardiovascular responses after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. METHODS: Male rats were bled to and maintained at a mean blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 90 minutes. The animals were then resuscitated with 4 times the volume of shed blood with Ringer's lactate over 60 minutes. At 15 minutes after the beginning of resuscitation in hemorrhaged animals, AM alone, AMBP-1 alone, AM in combination with AMBP-1, or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline solution) was administered intravenously over 45 minutes. At 4-hour postresuscitation, in vivo left ventricular contractility parameters, maximal rates of ventricular pressure increase (+dP/dt max ) and decrease (-dP/dt max ), were determined. Cardiac output and organ blood flow were measured with the use of radioactive microspheres. In an additional group of animals, cardiac tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Four hours after resuscitation, +dP/dt max , -dP/dt max , cardiac output, and organ blood flow in the liver, small intestine, and kidneys were decreased while treatment with AM/AMBP-1 increased these parameters ( P < .05). Moreover, cardiac TNF-alpha levels were elevated at 4 hours after hemorrhage and resuscitation, while AM/AMBP-1 treatment reduced them to sham levels ( P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of AM/AMBP-1 appears to be a useful approach for restoring and maintaining cardiovascular stability after severe hemorrhagic shock and crystalloid resuscitation.     

Effects of two fluid resuscitations on the bacterial translocation and inflammatory response of small intestine in rats with hemorrhagic shock

Objective： To investigate the effects of two fluid resuscitations on the bacterial translocation and the inflammatory factors of small intestine in rats with hemorrhagic shock. Methods： Fifty SD healthy male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups （ n = 10 per group） ： Group A （ Sham group）, Group B （ Ringer＇ s solution for 1 h ）, Group C （Ringer＇ s solution for 24 h ）, Group D （ hydroxyethyl starch for 1 h ） and Group E （（ hydroxyethyl starch for 24 h）. A model of rats with hemorrhagic shock was established. The bacterial translocation in liver, content of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and changes of myeloperoxidase enzyme （MPO） activities in small intestine were pathologically investigated after these two fluid resuscitations, respectively. Results ： The bacterial translocation and the expression of TNF-α in the small intestine were detected at 1 h and 24 h after fluid resuscitation. There were significant increase in the number of translocated bacteria, TNF-α and MPO activities in Group C compared with Group B, significant decrease in Group E compared with Group D and in Group B compared with Group D. The number of translocated bacteria and TNF-α expression significantly decreased in Group E as compared with Group C. Conclusions： The bacterial translocation and the expression of TNF-α in the small intestine exist 24 h after fluid resuscitation. 6 % hydroxyethyl starch can improve the intestinal mucosa barrier function better than the Ringer＇ s solution.     

选择性、非选择性内皮素受体拮抗剂对创伤性休克大鼠的影响

目的 探讨选择性、非选择性内皮素(ET)受体拮抗剂对创伤性休克大鼠的影响。方法 采用后肢创伤法建立创伤性休克大鼠模型,随机分为休克组、休克+BQ-123组和休克+PD142893组,分别于创伤前、休克末、复苏后 1、3、5 h检测血浆内皮素及骨骼肌、肝脏、小肠的组织氧分压,监测血流动力学变化并记录存活时间。结果 3组大鼠休克末及复苏后备时间点血浆内皮素浓度及组织氧分压较伤前差异有显著性(P<0.05),休克+BQ-123组于复苏后 1、3 h血浆内皮素浓度显著低于休克组(P<0.05),复苏后肝脏、小肠的组织氧分压较休克组显著升高(P<0.05),其 12、24 h存活率同休克组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 创伤性休克后血浆内皮素浓度显著升高,选择性ETA受体拮抗剂BQ-123可显著改善创伤性休克大鼠内脏组织氧分压,延长存活时间。     

Therapeutic effect of cisapride on gastric injury following hemorrhagic shock resuscitation in rats

Whenshockandtraumaoccur, stomachisoneofthetargetorganswhichcaneasilybeharmed,1acutegastricmucosalesionisalatentandfatalthreattothoseclinicalcriticallyillpatients.Aresearchshowsthattreatmentofgastricmotilityishelpfultoreducedeathrateofcriticallyillpatients…     

胸腺五肽对重度创伤失血性休克大鼠复苏中外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的观察早期加用胸腺五肽（TP-5）对重度创伤失血性休克复苏大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法 72只健康雄性SD大鼠随机均分为两组,股骨干骨折合并股动脉放血使MAP控制在（35±5）mm Hg 90 min建立重度创伤失血性休克大鼠模型,Ⅰ组选用复方乳酸钠复苏,Ⅱ组采用复方乳酸钠加用TP-5。两组在休克前（T₁）、复苏前（T₂）、休克复苏后12 h（T₃）、24 h（T₄）、48 h（T₅）、72 h（T₆）时各取6只大鼠静脉血以流式细胞仪测量T淋巴细胞亚群含量。结果与T₁时相比,T₂、T₃时两组CD4+含量和CD4+/CD8+比值均有明显降低（P<0.01）,CD8+含量明显升高（P<0.01）,于T₃时达峰值。T₃～T₆时Ⅱ组CD4+含量、CD4+/CD8+比值明显高于Ⅰ组,CD8+含量明显低于Ⅰ组（P<0.05和P<0.01）。结论重度创伤失血性休克大鼠复苏联合应用胸腺五肽较单纯复苏治疗可促进CD4+含量的增加和CD4+/CD8+平衡,从而可能提高机体细胞免疫能力。