超氧化物岐化酶参与p38 MAPK介导的肢体缺血预处理对大鼠全脑缺血的保护作用(英文)

目的探讨超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)在p38有丝分裂素激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)介导的肢体缺血预适应(LIP)脑保护中的作用。方法永久凝闭椎动脉的Wistar大鼠,重复夹闭双侧股动脉3次(每次10min,间隔10 min)作为LIP,之后即刻夹闭双侧颈总动脉8 min造成全脑缺血。SB 203580+LIP+脑缺血组于LIP前30min侧脑室内注射p38 MAPK抑制剂SB 203580 (100μmol·L-1, 25μL)。黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定海马SOD活性,硫代巴比妥酸法测定海马丙二醛(MDA)含量,硫堇染色观察海马的组织学分级。结果LIP显著抑制脑缺血引起的海马CA1区SOD活性下降、MDA含量增加及延迟性神经元死亡。预先侧脑室注射SB 203580显著阻断LIP对缺血脑组织的上述保护作用。结论 SOD可能作为p38 MAPK的下游分子参与LIP诱导的脑缺血耐受。     

p38MAPK介导的Fas/FasL凋亡通路在缺血性脑损伤中的作用研究

目的探讨p38MAPK介导的Fas/FasL凋亡通路在大鼠缺血性脑损伤中的作用。方法①制作大鼠全脑缺血模型,免疫印迹法检测假手术组、脑缺血复灌6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d组p-p38MAPK、p38MAPK蛋白表达。②免疫印迹法检测假手术组、缺血复灌组、溶剂对照组和SB203580组p-p38MAPK、p38MAPK、FasL、Fas和Caspase-3蛋白表达。结果①与假手术组相比,脑缺血再灌注6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d组p-p38MAPK蛋白表达水平逐渐升高,于1 d达高峰(P均<0.05)。②与缺血复灌组和溶剂对照组相比,SB203580组p-p38MAPK、FasL和Caspase-3表达水平显著降低(P均<0.05)。结论 p38MAPK介导的Fas/FasL凋亡通路在缺血性脑损伤中发挥了重要作用。     

p38 MAPK反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸抑制脑缺血预处理诱导脑缺血耐受过程中GLT-1表达上调

目的观察p38 MAPK反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸(ASODNs)是否影响大鼠脑缺血预处理(CIP)诱导脑缺血耐受过程中GLT-1蛋白的表达。方法 80只健康Wistar大鼠,♂,永久凝闭椎动脉,随机分为6组:(1)假手术(sham)组(n=10);(2)CIP组(n=10);(3)脑缺血损伤(Ⅱ)组(n=10);(4)CIP+Ⅱ组(n=10);(5)p38 MAPK AS-ODNs+CIP+Ⅱ组(n=30);(6)p38 MAPK S-ODNs+CIP+Ⅱ组(n=10)。(5)组中根据p38 MAPK AS-ODNs所用剂量不同分为5 nmol、10 nmol及15 nmol亚组(n=10);p38 MAPK S-ODNs的剂量为15nmol。所有动物均在sham手术或末次脑缺血/再灌注后6 h和2 d取材,Western blot和(或)免疫组织化学法检测p-p38MAPK及GLT-1蛋白的表达。结果 CIP引起p-p38 MAPK适度升高和GLT-1明显升高,并抑制Ⅱ引起的p-p38 MAPK过度升高及GLT-1表达下调;注射p38 MAPK AS-ODNs抑制CIP诱导脑缺血耐受过程中p-p38 MAPK和GLT-1的表达上调,呈剂量依赖性。结论 p38 MAPK AS-ODNs阻断CIP诱导脑缺血耐受过程中GLT-1表达上调。     

芍药苷诱导药理预适应抗脑缺血的神经保护作用

目的：研究传统中药处方芍药甘草汤中的化合物芍药苷（paeoniflorin,PF）对大鼠大脑中动脉梗塞（MCAO）的神经保护作用,为脑卒中的防治提供新思路。方法：脑缺血90min,再灌24h,观察PF预适应对梗塞体积及神经症状的影响;采用RT-PCR和Western blot研究PF对环氧酶-2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）和5-脂氧酶（5-lipoxygenase,5-LOX）基因、蛋白表达及MAPK通路的影响。结果：PF（20、40mg/kg,i.p.）在MCAO前48h给药,可剂量依赖性地降低梗塞体积、改善神经功能;PF（20mg/kg,i.p.）于MCAO前24、48h和5d预给药,可时间依赖性地诱导神经保护作用,PF（20mg/kg,i.p.,48h）预给药可显著降低脑缺血再灌中COX-2 mRNA和蛋白及5-LOX蛋白的过表达,抑制MAPK通路的激活。结论：PF通过药理预适应产生神经保护作用,其机制为抑制COX-2和5-LOX的基因或蛋白表达并抑制MAPK通路的激活。     

重组人谷氧还蛋白1对小鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨重组人谷氧还蛋白1(rhGrx1)对小鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法线栓法制备小鼠脑缺血/再灌注模型,病理形态学方法证实模型建立成功。小鼠尾静脉注射rhGrx1(5mg·kg-1和10mg·kg-1)后,观察脑组织中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及蛋白质羰基含量的变化,Western blot检测小鼠脑组织中p38MAPK表达水平的变化。结果HE染色证实模型建立成功且提示rhGrx1可改善缺血/再灌注损伤所致的小鼠脑组织病理形态学变化;rhGrx1能增加小鼠脑组织LDH、SOD活性、降低蛋白质羰基的含量。与假手术组小鼠相比,缺血和再灌注时脑组织p38MAPK蛋白表达量明显增加,注射rhGrx1后p38MAPK蛋白表达被抑制。结论rh-Grx1对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤小鼠有一定保护作用,其机制可能与抑制p38MAPK蛋白表达相关。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶与骨代谢

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK）是机体广泛表达的丝氨酸/酪氨酸激酶,在哺乳动物细胞多种信号转导通路中起重要作用。p38MAPK信号通路是MAPK通路的一个重要分支,在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡和细胞周期调控等多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,有关p38MAPK信号通路在与骨代谢相关的破骨细胞、成骨细胞、软骨细胞生长、代谢及功能方面的研究倍受关注。本文就p38MAPK与骨代谢相关研究进展进行综述,旨在探讨p38MAPK在骨代谢相关疾病中的作用机制。     

液化石油气中毒大鼠脑组织p38MAPK的表达及意义研究

目的 观察p38MAPK在液化气中毒大鼠脑组织中的表达,探讨p38MAPK信号通路在液化气中毒大鼠发病中的作用.方法 采用大鼠液化石油气中毒模型,动物分别于中毒后1、3、7d处死,苏木精-伊红染色观察脑组织神经细胞的形态变化,免疫组化方法检测脑组织p38MAPK的表达水平.结果 大鼠液化石油气中毒后大脑皮质神经元细胞核浓缩、结构不清,可见神经元坏死迹象.免疫组化技术观察显示p38MAPK在急性液化气中毒大鼠脑组织中的表达与正常组比较明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 p38MAPK信号传递途径促进液化石油气中毒诱导的大鼠脑组织神经元坏死,在液化石油气中毒大鼠发病中起重要作用.     

p38 MAPK及其抑制剂在胰岛素调节GLUT4活性中的作用

目的:探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)及其抑制剂SB203580在胰岛素调节葡萄糖转运子4(GLUT4)活性机制中的作用。方法:分别测定胰岛素和SB203580孵育条件下骨骼肌细胞p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平和活性;检测p38 MAPK或SB203580是否与GLUT4直接结合;并测定SB203580对光化学标记细胞膜上的GLUT4的影响。结果:与胰岛素孵育0min时相比,100nmol/L胰岛素使p38 MAPK磷酸化水平增加,最大值为0min时的(2.43±0.21)倍;胰岛素还使p38α和p38βMAPK的活性分别增加了(10.13±0.48)和(7.92±2.17)倍;SB203580可抑制胰岛素的作用;p38 MAPK在体内不与GLUT4直接结合;SB203580仅抑制胰岛素刺激下的GLUT4光化学标记。结论:p38MAPK或SB203580不直接与GLUT4结合;对SB203580敏感的分子参与了胰岛素调节GLUT4活性的作用。     

p38 MAPK通路在造血系统调节中的作用

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)超家族是介导细胞反应的重要信号系统。研究发现,该超家族亚族p38 MAPK通路在造血细胞调节过程中占据重要地位,抑制p38 MAPK通路可一定程度缓解衰老或者疾病引发的造血细胞功能下降。深入研究p38 MAPK通路在造血系统中的下游作用底物,将对临床造血干细胞的应用以及造血系统疾病发病机制研究提供新的思路。     

依达拉奉抗单肺通气患者炎性反应时的p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶表达

目的探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)信号通路在依达拉奉抗单肺通气患者炎性反应中的作用。方法择期拟行肺叶切除术肺癌患者40例,随机分为两组,每组20例。常规麻醉诱导后,依达拉奉组给予依达拉奉0.5 mg·kg-1加入氯化钠注射液100 m L,静脉滴注;对照组给予等容量氯化钠注射液。两组麻醉维持用药相同,均在麻醉后切皮前(T1)、膨肺后60 min(T2)、术后1 h(T3)测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)浓度和磷酸化p38 MAPK(p-p38 MAPK)、p38 MAPK表达水平,以p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK反映p38 MAPK激活程度。结果两组手术时间、单肺通气时间均无显著差异(P>0.05),围手术期血流动力学平稳。与T1时比较,两组T2、T3时TNF-α、IL-6血浆浓度和p38 MAPK、p-p38 MAPK表达水平及p38 MAPK激活程度均上升(P<0.05);依达拉奉组TNF-α、IL-6血浆浓度和p38 MAPK、p-p38 MAPK表达水平及p38 MAPK激活程度均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉可抑制机体TNF-α和IL-6的生成和释放,p38 MAPK信号通路参与了其抗单肺通气患者炎症反应过程。     

Chronic Alcohol Consumption Results in Greater Damage to the Pancreas Than to the Liver in the Rats

Alcohol consumption increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, its effects on prediabetes or early diabetes have not been studied. We investigated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the pancreas and liver resulting from chronic alcohol consumption in the prediabetes and early stages of diabetes. We separated Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a type-2 diabetic animal model, into two groups based on diabetic stage: prediabetes and early diabetes were defined as occurrence between the ages of 11 to 16 weeks and 17 to 22 weeks, respectively. The experimental group received an ethanol-containing liquid diet for 6 weeks. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was conducted after 16 and 22 weeks for the prediabetic and early diabetes groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in body weight between the control and ethanol groups. Fasting and 120-min glucose levels were lower and higher, respectively, in the ethanol group than in the control group. In prediabetes rats, alcohol induced significant expression of ER stress markers in the pancreas; however, alcohol did not affect the liver. In early diabetes rats, alcohol significantly increased most ER stress-marker levels in both the pancreas and liver. These results indicate that chronic alcohol consumption increased the risk of diabetes in prediabetic and early diabetic OLETF rats; the pancreas was more susceptible to damage than was the liver in the early diabetic stages, and the adaptive and proapoptotic pathway of ER stress may play key roles in the development and progression of diabetes affected by chronic alcohol ingestion.     

心电六轴系统中“0”的含义值得商榷

分析传统的心电六轴系统中"0"的含义。将心电图机与人体连接成测试系统,通过电学与数学基本原理的分析,结果心电六轴系统中额面与横面的"0"是以右上肢为参考"0"电位点。     

Hypersensitivity to scopolamine in the elderly

Scopolamine hydrobromide, 0.43 mg/70 kg, was administered by subcutaneous injection to ten young and ten elderly subjects. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was used to assess the effects of scopolamine, as compared to placebo, on cognitive function. As previously reported for this group of young subjects, scopolamine significantly impaired performance on tests of recent memory and visuospatial praxis. The same effects were observed in the elderly subjects, but the magnitude of the effects was much larger. The scopolamine injections produced significant psychomotor slowing in the elderly, whereas higher doses of the drug are required to produce this effect in young subjects. In both young and old subjects scopolamine failed to affect immediate memory, language function, object sorting, and the frequency of intrusion errors (although trends toward an effect were more apparent in the elderly). Remote memory, tested in the elderly only, was also unaffected. The results suggest that scopolamine's cognitive effects are quantitatively more pronounced in elderly subjects than young subjects, but that they are qualitatively similar and do not constitute a valid model for the cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease.     

Lithium in pregnancy: the need to treat, the duty to ensure safety

INTRODUCTION: Untreated bipolar disorder during pregnancy leads to detrimental repercussions on the mother-infant pair's health. Despite different drugs having been proposed as mood stabilizers, lithium remains the first-choice agent for preventing mood changes. AREAS COVERED: Analyzing up-to-date information on the reproductive safety of lithium and providing practice guidelines to optimize its use during pregnancy. EXPERT OPINION: Findings from prospective and case-control studies confirm an increased, specific risk of Ebstein's anomaly (4.45-7.6/1000 live births), although lower than that previously reported. A potential increase in the risk of neural tube defects should also be taken into consideration. Moreover, several perinatal complications may occur, and even in the presence of relatively low infant serum levels, in the case of drug exposure during late pregnancy. Despite such concerns, lithium should still be considered the first-choice agent for treating bipolar disorder in pregnancy. Indeed, the U.S. FDA recently issued a new warning regarding the reproductive safety of antipsychotics. Moreover, the risk of fetal valproate/carbamazepine syndrome (and the confirmed neurodevelopmental teratogenicity of valproate) contraindicates the use of both medications, whereas the use of lamotrigine is limited by efficacy concerns. However, women who need lithium treatment during pregnancy should be carefully monitored: a strict gynecologic and psychiatric surveillance and, probably, preconception folate supplementation is highly advisable. Moreover, delivery should be programmed in Neonatal Intensive Care Units to ensure optimal management of potential iatrogenic perinatal complications.     

Lithium in pregnancy: the need to treat,the duty to ensure safety

Introduction: Untreated bipolar disorder during pregnancy leads to detrimental repercussions on the mother–infant pair's health. Despite different drugs having been proposed as mood stabilizers, lithium remains the first-choice agent for preventing mood changes.

Areas covered: Analyzing up-to-date information on the reproductive safety of lithium and providing practice guidelines to optimize its use during pregnancy.

Expert opinion: Findings from prospective and case–control studies confirm an increased, specific risk of Ebstein's anomaly (4.45–7.6/1000 live births), although lower than that previously reported. A potential increase in the risk of neural tube defects should also be taken into consideration. Moreover, several perinatal complications may occur, and even in the presence of relatively low infant serum levels, in the case of drug exposure during late pregnancy. Despite such concerns, lithium should still be considered the first-choice agent for treating bipolar disorder in pregnancy. Indeed, the U.S. FDA recently issued a new warning regarding the reproductive safety of antipsychotics. Moreover, the risk of fetal valproate/carbamazepine syndrome (and the confirmed neurodevelopmental teratogenicity of valproate) contraindicates the use of both medications, whereas the use of lamotrigine is limited by efficacy concerns. However, women who need lithium treatment during pregnancy should be carefully monitored: a strict gynecologic and psychiatric surveillance and, probably, preconception folate supplementation is highly advisable. Moreover, delivery should be programmed in Neonatal Intensive Care Units to ensure optimal management of potential iatrogenic perinatal complications.