Antitumor activity of interleukin-12 against murine bladder cancer

PURPOSE: We investigated the antitumor activity of interleukin-12 (IL-12) against MBT-2, a murine bladder carcinoma, to clarify whether or not IL-12 is effective against urothelial tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MBT-2, a murine carcinogen-induced, poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma of C3H/He origin, was used. Three or 10 days after the subcutaneous administration of MBT-2 cells, C3H/He mice were injected intraperitoneally with IL-12 five times per wk. for 2 wk. Tumor growth was measured twice weekly. Spleen cells from the C3H/He mice that had rejected MBT-2 after the IL-12 treatment were examined for MBT-2-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity and cytokine production. RESULTS: Tumor growth and acceptance was obviously suppressed when C3H/He mice were treated with IL-12 from 3 days after the tumor inoculation. In the spleen cells from the C3H/He mice that had rejected MBT-2, MBT-2-specific CTL activity and secretion of IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were clearly detected. However, the established MBT-2 tumor cells were not rejected when C3H/He mice were given IL-12 from 10 days after the tumor inoculation, although the tumor growth was transiently suppressed during the IL-12 treatment. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that IL-12 is considerably effective against murine bladder cancer and suggest the clinical application of IL-12 against human bladder cancer.     

转人白细胞介素-12基因膀胱癌瘤苗的抗肿瘤作用

目的 制备人白细胞介素—12(hIL-l2)转基因膀胱癌瘤苗，观察其特异性抗肿瘤免疫作用。方法 经逆转录病毒载体将hIL—12编码基因导入膀胱癌细胞株MBT—2中，用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测目的基因是否整合入MBT—2基因组中，用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测hIL—12活性，将转基因细胞接种到36只荷瘤小鼠，检测细胞毒T细胞杀伤活性。结果 hIL—12 cDNA经逆转录病毒载体导入MTT—2细胞中后，hIL—12基因已完整、稳定地整合到MBT—2基因组中，使MBT—2细胞具有分泌hIL—12活性，每24h达32．8mol/L以上。转基因细胞接种荷瘤小鼠后，可见瘤体变小(P＜0．01)，细胞毒T细胞杀伤活性增强。结论 转hIL—12基因瘤苗，能够诱导小鼠的特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应。     

Interleukin-18 and interleukin-12 synergistically inhibit osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity

The effect of interleukin (IL)-18 on osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity was investigated in vitro. Osteoclast-enriched cells, about 70% of which were tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive, were cultured on dentine slices, and then the total volume of resorption pits on each dentine slice was measured as bone-resorbing activity. When the effects of IL-18 alone at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL were examined, bone-resorbing activity was significantly reduced only at 1000 ng/mL, by about 50%. However, IL-18 plus IL-12 (10 ng/mL each) reduced bone-resorbing activity by about 70%, whereas IL-12 alone had no significant effect. When the concentration of interferon (IFN)-γ in the medium was measured, IL-18 or IL-12 was found to increase it slightly, and the combination of these two cytokines synergistically increased it. The inhibitory effect of the combination of the two cytokines was completely abolished by the addition of an anti-IFN-γ neutralizing antibody to the medium, but IFN-γ by itself did not inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption. IL-18 alone or in combination with IL-12 did not affect the number of TRAP-positive cells in culture of osteoclast-enriched cells. Osteoclasts prepared from osteoclast-enriched cells expressed mRNAs of IL-18 receptor, MyD88, and cathepsin K. Furthermore, IL-18 receptor protein was detected on the cell surface of osteoclasts. The present results indicate that the combination of IL-18 and IL-12 synergistically inhibits osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity, suggesting that IFN-γ participates in the mechanism underlying this inhibition.     

Antitumor immunity induced by dendritic cell-based vaccination is dependent on interferon-gamma and interleukin-12

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine whether dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with a tumor cell lysate can effectively vaccinate against tumor cells and to establish which cytokines are necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each wild-type mouse received two subcutaneous immunizations (days 14 and 7) with either saline, tumor lysate, DCs, or tumor-lysate-pulsed DCs. Gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), knock-out (KO), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) KO mice were also used in immunizations. A tumor challenge was given at day 0. Splenocytes were assayed for gamma-IFN production. RESULTS: All saline-injected mice (n = 19) and all mice injected with tumor lysate (n = 9) developed tumors. Six of nine mice immunized with DCs alone and 6/24 mice treated with lysate-pulsed DCs developed a tumor. Splenocytes from both the saline- and lysate-immunized groups produced undetectable levels of gamma-IFN, while those from mice immunized with either DCs or pulsed DCs produced high levels of gamma-IFN. Four of five gamma-IFN KO mice developed tumors after immunization with tumor-lysate-pulsed DCs. None of four IL-12 KO mice developed a tumor after immunization with wild-type pulsed DCs and 1/10 wild-type mice developed tumor after immunization with IL-12 KO pulsed DCs. Three of four IL-12 KO mice developed tumors after immunization with IL-12 KO pulsed DCs. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor-lysate-pulsed DCs can initiate an effective antitumor immune response. The presence of gamma-IFN in the host is essential for antitumor protection. In contrast, tumor protection is observed if IL-12 is present in either the host or the DCs.     

The mechanism of how anti-IL-18 prevents concanavalin-A-induced hepatic fibrosis on a mouse model

BACKGROUND: The administration of concanavalin A (ConA) induces severe hepatic fibrosis in mice. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were the key cytokines involved in the process. The aim of this research was to explore the effects and the mechanisms of IL-18 and anti-IL-18 on hepatic fibrosis in a ConA induced hepatic fibrosis model in BABL-C mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty BABL-C mice were randomly divided into five groups (Group a, b, c, d, e). The mice were administered saline, immunoglobulin G, ConA, IL-18 + ConA, Anti-IL-18 + ConA, respectively. At 1, 7, 14, 21 wk, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2-RNA, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-mRNA were measured. RESULTS: The levels of serum TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma detected in the IL-18 + ConA group was higher than in the anti-IL-18 + ConA group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the levels of MMP-2-RNA and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-mRNA expressed in IL-18 + ConA group was higher than in the anti-IL-18 + ConA group (P < 0.05). A majority of these cytokines was secreted by CD4(+)T cells. CONCLUSIONS: The immunological response to hepatic fibrosis by repeated injection of ConA in the mouse model was aggravated by IL-18 and blocked by anti-IL-18.     

负载冻融抗原的树突状细胞诱导特异性抗膀胱癌作用的研究

目的研究负载膀胱癌冻融抗原的树突状细胞（DC）诱导的对膀胱癌细胞的特异性杀伤效应。方法反复冻融法获得BIU-87细胞抗原;人单个核细胞在含重组人GM—CSF、IL-4和TNF-a的RPMI1640培养基中体外诱导出人DC并负载肿瘤抗原;9d后成熟DC与自体T细胞共孵育诱导膀胱癌抗原特异性CTLs; 用MTT法检测其对BIU-87体外杀伤效应;用ELISA法检测DC分泌IL-12的能力。结果负载膀胱癌抗原的DC诱导的特异性CTLs可明显杀伤BIU-87细胞,在效靶比为40：1时杀伤率为（65．5±6．4）％,显著高于各对照组（P〈0．01）;负载抗原DCs较未负载抗原DCs有更强的分泌IL-12能力（P〈0．05）,而且不同时期的DC分泌的量不同。结论负载膀胱癌抗原的DC在体外可诱导出高效而特异的抗膀胱癌效应,提示以DC为中心的肿瘤生物治疗有望提高膀胱癌综合治疗水平。     

Antitumor Killer Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood of a Patient with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Background: Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with bladder cancer also contain cells possessing cytotoxic activity against autologous tumor cells. These cells are phenotypically heterogenous and include natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cells. This study investigated the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes directed against autologous bladder cancer cells.
Methods: PBL were obtained at intervals before and after surgery and analyzed for cytotoxic activity against autologous bladder cancer cells in 4-hour⁵¹ Cr release assay. PBL stimulated with autologous tumor cells were also transformed with human T-lymphotropic virus type-1, establishing a cell line (KB31) which was analyzed for phenotype and cytotoxic activity against the autologous tumor cells.
Results: PBL preoperative cytotoxic activity was low, but increased after surgery. Cytotoxic activity was found not only against autologous bladder cancer cells, but also against heterologous bladder cancer (KK-47) and myeloid leukemia (K562) cells, with the highest activity against the heterologous cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of KB31 was 40|X% against autologous tumor cells 6 weeks after initiation of the cell line, but decreased to 5|X% by 6 months. This activity was lower than that against the other cell lines, and was similar to that of PBL in short-term culture. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis demonstrated that in KB31 cells at 6 weeks, CD8+ cells were dominant, but CD56+ cells predominated at 6 months.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of the patient was due to both cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The cytotoxic activity was lowest prior to surgery and increased postoperatively.     

负载膀胱癌酸洗抗原肽对树突状细胞分泌IL-12的影响及意义

目的：研究负载膀胱癌酸洗抗原肽对树突状细胞（DCs）分泌IL-12的影响和意义.方法：用弱酸洗脱法获得膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87肿瘤抗原肽;联合应用重组人GM-CSF、IL-4和TNF-α体外诱导健康志愿者DCs并负载膀胱癌肿瘤抗原肽;DC诱导膀胱癌抗原特异性CTLs;用MTT法检测其对BIU-87体外杀伤效应;用ELISA法检测第3、6、9天培养细胞的上清液,评价DCs分泌IL-12 p70的能力.结果：联合应用重组人GMCSF、IL-4和TNF-α可在体外诱导出DCs;负载膀胱癌抗原肽的DC诱导的特异性CTLs可杀伤高达（78.5±7.0）%的BIU-87细胞,显著高于各对照组（P〈0.01）;经ELISA方法检测不同时期的DCs分泌IL-12的量不同,而且负载抗原肽DCs较未负载抗原DCs有更强的分泌能力（P〈0.05）.结论：IL-12 p70在DCs刺激特异性CTLs的过程中发挥重要作用,其分泌量受DCs的成熟状态及某些刺激信号的影响,膀胱癌酸洗抗原肽是其刺激信号之一.     

Detection of immune responses against urinary bladder cancer in sentinel lymph nodes

OBJECTIVE: The lymphatic drainage from a tumour is received in the sentinel node where the immune system encounters tumour derived antigens. We investigated anti-tumoural lymphocyte function in sentinel nodes from patients with urinary bladder cancer. METHODS: In 14 patients undergoing cystectomy due to bladder cancer, radioactive tracer and blue dye were used to identify the sentinel node. Cell suspensions from the tumour, sentinel- and non-sentinel nodes and peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry with antibodies against lymphocyte surface antigens and against the tumour cell marker cytokeratin-20. Reactivity against autologous tumour extract and the mitogen Concanavalin A was tested in proliferation assays with 3H-Thymidine incorporation. Lymphocytes were put in long-term culture with IL-2 and autologous tumour extract. RESULTS: Sentinel nodes were detected in 12 of the 14 patients. Antigen dependent proliferation in response to autologous tumour extract was detected in 6 patients, in 5 cases in sentinel nodes, in the remaining case in a non-sentinel node. Proliferation against Concanavalin A was vigorous in lymph nodes from all patients, whereas tumour infiltrating lymphocytes were unresponsive. Lymphocytes from sentinel nodes could be expanded in vitro. CONCLUSION: Tumour reactive lymphocytes are present in sentinel nodes draining human bladder cancers. These cells display immunologic function upon restimulation in vitro, and provide a promising source for expansion and subsequent adoptive T cell immunotherapy.     

锌指E-盒结合同源异形盒-1在膀胱癌细胞中的表达及对肿瘤细胞侵袭的影响

目的:锌指E-盒结合同源异形盒-1(ZEB1)是上皮-间质转换的重要调控因子。本研究探讨ZEB1在膀胱癌细胞系中的表达情况,以及对膀胱癌发展与转移的影响。方法:采用RT-PCR检测膀胱癌细胞系ZEB1的表达,免疫荧光检测ZEB1蛋白表达定位;转染ZEB1siRNA后通过RT-PCR与Western Blot检测ZEB1的mRNA与蛋白表达变化;以及通过细胞侵袭实验观察ZEB1影响细胞侵袭能力的变化。结果:膀胱癌细胞系UMUC3和5637均表达ZEB1,SV-HUC-1不表达ZEB1;ZEB1蛋白定位于胞核;ZEB1敲低后,其mRNA与蛋白表达降低,膀胱癌细胞系侵袭能力降低。结论:膀胱癌细胞系UM-UC3和5637可用于ZEB1与肿瘤相关的机制研究;ZEB1促进膀胱癌细胞侵袭。     

CD基因联合IL-18基因对小鼠胰腺癌的疗效及其免疫机制

目的：研究自杀基因与IL-18基因联合治疗胰腺癌的作用及其免疫机制。方法：构建小鼠IL-18基因和CD基因逆转录病毒质粒pVITR02-CD-IL-18。小鼠皮下接种小鼠胰腺癌细胞TD2,肿瘤局部注射重组表达的pVTTPO2-CD-Ⅱ,18逆转录病毒,然后连续10d给予5-氟胞嘧啶(5-Fc)300mg／kg进行治疗,分别观察肿瘤的生长情况。结果：联合IL-18基N治疗后,肿瘤体积显著缩小,小鼠存活期明显长于对照组,肿瘤瘤体内CD8^ 细胞浸润增加;肿瘤细胞表达H-2D^b和B7-1分子明显增加。结论：联合应用自杀基因和IL-18基因转移可以直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,它既有效地减少了肿瘤负荷,又充分调动了机体的抗肿瘤免疫,提高疗效。     

BAK基因过表达对膀胱癌细胞的诱导凋亡作用及其分子机制

目的：探讨BAK基因过表达对膀胱癌的诱导凋亡效应及机制。方法：脂质体介导BAK基因转染膀胱癌EJ细胞1－7d后，逆转录聚合酶链反应检测BAK基因表达，细胞计数法检测癌细胞生长活性，DNA Ladder法、吖啶橙－溴化乙锭荧光染色法及原位末端转移酶标记技术检测癌细胞凋亡，免疫组织化学法检测癌细胞Caspase-3、Bcl-2,p53表达。结果：转染1－7d后，癌细胞BAK基因表达显著增强（P＜0．01），体外生长抑制20．66％－35．58％（P＜0．01），部分癌细胞呈现凋亡形态学变化，凋亡率为18．0％－20．6％（P＜0．01），癌细胞Caspase-3表达增强6．6倍（P＜0．01）Bcl．2和P53表达差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：BAK基因表达能显著诱导膀胱癌细胞凋亡，其中Caspase-3激活是其作用机制之一。     

IL-12 cDNA direct injection: antimetastatic effect from a single injection in a murine hepatic metastases model

BACKGROUND: Interleukin 12 (IL-12) gene therapy is an effective antitumor agent in local and metastatic murine tumor models. We sought to evaluate the antimetastatic effect of IL-12 cDNA in a liver metastases model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A liver metastases model was induced by creating a "primary" splenic tumor through inoculation of 1 x 10(5) TS/A adenocarcinoma cells directly into the inferior pole of the spleen in female BALB/c mice. On day 4, 50 microg of IL-12 cDNA or control plasmid DNA was injected into splenic tumor, followed by splenectomy on day 8. Mice were sacrificed on day 25 to assess liver tumor burden. IL-12 mRNA and mIL-12 and IFN-gamma protein levels were assessed after IL-12 injection. Peripheral blood CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells were quantified on day 14 using FACS. To determine the significance of site of cytokine DNA injection, IL-12 cDNA was injected on day 4 into splenic tumor or into the non-involved spleen after isolation of the inferior and superior portions of the spleen, respectively, with surgical clips. Splenectomy was performed on day 8 and sacrifice was performed on day 25. RESULTS: IL-12 mRNA was detected in the liver 8 h after injection, with a peak at 24 h. After splenic injection, protein levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma were detectable in the liver and spleen 24 h after treatment. IL-12 and IFN-gamma were not detectable in control animals. In the peripheral blood, there was a marked increase in NK cells (13% of total lymphocytes versus 4%, control) and in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (5.5 versus 1.9). At day 25, there was a marked antimetastatic effect after IL-12 injection into either splenic tumor [liver:body weight, 6.2 versus 10.9 (control), P = 0.007] or non-involved spleen (6.8 g versus 10.7 g, P = 0.005). There was no difference in the antimetastatic effect between animals injected into splenic tumor or non-involved spleen (P = 0.3). CONCLUSION: Injection with a single dose of IL-12 cDNA into splenic tumor or non-involved spleen resulted in a profound antimetastatic effect. Splenic IL-12 injection results in mRNA expression in the liver, protein expression in the liver and spleen, and a marked increase in NK cells and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in peripheral blood.     

Bioluminescence imaging to monitor bladder cancer cell adhesion in vivo: a new approach to optimize a syngeneic, orthotopic, murine bladder cancer model

OBJECTIVE

To improve the orthotopic murine bladder cancer model by using bioluminescent (BL) MB49 tumour cells for noninvasive in vivo monitoring of tumour growth and to examine the efficacy of integrin receptor‐blocking oligopeptides on preventing tumour cell adhesion in this improved bladder cancer model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The capacity of oligopeptide combinations to interfere with tumour cell adhesion was assessed in vivo in a syngeneic, orthotopic, murine bladder cancer model. Tumour outgrowth was monitored noninvasively by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) after administration of luciferase‐expressing MB49^LUC bladder cancer cells. The presence of tumour cells was verified histologically and immunohistochemically on paraffin wax‐embedded sections of excised bladders.

RESULTS

Anti‐adhesive oligopeptides effectively inhibited tumour outgrowth. BLI detected tumour cells at an early stage when there were no clinical signs of cancer in any of the mice. The technique has high sensitivity in detecting tumour cell implantation, but is less reliable in assessing tumour volume in advanced‐stage disease due to light attenuation in large tumours.

CONCLUSIONS

Peptides targeting adhesion molecules prevent attachment of bladder cancer cells to the injured bladder wall. BLI is a sensitive method for detecting luminescent bladder cancer cells in an orthotopic mouse model.     

表达白细胞介素-18的溶瘤腺病毒对裸鼠肾癌移植瘤的治疗作用

目的 观察表达IL-18的溶瘤腺病毒(ZD55-IL18)对裸鼠肾癌移植瘤生长及血管形成的抑制作用.方法 荷肾癌裸鼠随机分4组,每组8只.瘤体内注射ZD55-IL18、溶瘤腺病毒ZD55-EGFP、表达IL-18的增殖缺陷腺病毒Ad-IL18及PBS,每次注射病毒7×108PFU/只,连续注射3 d.注射后第7天,每组处死3只取肿瘤组织,免疫组织化学检测肿瘤E1A、IL-18、CD34、VEGF表达及凋亡.第50天时处死动物测量肿瘤体积.结果 ZD55-IL18、ZD55-EGFP、Ad-IL18及生理盐水处理组肿瘤体积(mm3)分别为:299.7±52.9、536.8±90.3、570.3±99.0、766.1±145.8,ZD55-IL18与各组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).Ad-IL18处理组肿瘤无E1A蛋白表达,ZD55-IL18处理组有大量E1A蛋白表达,表明病毒复制.ZD55-IL18处理组肿瘤IL-18表达及凋亡细胞阳性率均显著高于Ad-IL18处理组.ZD55-IL18处理组肿瘤CD34、VEGF表达均显著低于Ad-IL18处理组.结论 表达IL-18的溶瘤腺病毒ZD55-IL18比增殖缺陷腺病毒Ad-IL18具有更强的抑制肾癌生长及血管形成作用.     

膀胱癌免疫治疗相关肿瘤微环境及其在人和小鼠肿瘤中的组成特征初探

目的 应用生物信息学分析鉴定膀胱癌免疫治疗中起关键作用的肿瘤微环境（TME）组成特征,初步分析这些组分在人膀胱癌组织和BBN（N-butyl-N-（4-hydroxybutyl）-nitrosamine）诱导的自发小鼠膀胱肿瘤中表型的相似性。方法 分析晚期膀胱癌PD-L1阻断治疗IMvigor210数据集,利用DESeq2筛选与疗效相关的差异基因,通过GO和KEGG通路富集分析找出差异富集的通路;采用IOBR分析TME中的细胞浸润特征。通过TCGA数据库分析差异浸润细胞基因集与膀胱癌预后和分期的关系,在我院32例膀胱癌组织标本中进行免疫组化验证。建立BBN诱导的自发小鼠膀胱肿瘤模型,通过H&E染色和免疫组化对BBN诱导的自发小鼠膀胱肿瘤和人膀胱癌进展相似性及其TME主要组分进行比较。结果 在IMvigor210数据集中存在521个与免疫治疗疗效相关的差异基因,其中44个差异基因富集在含胶原细胞外基质上,提示成纤维细胞与免疫治疗疗效相关。TME分析发现细胞周期、组蛋白等肿瘤细胞基因集与NK细胞、CD8⁺ T细胞基因集在膀胱癌免疫治疗有效组中富集,而炎症性肿瘤相关成纤维细胞基因集在免疫治疗无效组中富集。TCGA分析显示：NK细胞和CD8⁺ T细胞基因集与膀胱癌患者总体生存时间呈正相关,CD56表达与膀胱癌病理分期呈正相关;PDGFRB表达与膀胱癌病理分期呈正相关。相比于低分期膀胱癌,PDGFRB⁺成纤维细胞在高分期膀胱癌中数量更多。在BBN小鼠模型中,BBN诱导的自发小鼠膀胱肿瘤发生率随着诱导时间逐渐升高,最终发展为肌层浸润性膀胱癌。免疫组化染色显示：小鼠和人膀胱肿瘤的TME中NK细胞和CD8⁺ T细胞以及成纤维细胞的浸润特征相似。结论 本研究结合生信分析和免疫组化评分发现：膀胱癌中NK细胞、CD8⁺ T细胞和成纤维细胞与免疫治疗疗效和预后具有相关性;这些细胞在BBN诱导的自发小鼠膀胱肿瘤与人膀胱癌组织中的浸润表型相似。这些结果可为研究膀胱癌免疫治疗的机制提供理论依据和动物模型。     

白细胞介素-18与一氧化氮在非小细胞肺癌的生长与转移中的意义

目的探讨白细胞介素(IL)-18和一氧化氮(NO)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的生长与转移方面的影响作用。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)及Griess反应分别检测82例NSCLC肿瘤组与20例正常对照组血清IL-18和亚硝酸盐+硝酸盐浓度。结果肿瘤组血清IL-18浓度为(334.2±31.0)ng/L,对照组为(151.3±22.0)ng/L,肿瘤组亚硝酸盐+硝酸盐浓度为(237.1±21.0)μmol/L,对照组为(44.2±15.0)μmol/L,肿瘤组明显高于对照组。肿瘤组外周血血清IL-18和亚硝酸盐+硝酸盐浓度与患者的性别、年龄、病理类型无关。IL-18血清浓度与肿瘤的TNM分期、淋巴结转移及远处转移有关但与淋巴结转移的数量和部位及远处转移的脏器类别差异无统计学意义。而亚硝酸盐+硝酸盐浓度则与之无关。IL-18与亚硝酸盐+硝酸盐浓度之间无关联。结论研究提示血清中IL-18和亚硝酸盐+硝酸盐浓度在NSCLC患者对疾病的评估具有临床检测意义。     

Evaluation of reference genes for the analysis of serum miRNA in patients with prostate cancer,bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma

Objectives: To identify an appropriate reference gene for the analysis of circulating micro‐ribonucleic acid in patients with urological malignancies. Methods: Serum from patients with prostate cancer (n = 24), bladder cancer (n = 24), renal cell carcinoma (n = 24) and control subjects (n = 48) was spiked with cel‐miR‐39, and then ribonucleic acid was isolated. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the levels of candidate reference genes (RNU1‐4, RNU6‐2, SNORD43, SNORD44, SNORD48, SNORA74A, miR‐let‐7a‐1, miR‐106a). Reference gene stability was determined using the NormFinder, geNorm and comparative delta‐Ct algorithm. The effect of normalization was tested with miR‐21 as the target gene, as this was previously suggested to be upregulated in cancer patients' serum. Results: Recovery of cel‐miR‐39 (mean 11.6%, range 1–56%) was similar in control subjects and cancer patients. SNORD44 and SNORD74A levels were around the detection limit of the assay and were thus omitted. All remaining candidates showed satisfying stability; SNORD43 was the most stable reference gene using all three algorithms. A combination of two genes (SNORD43, RNU1‐4) increases the stability somewhat. The level of miR‐21 was similar in cancer patients and healthy controls, irrespective of the normalization strategy. Conclusions: SNORD43 is a suitable reference gene for the analysis of circulating micro‐ribonucleic acid in patients with urological malignancies. Our study questions the suitability of miR‐21 as a biomarker for uro‐oncological patients.     

DNA修复基因多态性与膀胱肿瘤的关系

DNA修复基因多态性对维持基因组的稳定性有重要作用,基因突变与膀胱肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切。近年来,DNA修复基因多态性在肿瘤发生中的作用成为研究热点。