胸壁原发恶性肿瘤的CT诊断

目的　分析胸壁原发恶性肿瘤的CT表现 ,探讨CT对其定位、定性及鉴别诊断的价值和限度。方法　对经手术、活检证实的 7例原发胸壁恶性肿瘤的CT表现 ,结合病理所见进行回顾性分析。结果　 7例胸壁恶性肿瘤中 ,5例发生于胸壁软组织 (脂肪肉瘤和纤维肉瘤各 2例 ,横纹肌肉瘤 1例 ) ,2例发生于胸壁骨组织 (胸骨骨肉瘤、肋软骨肉瘤各 1例 )。CT表现 :肿瘤向胸壁外生长 3例 ,向胸壁内生长 2例 ,同时向胸壁内外生长 2例 ,其中 5例有明显的胸壁骨质破坏 ,4例伴有肺转移。结论　CT对胸壁原发恶性肿瘤的部位、范围以及肺脏是否受侵等有较大的诊断价值。     

Tumor invasion of the chest wall and mediastinum in lung cancer: evaluation with pneumothorax CT

For preoperative evaluation of chest wall and mediastinal invasion by lung cancer, computed tomography (CT), combined with artificial pneumothorax (pneumothorax CT), was performed in 43 patients with lung cancer in whom conventional CT scans showed that the mass was contiguous to the chest wall (n = 30) and/or mediastinum (n = 25) but without evidence of definite tumor invasion. Invasion was diagnosed on the basis of whether an air space existed between the mass and the adjacent structures. In three patients pneumothorax was not produced. After the procedure, four patients developed symptomatic pneumothorax, and one, subcutaneous emphysema. Comparison of diagnoses based on findings at pneumothorax CT, surgery, and pathologic examination showed that pneumothorax CT is 100% accurate for chest wall invasion and 76% accurate for mediastinal invasion. The authors conclude that this procedure is helpful in accurate evaluation of the T criterion in lung cancer, especially for patients in whom findings at conventional CT suggest tumor invasion of the chest wall and mediastinum.     

Chest wall invasion by lung cancer: limitations of CT evaluation

Thirty-three patients with peripheral pulmonary malignancies contiguous with a pleural surface were evaluated for chest wall invasion by computed tomography (CT). CT criteria included pleural thickening adjacent to the tumor, encroachment on or increased density of the extrapleural fat, asymmetry of the extrapleural soft tissues adjacent to the tumor, apparent mass invading the chest wall, and rib destruction. The CT scans were classified as positive, negative, or equivocal for invasion, and a decision matrix was constructed comparing CT results with pathologic data. The sensitivity of CT was 38%, specificity was 40%, and accuracy was 39% for evaluation of invasion if equivocal CT results were counted as radiologic errors. CT scanning has low accuracy in assessing chest wall invasion in patients with peripheral lung cancers.     

CT observation of rib abnormalities: spectrum of findings

The CT studies in 63 patients in which rib abnormality was identified or excluded were retrospectively analyzed. The CT features were detailed and correlated with other available radiographic findings as well as clinical data. Contiguous spread of tumor to rib or metastasis to rib characteristically showed subtle or complete segmental lytic rib destruction. An accompanying extrapleural soft tissue mass was frequently seen with metastatic disease and myeloma. In nine patients CT showed rib destruction that had been obscured on chest radiography by heart, diaphragm, mass, or pleural effusion. Other imaging studies prompted consideration of neoplasm in seven patients in whom CT clearly showed benign post-traumatic or developmental lesions. Six patients had a clinically suspected chest wall mass excluded, leading to the diagnosis of Tietze syndrome. The ribs should be carefully inspected on all CT studies of the thorax and upper abdomen. Computed tomography is helpful when other imaging techniques, such as rib films or isotopic bone scans, have not resolved the question of clinically or radiographically suspected rib abnormality.     

Pleural and chest wall invasion in bronchogenic carcinoma: CT evaluation

CT scans of 47 patients who had peripheral bronchogenic carcinoma contiguous to the pleural surface and who had undergone thoracotomy were retrospectively reviewed. The CT features of the primary neoplasm that were analyzed included the angle and amount of contact with the adjacent pleural surface, associated pleural thickening, fat plane between the tumor and chest wall, rib destruction, and chest wall mass. CT was of limited predictive value in separating those patients who had parietal pleural/chest wall involvement from those who did not. The combination of two or three CT findings (obtuse angle, greater than 3 cm contact with pleural surface, associated pleural thickening) resulted in a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 59%. The clinical symptom of focal chest pain, while not as sensitive (67%) as CT, was much more specific (94%) for parietal pleura/chest wall invasion.     

Computed tomographic evaluation of intrathoracic thyroid malignancy

As only a few cases of intrathoracic thyroid malignancy with computed tomographic (CT) examination have been described, we reviewed the CT examinations of three patients with primary and five patients with recurrent thyroid malignancy involving the thorax. Irregular border of the thyroid mass, extension of tumor mass into mediastinal fat or chest wall, or lymphadenopathy suggested the malignant nature of the primary tumor. CT examination in recurrent disease demonstrated mediastinal, hilar and retrocrural adenopathy, compression of major vessels with collateral flow, pulmonary and bony metastases. CT was of value both in identifying the extent of disease and documenting response to treatment.     

外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤的CT表现

目的：探讨外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤（pPNETs)的CT特征,提高对本病的认识水平。方法：回顾分析6例经病理证实的pPNETs CT表现。结果：5例发生在骨骼的pPNETs,CT表现为溶骨性骨质破坏和明显的软组织肿块。骨质破坏区无骨膜增生、骨质硬化和瘤骨形成;软组织肿块的密度可均匀或不均匀。1例放疗后软组织肿块有明显缩小。1例发生在右胸腔的pPNETs(Askin瘤）,CT表现为巨大软组织肿块,侵犯纵隔,密度不均匀,有中度不均匀强化,周围骨骼无破坏。手术切除后4个月,在右胸壁再发密度均匀的小肿块,有中度均匀强化。结论：pPNETs的CT表现缺乏特征性,但能较好地显示肿瘤的内部结构、明确肿瘤的范围,且助于本病的鉴别诊断、判断手术可切除性、检出远处转移和评价治疗效果。     

The use of computed tomography in evaluating chest wall pathology

Forty-nine patients with chest wall lesions were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and conventional radiography. Computed tomography was found to be indispensable for detecting and precisely localizing these lesions. It revealed unsuspected bone destruction and lung, pleural, and mediastinal involvement, as well as invasion of the spinal canal. In more than two thirds of the patients, CT provided additional information of clinical importance in management and, in one third, treatment was altered or the surgical approach modified because of the CT findings. Computed tomography is an essential diagnostic modality in evaluating chest wall lesions.     

Pulmonary Aspergillus chest wall involvement in chronic granulomatous disease: CT and MRI findings

Pulmonary Aspergillus infection in patients with chronic granulomatous disease tends to involve the chest wall and consequently carries a high mortality rate. We report the findings of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in three such cases. One patient underwent both CT and MRI, one, CT only, and one, MRI only. In all three, both CT and MRI demonstrated pulmonary consolidations with direct extension to the adjacent chest wall. In both patients who were examined by CT, scans revealed permeative osteolytic changes of adjacent rib or spine compatible with osteomyelitis. In both patients who were examined by MRI, adjacent chest wall involvement was depicted on T1-weighted images and showed increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. In one of these patients, the chest wall lesion was well defined on T2-weighted images, an appearance compatible with abscess. Epidural extension was demonstrated on MRI in the other patient, who later developed paraparesis. We suggest that CT and MRI have a complementary role in evaluating chest wall invasion by pulmonary Aspergillus infection in chronic granulomatous disease.     

小儿外周原始神经外胚层肿瘤的MSCT诊断

目的分析小儿外周原始神经外胚层肿瘤(pPNET)的MSCT表现,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析11例经病理确诊的pPNET的MSCT表现。结果 8例巨大软组织肿块伴骨质破坏,其中3例表现为骨质放射状增生伴局部骨质破坏,其中2例位于胸壁,1例位于肩胛骨;5例为溶骨性骨质破坏,其中2例位于后纵隔、1例发生于副鼻窦、1例发生在腰椎和1例发生在骶椎。3例为未伴骨破坏的软组织肿块,其中2例发生于腹膜后,1例发生于皮下脂肪层内。除发生在皮下脂肪层内病灶较小者,其余病灶都较大,平均直径为8 cm。软组织肿块以压迫推移邻近组织的方式生长。瘤体内钙化少见。结论 pPNET的MSCT典型表现为巨大软组织肿块,伴或不伴骨质破坏,增强呈均匀或非均匀的团絮状强化,大血管穿行于瘤体内较少见。有一定的特点,需与其他恶性软组织肿瘤鉴别。MSCT能较好显示病变内部结构,血供状况以及与邻近组织的关系,有助于术前分期、手术方案的确定、有无远处转移和治疗效果评价。     

Giant Cell Tumor of the Rib: Two Cases of F-18 FDG PET/CT Findings

We report two cases of giant cell tumor arising from the rib and their F-18 FDG PET/CT findings. The two patients complained of chest wall pain, and large lobulated soft tissue masses with intense FDG uptake were seen on F-18 FDG PET/CT. A malignant tumor such as osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma was suspected due to the large size of the mass, bony destruction, and intense FDG uptake. En bloc resection was performed and final pathologic results revealed giant cell tumor of the rib. Giant cell tumor of the rib is very rare, and larger lesions with high FDG uptake can be misdiagnosed as an intrathoracic malignancy arising from the rib, pleura, or chest wall.     

Gastric cancer and obstructive uropathy

In recent 5 years, we have experienced 24 cases of advanced gastric cancer associated with obstructive uropathy. Included were 19 cases of undifferentiated, 3 cases of differentiated and 2 cases of unknown histological type. Obstructive uropathy is diagnosed based on the typical radiological findings such as dilatation and delayed demonstration of the upper collecting systems. Pathologically, undifferentiated type of gastric cancer had tendency to spread infiltrating along the vessels, nerves and the lymphatics without alteration of the ordinary anatomical structures. In such cases, mucosal surface of the urinary tract tended to be spared in spite of extensive tumor invasion. It was proven that several radiological findings were characteristic of urinary tract involvement secondary to gastric cancer. Either thread-like ureteral stricture by IVU or ring-like appearance of the ureter by CT is one of those typical findings. Renal sinus involvement may occur continuously to diffuse retroperitoneal invasion and it appears as a thickened wall of renal pelvis or soft tissue mass directly extending into the fatty tissue of renal sinus by CT. In such cases IVU has less diagnostic ability because of the lack of mucosal destruction. If the urinary bladder is involved, it typically shows chestnut-bur appearance by IVU and diffuse wall thickening by CT. In cases of advanced gastric cancer, particularly in cases of histologically undifferentiated type, CT and IVU images should be carefully interpreted in consideration of the infiltrative art of tumor extension.     

外周性原始神经外胚层瘤的影像表现

目的:探讨外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤的影像学表现.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的12例外周性神经外胚层瘤的影像学资料.9例行CT扫描,4例行MR扫描,其中1例行DSA检查.结果:胸壁软组织5例,右肺下叶1例,肱骨2例,股骨1例,胫骨1例,脊椎2例.胸壁软组织的pPNETs CT平扫表现为大而边界欠清的软组织肿块,内见坏死,无钙化,增强后明显不均匀强化.右肺下叶的pPNETs CT平扫表现为分叶状肿块,内见少量出血,边界清晰,增强后明显强化.长骨pPNETs表现为溶骨性骨质破坏伴巨大软组织肿块,无钙化,无骨膜反应.T1WI上表现为等或低信号,T2 WI上表现为不均匀高信号,增强后明显强化.脊椎pPNETs表现为椎体或附件骨质破坏伴软组织肿块,不累及椎间盘,其中1例骶骨pPNETs DSA检查示肿瘤由髂内动脉供血和大量新生血管.结论:CT和MRI均能很好地显示pPNETs的内部结构、病变范围、有无侵犯毗邻组织器官或远处转移.DSA可明确肿瘤供血动脉和反映新生肿瘤血管丰富的特点,可作为一种补充检查方法.确诊仍需依靠病理和免疫组化检查.     

High Grade Hemangioendothelioma of the Temporal Bone in a Child: A Case Report

Hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor characterized by endothelial tumor cells and variable malignant behavior, and it''s not common for this lesion to involve the bone. Although there are a few reports of cranial involvement by hemangioendothelioma, only rare cases arising in temporal bone have been published. We present the radiologic findings of a 7-year-old boy who had a high grade hemangioendothelioma involving the temporal bone with intracranial extension. Evidence of flow voids on MR images suggested a tumor of vascular origin, and the ill-defined margins, cortical destruction and intracranial extension on the CT and MR images were correlated with the tumor''s high histologic grade.     

背部弹力纤维瘤的 CT 和 MRI 诊断

目的：探讨背部弹力纤维瘤(EFD)的 CT 和 MRI 表现及其诊断价值,提高对 EFD 的认识。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的20例(36个病灶)EFD 患者的 CT 或 MRI 图像,其中12例行胸部 CT 平扫,4例行胸部 MRI 平扫,4例行肩部 MRI 平扫,分析其 CT 及 MRI 表现特点。结果①EFD 发病部位均位于肩胛骨内侧前锯肌与胸壁间的脂肪间隙内,表现为扁平椭圆状或半圆形的软组织肿块,与肌肉密度(信号)相似,内均见沿病灶长轴分布的脂肪密度(信号)间隔;病灶边缘不规整,病灶外侧与前锯肌和肩胛骨交界部分界不清,脂肪间隙消失。②EFD 男女性发病率、单双侧发病率及左右侧病灶大小差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05),其中女性发病率及双侧发病率较高,以右侧病灶较大。结论①EFD 发病部位固定,影像学表现特殊,CT 及 MRI 检查可明确诊断。②肩胛骨与胸壁之间的机械性摩擦可能是肿瘤生长的协同因素。     

Reconstruction of the sternum and chest wall with methyl methacrylate: CT and MRI appearance

The aim of our study was to define the appearance of methyl methacrylate grafts replacing resected sternum and ribs on CT and MRI and how the sternal graft may mimic an abnormally sclerotic sternum on CT images. We reviewed the CT scans of nine patients who had undergone chest wall resection (eight with malignant and one with benign disease) and reconstruction with a composite of methyl methacrylate and Marlex mesh graft. One of them had an MRI study as well. The size, shape and CT attenuation were assessed on mediastinal and bone window settings. The sternal graft was seen on mediastinal and even better on bone windows as an abnormally wide, irregularly shaped structure, somewhat denser than the normal sternum. The chest wall prosthesis replacing resected ribs was seen as a continuous dense structure and of similar attenuation as that of the sternal graft. On MRI the prosthesis appeared as a well-defined structure with no signal. Reconstruction of the chest wall with methyl methacrylate appears on CT as a diffusely dense sclerotic bone lesion not unlike a malignant lesion. The possibility of a graft has to be included in the differential diagnosis in these cases. Received 8 January 1997; Revision received 23 May 1997; Accepted 4 July 1997     

八例Askin瘤的影像诊断

目的研究Askin瘤的影像表现，提高对该病的认识及鉴别诊断能力。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的8例Askin瘤的影像表现。8例均行X线检查，7例行CT检查，1例行MR检查，4例行核素骨扫描。结果8例Askin瘤均表现为位于胸壁或胸腔的软组织肿物，其中左侧4例，右侧4例。6例大病灶密度不均匀，2例较小病灶内密度或信号均匀；CT扫描4例可见囊变、坏死区。CT、MRI、核素骨扫描共显示肋骨破坏6例，其中CT显示4例，MRI显示1例，核素骨扫描显示放射性核素浓集3例。胸腔积液6例。瘤肺交界面清楚1例，不清楚7例。8例病灶中均未见钙化。结论Askin瘤影像学表现为胸腔或胸壁的软组织肿物，但不具有特异性，对发生于儿童及青少年的胸壁肿物，应注意鉴别诊断。     

胸壁病变的计算机X线摄影和CT检查

目的：探讨胸壁病变的计算机Ｘ线摄影（ＣＲ）和ＣＴ表现及其诊断价值,提高对胸壁病变的认识。材料和方法：回顾分析经手术病理、穿刺细胞学检查或临床随访资料证实的３９例ＣＲ和ＣＴ资料。结果：感染组１２例中（包括化脓性感染４例,胸壁结核８例）,ＣＲ准确诊断４例,ＣＴ诊断１１例;软组织肿瘤组１６例中（包括脂肪瘤７例,纤维肉瘤４例,血管瘤、神经纤维瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、侵袭性纤维瘤病和脂肪肉瘤各１例）,ＣＲ准确诊断３例,ＣＴ诊断１４例;骨肿瘤和肿瘤样病变组１１例中（包括骨纤维异常增殖症７例,软骨瘤２例,多发性骨髓瘤和骨嗜酸性肉芽肿各１例）,ＣＲ准确诊断８例,ＣＴ诊断１０例。结论：ＣＲ简便,能诊断大多数胸壁骨性病变。ＣＴ对各种胸壁病变尤其是软组织病变的诊断较ＣＲ明显优越,对鉴别胸壁肿瘤的良恶性有肯定作用,但仍有一定限制。     

Pitfalls in CT evaluation of chest wall invasion by lung cancer

Computed tomography in a patient with a peripheral lung cancer in the right upper lobe revealed obliteration of the extrapleural fat and direct connection of the tumor with an intercostal soft tissue mass of similar density. The findings were suggestive of chest wall invasion by the cancer which was, however, proven to be false after en bloc resection of the tumor and the contiguous chest wall. Such a diagnostic pitfall could be avoided if special attention were paid to the asymmetry of the CT image at the level of upper thoracic outlet due to improper positioning of the patient.     

骶骨神经源性肿瘤的X线平片及CT分析（附6例报告）

目的：通过分析骶骨神经源性神经肿瘤的Ｘ线和ＣＴ表现，提高其诊断水平，材料与方法，６例骶骨神经源性肿瘤，其中神经鞘瘤４例，恶性肿瘤鞘瘤１例，神经纤维瘤１列，对其平片及ＣＴ表现进行分析，结果：平片表现，骶骨神经源性肿瘤多位于上部骶椎，偏侧性生长，骶孔或骶骨内奢望生扩大破坏或变形及多囊状膨胀溶骨性骨质破坏，边缘骨质硬化，ＣＴ表现，膨胀的溶骨破坏区被软组织肿块充填，骨壁变薄，肿块无钙化，肿瘤破坏骨壁或骶孔