骨盆骨折致后尿道断裂35例治疗体会

目的探讨骨盆骨折所致后尿道断裂的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析35例骨盆骨折并后尿道断裂的临床治疗,并着重分析手术治疗的方法选择及注意事项。结果单纯膀胱造瘘术3例,拔管后均不能排尿;尿道会师加牵引术24例,术后4~6周拔尿管后均能自主排尿,半年内均定期尿道扩张,随访6个月~8年,除2例外,均排尿正常。尿道内切开(或)加电切术6例,均排尿通畅,随访6~38个月,无排尿困难发生。后尿道吻合2例,排尿通畅。结论针对患者不同病情,选择合适的患者,尿道会师加牵引术是治疗骨盆骨折所致后尿道断裂早期的主要治疗方法,尿道内切开(或)加电切术是治疗后期后尿道狭窄的首选方法。     

尿道断裂伤的急诊处理

目的探讨尿道断裂伤的急诊处理措施。方法对1992～2005年急诊处理的12例尿道断裂伤患者进行回顾性分析。结果11例急症手术恢复尿道连续性，其中9例术后拔除尿管排尿通畅。2例排尿费力，经扩张尿道后恢复正常。1例行耻骨上膀胱造瘘，3个月后施行二期手术。结论球部尿道断裂伤可即行尿道修补。后尿道断裂伤，如病情条件及医生经验允许，可考虑急诊尿道吻合术或尿道会师加牵引术。反之，应以耻骨上膀胱造瘘术为宜。     

男性后尿道损伤35例治疗体会

目的探讨男性尿道损伤早期治疗方法。方法对本院诊治的35例男性后尿道损伤的治疗进行描述性分析。其中1例行留置导尿术,3例行单纯膀胱造瘘术,31例行尿道会师气囊导尿管牵引术。结果采用留置导尿术的患者排尿通畅;采用单纯膀胱造瘘术的患者尿道狭窄,行后期后尿道吻合术;采用尿道会师牵引术的患者中19例尿道狭窄（61%）;2例死亡。结论对于男性后尿道断裂,尿道会师牵引术简单、安全,能Ⅰ期恢复尿道的连续性,术后尿道狭窄机会少;即使发生狭窄其长度也较短,为较合理、有效的方法。     

后尿道断裂的早期治疗(附29例报告)

目的总结后尿道断裂的早期治疗经验。方法1995年6月~2005年4月对29例后尿道断裂患者,均行尿道会师牵引术,留置膀胱造瘘管。结果29例均顺利完成手术,15例术后3~4周拔管,1周内10例尿线变细,2例膀胱造瘘口漏尿,均需长期扩张尿管;14例6~8周拔管,2周后尿线变细,每2周扩张尿道1次,3~6月后停止。3例出现阴茎勃起障碍,无尿失禁等并发症。结论后尿道断裂根据外伤史、临床症状及直肠指诊即可确诊,采用尿道会师牵引术治疗创伤小,是后尿道断裂早期治疗的首选方法。     

改良尿道会师术加硅胶管持续尿道扩张治疗后尿道断裂28例报告

1993至 1999年我们采用改良尿道会师术加硅胶管持续扩张尿道治疗骨盆骨折致后尿道断裂患者 2 8例。报告如下。临床资料　本组 2 8例。均为男性。年龄 16～ 6 4岁。均有多发或单发骨盆骨折 ,合并膀胱损伤 5例、肾损伤 3例、脊柱损伤 1例。伤后尿道溢血 ,不能自行排尿 ,导尿管插入困难。手术方法　常规尿道会师术将气囊尿管引入膀胱内 ,在前列腺尖端两侧横缝 1针 ,引 1根 10号丝线 ,将线两端用直针穿过尿生殖膈在会阴部引出 ,穿出时尽量靠近尿道内导尿管、膀胱造瘘置蕈状尿管并与气囊尿管用丝线连接 ,气囊注水 2 5～ 30ｍｌ。耻骨后皮管引流。…     

骨盆骨折后尿道损伤的处理与预后(附84例报告)

目的探索骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的安全、有效治疗方法。方法对８４例骨盆骨折伴后尿道损伤患者采用食指引导下，直接放置带有铁芯的双腔导尿管行简化的尿道会师加牵引术，术后适时尿扩。结果全组随访８１例，其中６９例可正常排尿，治愈率为８５．２％；阳萎３例。结论在多脏器伤合并后尿道损伤中，正确应用尿道会师加牵引术，拔管后及时尿道扩张可作为首选方法。     

骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂的早期手术治疗

目的探讨骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂的早期手术方法及其治疗效果。方法自1995年1月至2005年1月,共收治骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂患者25例。根据Tile的分型方法,骨盆稳定型损伤1例,旋转不稳定型损伤17例,旋转及垂直均不稳定型损伤7例。尿道完全断裂23例、部分断裂2例。手术方法包括：（1）急诊尿道吻合、尿道会师部分吻合、尿道会师、尿道阴道贯通伤修补,同期行骨盆骨折开放复位内固定术9例。（2）急诊尿道会师,延期（7—21d）行骨盆骨折切开复位内固定术10例。（3）急诊膀胱造瘘,限期（3～21d）行尿道会师及骨盆骨折切开复位内固定术6例。结果术后随访6～120个月,平均34个月。骨盆损伤根据Majeed的疗效标准,优17例,良5例,可3例。尿管拔除后,19例（76％）患者排尿通畅,最大尿流率平均为18．6mL／s,排泄性尿路造影示尿道断端对位良好,瘢痕平均长度为0．51cm;5例（20％）出现不同程度的排尿困难,须定期扩张尿道或改行其他手术;1例（4％）女性患者不能控制排尿,须进一步治疗。术后耻骨上原发软组织撕脱伤感染伴耻骨后脓肿形成1例,后尿道狭窄5例,阳痿3例,尿失禁1例。结论骨盆骨折的早期复位和有效固定是实现“无张力尿道修复”的解剖基础。     

膀胱外耻骨上造瘘管内巨大结石1例

膀胱外耻骨上造瘘管内巨大结石１例张建华，魏道恩患者，男，５６岁。２４年前因车祸致骨盆骨折尿道损伤，在外院行尿道会师术，术后１月拔管，排尿尚可，以后未作定期尿道扩张术，尿线逐渐变细。１９８１年后出现会阴部反复破溃，排尿时有尿液自会阴部流出。１９９２年５...     

老年前列腺增生患者尿道断裂的治疗体会

目的探讨老年前列腺增生患者尿道断裂的合理治疗方法.方法2003年9月至2011年6月,治疗老年前列腺增生患者尿道断裂患者11例.球部尿道断裂4例患者先行尿道吻合术,其中2例术后2周内行经尿道前列腺电切术;另外2例3个月后分别行前列腺电切术和开放前列腺摘除术.后尿道断裂患者共7例,1例行尿道会师术加开放前列腺摘除术;1例先行尿道会师术后再行经尿道前列腺电切术;3例膀胱造瘘术患者延期行后尿道吻合术者,2例行经尿道前列腺电切术,另1例行开放性前列腺摘除术;2例单纯行膀胱造瘘术.结果本组患者随访4~60个月.球部尿道断裂患者术后均排尿通畅,球部尿道吻合术后及早行前列腺切除的2例(8周)治疗周期明显短于另外2例(25周).后尿道断裂行尿道修复手术的患者治疗结束后排尿通畅者4例;1例病人自述排尿尚满意,但需间歇尿道扩张术;另外2例行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术.后尿道断裂患者治疗周期平均为19.6周(4~50周),排除2例造瘘者,平均治疗周期25.4周(7~50周);行尿道会师术患者平均治疗周期为10.5周,明显短于先膀胱造瘘再行后尿道吻合术3例患者(35.3周).结论前、后尿道断裂,在行尿道修复术后及早解除前列腺梗阻是恢复尿路通畅的关键,可缩短治疗周期.     

前列腺固定术治疗后尿道损伤

我院于1985年1月～1996年1月共收治男性后尿道损伤27例，其中21例采用尿道会师牵引加前列腺固定术，并在手术方法上加以改进，疗效满意，现报告如下。1资料与方法1．1一般资料本组27例，年龄18～57岁，平均37岁。发生于坠跌伤3例，挤压伤7例，车祸17例，均并发骨盆骨折。其中4例为多发性严重骨盆骨折，2例并发胸腹部多脏器损伤。膜部尿道损伤2例，膜上尿道部分损伤1例，膜上尿道完全断裂、耻骨膀跳韧带完全折断、前列腺尖后移24例。1．2治疗方法单纯膀胱造疾4例，尿道会师气囊导尿管牵引加膀优造瘘1例，尿道会师气囊导尿管牵引加前列腺固定…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.