以光敏性癫痫为主要表现的肌阵挛性癫痫伴肌肉破碎红纤维综合征一家系分析

目的研究1个以光敏性癫痫为主要表现的肌阵挛性癫痫伴肌肉破碎红纤维综合征(MERRF)家系的临床特点、遗传学特征。方法整理一个以光敏性癫痫为主要表现的肌阵挛性癫痫伴肌肉破碎红纤维综合征家系的临床表现、辅助检查及影像学资料,分析其临床特点和遗传特征。结果该家系呈母系遗传,共4人(包括先证者3个同辈,1个子代)出现肌阵挛表现,先证者以光敏性癫痫为主要表现,其肌肉活检可见典型的破碎红纤维(RRF),先证者的线粒体DNA提示8344位点由A突变为G。结论 MERRF家系少见,可以光敏性肌阵挛癫痫为主要表现。     

TRIM38非CpG岛DNA甲基化与胶质瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶突变的关系研究

目的 探讨TRIM38基因非CpG岛DNA甲基化与胶质瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶（IDH）基因突变之间的关系。方法 利用中国胶质瘤基因组图谱计划（CGGA）数据库的多组学数据和临床资料，比较在IDH野生型或突变型的胶质瘤中，TRIM38非CpG岛DNA甲基化的改变模式以及与基因表达和临床预后的关系。结果 共纳入CGGA胶质瘤325例及非肿瘤对照脑组织（NTB组）11例，分析发现IDH野生型胶质瘤TRIM38非CpG岛DNA甲基化和基因表达，相对NTB组分别发生低甲基化（P =0.000）和高表达（P=0.007），且两者之间呈负相关（P=0.017）。生存分析显示，TRIM38非CpG岛DNA甲基化水平与IDH野生型肿瘤的预后有关（P=0.061）。结论 IDH突变可能通过限制TRIM38基因非CpG岛DNA低甲基化介导的肿瘤促癌基因表达上调，为IDH突变相关的胶质瘤提供“保护作用”。     

ZASP基因突变所致肌原纤维病一家系报道及文献复习

目的通过对ZASP基因突变所致肌原纤维病一家系报道及文献复习,了解该病的临床、病理及基因突变特点。方法分析1例远端肌病患者的临床、肌肉MRI及肌肉病理特点,并追踪其家系家族史。先证者外周血提取DNA,进行目标区序列捕获二代测序(含58个肌病相关基因),明确存在ZASP基因变异。对家系其他成员进行Sanger测序进一步明确及验证突变位点。结果先证者为中年女性,52岁起病,表现为进行性双下肢无力伴双腿变细。先证者家系2代15名中,除先证者外共6名存在肌肉受累,4名为先证者同代亲属,临床特点与先证者类似;2名为先证者下一代亲属,其中1名仅有闭目肌受累及肌酸激酶(CK)轻度升高(291 U·L-1),另1名仅有CK轻度升高(199 U·L-1)。先证者肌肉病理发现肌细胞内有异常嗜伊红物质沉积和镶边空泡形成,免疫组化染色可见肌纤维内desmin蛋白沉积。电镜下可见Z线附近致密颗粒沉积。目标区序列捕获二代测序及Sanger测序确定该家系致病基因为ZASP基因已报道错义突变p.A147T(c.G439A)。结论 ZASP基因突变所致的肌原纤维病家系为国内首次报道。     

进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)一家系临床与遗传学特征分析

目的 研究一个进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)家系的临床特点、遗传性特征并复习文献.方法 搜集并整理一个进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)家系患者临床表现、辅助检查及影像学资料,分析其临床特点和遗传性特征.结果 该家系呈母系遗传,先证者表现为进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)发作,同时伴有近端肌无力、肌肉萎缩、腱反射减弱.肌电图提示肌源性改变,头颅磁共振提示...     

PPP3CA基因突变致发育性癫痫性脑病1例临床特点并文献复习

目的提高临床医生对PPP3CA基因突变所致发育性癫痫性脑病(DEE)的认识。方法收集2018年9月河北省儿童医院神经内一科确诊的1例DEE患儿的临床资料, 总结其临床特征, 对先证者进行家系全外显子组测序, 并对基因变异特点进行分析, 同时结合已报道的PPP3CA基因相关病例进行文献复习。结果先证者, 女性, 3个月20 d, 因"发作性意识不清、四肢抖动2 d"收入院。临床表现为频繁抽搐发作、发育落后;头颅磁共振成像示双额颞脑外间隙稍宽;视频脑电图检查示高度失律, 监测到1次成串痉挛发作。家系全外显子组基因测序结果提示先证者PPP3CA基因存在杂合新发变异:c.1255-1256delAG(p.Ser419Cysfs*31), 为移码截短突变。检索数据库从建库至2022年5月发表的相关文献, 共检索到外文文献8篇, 中文文献1篇, 共报道21例PPP3CA基因突变患儿, 临床上均有发育迟缓、认知障碍和脑电活动异常。结论 PPP3CA基因c.1255-1256delAG移码截短突变是本例患儿的遗传性病因。对于频繁抽搐发作、对多种抗癫痫药物治疗效果差及发育迟缓的病例, 应尽早进行遗传学检...     

ADAMTS基因多态性与脑梗死体检患者颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性及阿托伐他汀降脂疗效的相关性研究

目的 探讨Ⅰ型血小板结合蛋白基序的解聚蛋白样金属蛋白酶（a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs，ADAMTS）基因多态性与脑梗死体检患者颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性及阿托伐他汀降脂疗效的相关性。方法 收集2016年1月至2019年1月河北医科大学第一医院收治的684例脑梗死体检患者的临床资料，根据颈动脉超声检查结果分为稳定斑块组（338例）和易损斑块组（346例）。比较2组患者的一般资料、生化检测指标、ADAMTS rs402007（G/C）位点基因型及等位基因频率。采用Logistic回归分析探讨颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性的危险因素和ADAMTS基因多态性与危险因素在颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性中的交互作用。比较不同基因型患者阿托伐他汀降脂疗效，分析不同基因型与阿托伐他汀疗效的相关性。结果 稳定斑块组和易损斑块组糖尿病比例及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low-density lipoprotein cholesterol，LDL-C）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol，TC）、同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine，HCY）、纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen，FIB）水平的比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者间GG基因型与GC+CC基因型分布的比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。糖尿病、LDL-C、HCY、FIB是影响颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性的危险因素（P<0.05）。LDL-C与ADAMTS基因rs402007位点存在交互作用（P<0.05）。GG、GC、CC基因型组阿托伐他汀降脂治疗有效率分别为144例（82.29%）、209例（84.27%）、233例（89.27%）。各基因型患者阿托伐他汀治疗前后血脂水平比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。稳定斑块组和易损斑块组治疗前、治疗后LDL-C水平，以及治疗后高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、TC水平比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。以GG基因型为参考，GC基因型与阿托伐他汀治疗的疗效无相关性（P>0.05），CC基因型与疗效有相关性（P<0.05）。结论 ADAMTS基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块易损性存在相关性，与阿托伐他汀的降脂疗效存在相关。     

家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤性癫痫CTNND2基因的检测

目的对家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤性癫痫一家系(Familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy,FCMTE)的7例患病者的CTNND2(Catenin Delta 2,CTNND2)基因进行筛查。方法利用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和PCR产物测序法对家系先证者及患病成员进行CTNND2基因突变检测。结果通过直接测序的方法对家系7例患者进行CTNND2基因突变分析,未发现该基因外显子区存在突变。结论该FCMTE家系CTNND2基因未发现突变,认为该基因不是本家系的致病基因。     

一个肾上腺脑白质营养不良家系的ABCD1基因突变分析

目的 通过对1例疑似肾上腺脑白质营养不良(ALD)患者及该家系其他成员进行ALD基因分析来明确诊断. 方法 从患者和家庭成员的外周血白细胞提取总RNA和基因组DNA:应用RT-PCR技术,首先对先证者cDNA的ABCD1基因编码区进行序列分析,寻找突变位点,再通过PCR和直接测序等方法 进一步确证该突变位点;同时对该家系其他成员的相应基因组DNA进行ABCD1基因分析. 结果 先证者的ABCD1基因第656(G)、657(A)位碱基缺失,造成移码突变fs R89,可以确诊为ALD.该家系其他成员基因突变分析结果 为:先证者表弟存在与先证者相同的突变,为ALD半合子;先证者的母亲、小姨、表妹均为ALD携带者;先证者姐姐为ABCD1正常基因型. 结论 在中国人ALD患者中发现了1个新的ABCD1基因突变(fs R89),ABCD1基因突变分析是诊断X-ALD最可靠的方法 .     

散发成年型神经元核内包涵体病的临床及病理特点分析

目的 分析散发成年型神经元核内包涵体病（NIID）患者的临床表型、影像特点及皮肤病理改变。方法 回顾性分析2018年3月至2021年3月就诊于北京大学人民医院的7例经NOTCH2NLC基因检测确诊的成年型NIID患者的临床、影像学及皮肤病理特点。结果 该组患者起病年龄33～73岁,平均（54.43±15.47）岁。主要临床表现除认知功能障碍、发作性脑病等核心症状外,前期发生恶心、呕吐及腹痛、腹泻等消化道症状比较突出。7例患者中,有5例患者颅脑磁共振成像显示弥散加权成像皮髓质交界区呈异常高信号。7例患者均被发现NOTCH2NLC基因非编码区中存在GGC异常重复扩增,重复扩增次数为93～177次。皮肤活检可见汗腺导管的上皮细胞和成纤维细胞中有酸性核内包涵体。免疫组织化学染色显示为p62阳性;电镜下呈不具膜结构的细丝状物质。结论 散发成年型NIID具有高度临床异质性,皮肤病理检查和基因检测是明确诊断的必要手段。     

一个肢带型肌营养不良家系的临床和分子遗传学分析

目的 研究1个肢带型肌营养不良(limb girdle muscular dystrophy,LGMD)家系的临床表现,并应用基因突变分析、基因组扫描技术和连锁分析对该家系进行分子遗传学分析.方法 对1个来自浙江的连续4代发病的LGMD家系进行家系调查和体格检查,先证者行电生理检查及肌肉病理活体组织检查分析;26名家系成员在知情同意的情况下抽取基因组DNA进行基因突变分析、基因组扫描和连锁分析.结果 家系分析证明该家系符合常染色体显性遗传,家系中存在遗传早现现象,主要表现为四肢近端肌无力,无构音障碍、肌强直;电生理检查和肌肉活体组织检查符合肌肉病变特点;基因突变分析未发现LGMD1A、1B、1C和面肩肱型肌营养不良(FSHD)基因的致病突变;基因组扫描和连锁分析显示该家系致病基因与已报道的LGMD1D和LGMD1F的染色体区间连锁关系不成立.结论 LGMD家系患者的临床表现具有高度异质性,该家系的致病基因不在已报道的位点内,推测可能存在新的致病位点或是一种新的LGMD遗传类型.     

Screening for mutations in the RYR1 gene in families with malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially lethal pharmacogenetic predisposition associated with a susceptibility to volatile anesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants that lead to a fulminant anesthetic crisis with hyperthermia, skeletal muscle rigidity, respiratory and metabolic acidosis, and muscle rhabdomyolysis. Malignant hyperthermia crises are caused by an abnormal regulation of the calcium release mechanism, which reflects the consequences of disturbed skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis. We screened 64 individuals of 27 unrelated families for the most frequently described mutations associated with MH in the genes RYR1 and CACNL1A3. We identified only one family with the Arg614Cys mutation but with a discordant segregating pattern to the in vitro contracture test (IVCT). To elucidate which other mechanism could lead to susceptibility in the members of this family, we tested it for further MH susceptibility loci. The same haplotype was shown to segregate with the individuals carrying the Arg614Cys mutation in chromosome 19; however, the other susceptible and equivocal individuals do not share this haplotype. Markers for the susceptible locus in chromosome regions 17q, 7q, 3q, and 5p did not segregate with the IVCT phenotype in the susceptible individuals, suggesting that the positivity of the IVCT could be attributable to other ambient factors.     

“Necklace” fibers, a new histological marker of late-onset MTM1-related centronuclear myopathy

Mutations in the gene encoding the phosphoinositide phosphatase myotubularin 1 protein (MTM1) are usually associated with severe neonatal X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM). However, mutations in MTM1 have also been recognized as the underlying cause of “atypical” forms of XLMTM in newborn boys, female infants, female manifesting carriers and adult men. We reviewed systematically the biopsies of a cohort of patients with an unclassified form of centronuclear myopathy (CNM) and identified four patients presenting a peculiar histological alteration in some muscle fibers that resembled a necklace (“necklace fibers”). We analyzed further the clinical and morphological features and performed a screening of the genes involved in CNM. Muscle biopsies in all four patients demonstrated 4–20% of fibers with internalized nuclei aligned in a basophilic ring (necklace) at 3 μm beneath the sarcolemma. Ultrastructurally, such necklaces consisted of myofibrils of smaller diameter, in oblique orientation, surrounded by mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and glycogen granules. In the four patients (three women and one man), myopathy developed in early childhood but was slowly progressive. All had mutations in the MTM1 gene. Two mutations have previously been reported (p.E404K and p.R241Q), while two are novel; a c.205_206delinsAACT frameshift change in exon 4 and a c.1234A>G mutation in exon 11 leading to an abnormal splicing and the deletion of nine amino acids in the catalytic domain of MTM1. Necklace fibers were seen neither in DNM2- or BIN1-related CNM nor in males with classical XLMTM. The presence of necklace fibers is useful as a marker to direct genetic analysis to MTM1 in CNM. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Transient MRI-detected water apparent diffusion coefficient reduction correlates with c-fos mRNA but not hsp70 mRNA induction during focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Cerebral ischemia induces immediate early genes such as c-fos and stress genes such as hsp70. In this study, the spatial relationships between c-fos and hsp70 mRNA expression and changes detectable with diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were examined. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) of young adult rats was occluded for 30 or 60 min. Diffusion MR (D-MR) images were acquired continuously during the ischemic period and dysprosium-contrast perfusion (P-MR) images were acquired at the end of the ischemic period. C-fos and hsp70 mRNA expression were examined with in situ hybridization. The most significant finding of this work was that for both durations of ischemia, c-fos induction was observed in cortical and sub-cortical regions exhibiting a transient reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC). Transients which occurred on a time scale of 3 min may have been caused by spreading depression. Those occurring on a 10-min time scale may have been caused by an initial reduction in blood flow with occlusion that was followed by an ischemia-induced increase in collateral blood flow. P-MR imaging showed that perfusion in c-fos positive regions was higher than in regions with persistently reduced ADC. Hsp70 induction did not correlate with transient ADC reduction. It was induced in the MCA territory in regions showing persistent ADC changes, with induction being greatest at the periphery of these regions. It was also induced in regions that exhibited both spontaneous reversal of the diffusion changes and decreased perfusion.     

Clinical and molecular diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with a review of the mutations in the CYP27A1 gene

Abstract Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disease due to defective activity of the mitochondrial enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. In 1991, sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP27A1) was localised on the long arm of chromosome 2 [1]. Clinical characteristics of CTX are diarrhoea, cataracts, tendon xanthomas and neurological manifestations including dementia, psychiatric disturbances, pyramidal and/or cerebellar signs, and seizures. More than 300 patients with CTX have been reported to date worldwide and about 50 different mutations identified in the CYP27A1 gene. Almost all mutations lead to the absence or inactive form of the sterol 27-hydroxylase. In this review, according with the aims of this section of the journal, we describe the different pathogenetic mutations in the CYP27A1 gene and the main clinical and pathogenetic aspects that may help clinical neurologists in the diagnosis of CTX.     

A novel mutation in the MFSD8 gene in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are lysosomal storage disorders and constitute the most common group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases in childhood. Most NCLs are inherited in a recessive manner and are clinically characterised by a variable age at onset, epileptic seizures, psychomotor decline, visual impairment and premature death. To date, eight causative genes have been identified to underlie various clinical forms of NCL. We performed a genome-wide linkage analysis followed by sequencing the recently described NCL gene MFSD8 in three affected and three unaffected members of a consanguineous Egyptian family with an autosomal recessively inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The clinical picture of the patients was compatible with a late infantile NCL (LINCL); however, impairment of the visual system was not a cardinal symptom in the respective family. By linkage analysis, we identified two putative loci on chromosome 1p36.11-p35.1 and 4q28.1-q28.2. The latter locus (4q28.1-q28.2) contained the MFSD8 gene, comprising a novel homozygous missense mutation in exon 5 (c.362a>g /p.Tyr121Cys), which segregated with the disease in the three affected sibs. We describe a novel mutation in the previously identified MFSD8 gene in a family with a common phenotype of LINCL, but no clinical report of vision loss. Our results enlarge the mutational and perhaps the nosological spectrum of one of the recently identified subtypes of NCL, called CLN7. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Induction of the immediate early genes egr-1 and c-fos by methamphetamine in mouse brain

Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most commonly abused psychostimulant, and is known to induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity by generating oxidative stress and free radicals. In the present study we investigated the effects of METH on egr-1 and c-fos immediate early gene induction in different regions of mouse brain, at different doses and different time courses. We also measured the tissue levels of monoamines in order to correlate their changes with gene expression. A single injection of METH (40 mg/kg) significantly increased egr-1 and c-fos mRNA expression within 30 min in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, septum and CA1 region of hippocampus. Time course studies showed that in most cases, both genes were expressed within 30 min and decreased after 60 min. METH produced a significant decrease in striatal dopamine level, reaching a very low level after 24 h. Striatal serotonin level significantly increased and returned to control levels after 2 h. These data show that METH induced egr-1 and c-fos mRNA expression in selective brain areas, which correlated with an alteration in monoamines.     

ATP1A2 gene mutations are not present in two sisters with basilar-type migraine associated with menses

Basilar-type migraine (BM) and hemiplegic migraine are clinically distinct subtypes of migraine with aura, however they do share clinical features and it is possible they may share genetic bases. In recent years, ATP1A2 and other gene mutations have been discovered in familial and sporadic hemiplegic migraine. More recently, an ATP1A2 mutation has been identified in an Italian family with BM. In this study we document the absence of ATP1A2 mutations in two Italian sisters with menstrual BM, suggesting that other genes are involved in the condition.