腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆总管巨大结石的临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆道巨大结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2013年11月84例因梗阻性黄疸、胆总管巨大结石行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石患者的临床资料。结果:80例成功完成手术。1例因胆道出血中转开腹行胆总管切开止血、取石+T管引流术;1例患者怀疑胆道下段肿瘤中转开腹探查并行胰十二指肠切除术,术中冰冻病理证实为胆管癌;1例患者经胆囊管取石毕发现乳头下端狭窄,术中行内镜逆行胰胆管造影及乳头肌切开后胆汁流出通畅;1例患者因Mirizzi综合征导致胆囊三角区粘连紧密从而中转开腹行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。术后均无出血、胆漏、胆总管损伤等并发症发生,术后住院7~11 d。结论:腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石术治疗胆总管巨大结石安全、可靠,手术微创,结石清除率高,并发症少;对于胆囊管粗短直、入口较大的患者,可直接置入胆道镜探查取石,损伤小,优点突出,值得临床应用。     

腹腔镜下经纤维胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石的体会(附730例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜及液电碎石术治疗肝内、外胆管结石的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析730例腹腔镜胆道手术中经胆囊管残端、胆总管切开及术后经"T"管窦道行纤维胆道镜下取石、液电脉冲碎石的临床资料。结果:346例一次性取净胆总管内结石,占47.4%;31例一次性取净左、右肝内胆管结石,占19.5%。术后经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜取石、液电碎石治疗后全部治愈。术后胆漏3例,出血17例,无死亡病例及中转开腹。结论:腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜、液电碎石术治疗肝内、外胆管结石符合微创、安全、可靠、有效的原则,腹腔镜下纤维胆道镜操作技术是治疗肝内、外胆管结石的关键。     

胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗肝内外胆道难治性结石

目的 探讨经胆道镜用钬激光联合液电碎石治疗肝内外胆道结石的安全性及疗效.方法 对67例胆道术后肝内外胆管结石患者接受胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 经1～7次胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗,65例患者残石全部取尽,碎石取石成功率达97.1%,未出现并发症.结论 通过钬激光联合液电碎石后再行胆道镜取石,可大大提高肝内外胆管残留结石的清除效果,是一种安全而有效的治疗方法 .     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的方法探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的手术方法及临床经验.方法:回顾分析32例患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的临床资料.结果:31例患者成功完成腹腔镜胆总管探查术,其中经胆囊管胆道镜取石5例,胆总管切开取石一期缝合16例,胆总管切开取石"T"管引流术10例;1例中转开腹.术后所有患者均治愈,4例并发胆漏,...     

术中胆囊管气囊扩张纤维胆道镜取石治疗胆总管结石

目的：总结术中胆囊管气囊扩张,经胆囊管行纤维胆道镜胆总管检查、取石的临床应用价值。方法：胆囊切除时明确或高度怀疑有胆总管结石时,不切开胆总管行胆囊管气囊扩张,经胆囊管行纤维胆道镜胆总管探查或取石。结果：术中胆囊管气囊扩张,经扩张的胆囊管行纤维胆道镜胆总管探查成功26例。其中行纤维胆道镜取石或液电碎石取石20例,胆总管内无结石6例。术后无胆总管结石残留,无与手术有关的并发症。结论：本术式有与胆总管切开取石相同的疗效,具有微创、恢复快、手术安全等特点,对胆总管无结石患者避免了行胆总管探查T管引流,在胆道外科中具有一定临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜、胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜、胆道镜在治疗胆总管结石中的应用。方法2001年6月～2006年6月行腹腔镜、胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石28例,采用经胆总管切开取石和经胆囊管取石两种术式,通过胆道镜置入取石网取石,术毕常规放置T管引流。结果本组腹腔镜胆道镜联合行胆总管探查取石术成功率96.4%(27/28),1例中转开腹;经胆总管切开取石T管引流术23例,经胆囊管切开取石4例,均获成功,3例术中探查胆总管未见结石。结论应用腹腔镜、胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石在严格病例选择的基础上是可以取得较好疗效的。     

腹腔镜联合超细胆道镜经胆囊管治疗肝外胆管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合超细纤维胆道镜经胆囊管行胆管探查取石的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2004年7月~2005年3月,我院应用腹腔镜联合超细纤维胆道镜经胆囊管治疗肝外胆管结石18例的临床资料。胆囊管横行切开,插入O lympus超细纤维胆道镜XP20,直径3.7 mm,球囊扩张胆囊管,胆道镜经扩张的胆囊管插入胆总管进行探查,网篮套取结石。取石完毕后,离断胆囊管,剥离胆囊,并置引流管。结果18例手术均获成功,手术时间65~190(120.0±32.8)m in,术中出血量20~30 m l。术后住院时间4~10(5.5±2.0)d。18例随访1个月无胆道残余结石。结论腹腔镜联合超细胆道镜经胆囊管治疗肝外胆管结石,避免了放置T管的并发症,术后住院时间短,具有很好的临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术的临床应用

目的:总结腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)的临床价值及手术方法。方法:回顾分析2007年3月至2010年8月为85例胆管结石患者行LCBDE的临床资料。术中联合应用胆道镜、输尿管硬镜及气压弹道碎石设备、L形腹腔镜胆道取石钳取石。结果:85例手术均获成功。78例经胆总管探查取石;7例经胆囊管胆总管探查取石。73例使用L形腹腔镜胆道取石钳取结石;12例使用输尿管硬镜气压弹道碎石设备碎石;6例为肝内胆管结石。62例放置T管引流,23例一期缝合胆总管。结论:腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术微创、安全、有效。联合应用胆道镜、输尿管硬镜及气压弹道碎石设备、L形腹腔镜胆道取石钳操作简捷、有效。     

胆道探查术中及术后纤维胆道镜应用的评价

目的探讨纤维胆道镜在胆道探查术中及术后的应用价值。方法对113例在胆道探查术中及术后应用纤维胆道镜治疗患者的疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 23例胆总管扩张合并黄疸且术前未见结石的患者,其中19例术中胆道镜发现结石并于术中取净结石,2例炎性狭窄,1例胆管癌,1例未见异常。58例胆总管结石患者术中胆道镜取净结石。32例肝内、外胆管结石患者术中胆道镜取净结石21例;2例胆道镜发现结石集中于肝左外叶合并肝内胆管狭窄,行肝左外叶切除;其余9例患者的结石术中未取净,于术后6～8周再经胆道镜T管窦道取净结石。113例患者术后均无严重并发症发生。术后获随访98例（86.7%）,随访时间6～24个月,平均14个月,2例复发,其余96例未见结石复发。结论术中应用纤维胆道镜可明确胆管内病变,降低胆管残余结石的发生率;术后经T管窦道取石是治疗胆管残余结石的有效方法,可避免再次手术的痛苦。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.