钛镍合金食管加膜支架治疗食管狭窄及瘘17例分析

目的回顾分析MTN型形状记忆钛镍合金食管加膜支架对晚期食管癌及高位食管重度良性狭窄患者吞咽困难的治疗效果及并发症的防治。方法对17例晚期食管癌及高位食管重度良性狭窄吞咽困难患者，行食管狭窄探条扩张术后，在内镜直视下或X光监视下置入MTN型形状记忆钛镍合金食管加膜支架，并观察其对吞咽困难的治疗效果。结果17例患者均顺利置放MTN型形状记忆钛镍合金食管加膜支架，患者吞咽困难即刻得到缓解，吞咽困难计分由治疗前的2．88分降至治疗后的1.46分（P〈0．01）。主要并发症有胸痛、胃食管反流、支架移位、食团阻塞、再狭窄等。2例高位重度良性食管狭窄患儿支架置放时间达4、5年。结论MTN型形状记忆钛镍合金食管加膜支架能明显改善晚期食管癌及食管良性狭窄患者的吞咽困难，提高生活质量，延长其生存时间。     

Self-expanding metal stents in benign biliary strictures due to chronic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In selected patients with chronic pancreatitis in whom conventional plastic stenting fails and in whom surgery is contraindicated or declined, insertion of a biliary self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) may be a valuable treatment option. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1994 and 1999, 13 patients with chronic pancreatitis received SEMS for benign biliary strictures (four women and nine men; mean age 56). The indications for SEMS placement were: contraindication to surgery (n = 10), presumed inoperable pancreatic carcinoma (n = 1), concomitant unresectable lung cancer (n = 1), and declined surgery (n = 1). The success of treatment was defined as adequate biliary drainage due to SEMS therapy. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 50 months (range 6 days - 86 months). Nine patients (69 %) were successfully treated with SEMS therapy: a patent first SEMS (n = 5); a patent second SEMS inserted through the first SEMS (n = 3); and one patent SEMS after balloon cleaning. SEMS treatment was not successful in four patients (due to stent migration in one case and occlusion in three ). The mean patency period of the SEMS was 60 months (95 % CI, 43 months - 77 months). At 33 months, the probability of adequate biliary drainage with SEMS therapy was 75 %. CONCLUSIONS: SEMS therapy was safe and provided successful and prolonged biliary drainage in a selected group of patients with benign biliary strictures due to chronic pancreatitis in whom surgical intervention was not possible or desirable.     

Fully covered self-expandable metallic stents in benign biliary strictures: a multicenter study on efficacy and safety

Background and study aim: Benign biliary diseases include benign biliary stricture (BBS), lithiasis, and leaks. BBSs are usually treated with plastic stent placement; use of uncovered or partially covered metallic stents has been associated with failure related to mucosal hyperplasia. Some recently published series suggest the efficacy of fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMSs) in BBS treatment. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of FCSEMS in a large series of patients with BBS and a long follow-up.?Patients and methods: Prospective multicenter clinical study at three tertiary referral centers: ISMETT/UPMC Italy, Palermo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, and the ARNAS Civico Hospital, Palermo, Italy. All consecutive patients with BBS were treated with placement of FCSEMS rather than plastic stents, as first approach (11 patients, 17.7?%), or as a second approach after failure of other treatments (51 patients, 82.2?%). Results: From January 2008 to March 2011, 62 patients (40 male) were included. Mean period of FCSEMS indwelling was 96.7 days (standard deviation [SD] 6.5 days). In 15 patients (24.2?%) the SEMS migrated. Resolution of BBS occurred in 56 patients (90.3?%), while in 6 (9.6?%) the treatment failed. Mean (SD) follow-up after SEMS removal was 15.9 (10) months. FCSEMS placement as first- or second-line approach showed no difference in failure. Recurrence was observed in 4?/56 patients (7.1?%); all were transplant recipients: P?=?0.01; odds ratio (OR) 1.2, confidence interval (CI) 1.1?-?1.3.Conclusions: Despite the noteworthy migration rate, FCSEMSs should be considered effective for refractory benign biliary strictures. Further studies are needed to assess their role as a first approach in the management of BBS.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures

Biliary strictures may be due to a variety of benign and malignant processes. Imaging with endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) often suggests the diagnosis, but is usually not definitive. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) facilitates the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary strictures, although peritioneal metastases due to needle tract seeding may occur after EUS-FNA of cholangiocarcinoma. In addition to diagnosis of strictures, EUS may play an important role in staging of cholangiocarcinoma.     

改进型胰胆管支架在全覆膜金属支架治疗良性胆管狭窄中的应用价值*

目的探讨改进型胰管支架在全覆膜自膨式可回收金属支架(FCSERMS)治疗良性胆管狭窄(BBS)中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2017年12月采取内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)置入FCSERMS治疗的59例BBS患者的临床资料,比较改进型胰胆管支架(试验组)与单猪尾胰管支架+鼻胆引流管(对照组)在FCSERMS置入及取出术后出现急性胰腺炎(AP)、高淀粉酶血症(HP)和一般淀粉酶升高(GAE)等胰腺损伤情况。结果 59例BBS患者均成功置入FCSERMS及胰管支架。其中,试验组23例,对照组36例。两组术后均无AP发生,HP及GAE的发生率差异均无统计学意义(4.3%vs 5.6%,P=0.516;26.1%vs 22.2%,P=0.508)。术后1周均成功拔除改进型胰胆管支架及鼻胆管,两组均未发生FCSERMS移位及胰腺损伤。FCSERMS平均留置(7.88±1.29)个月(7~12个月),两组无AP、FCSERMS或胰管支架移位发生,试验组HP及GAE的发生率低于对照组(0.0%vs 2.7%,P=0.246;0.0%vs 8.3%,P=0.007)。59例FCSERMS及36例胰管支架均成功取出,未发生出血、肠穿孔和AP等并发症,对照组胰管支架均为蛋白栓堵塞,两组术后GAE的发生率差异无统计学意义(13.0%vs 8.3%,P=0.249)。结论早期取出用于预防FCSERMS治疗BBS术后胰腺炎的胰管支架是安全的,可以避免支架堵塞引起的胰腺损伤。     

经内镜胆道支架置入治疗胆道疾病的价值探讨

目的探讨内镜下置放胆道支架治疗良恶性胆道梗阻及其他胆道疾病的效果和临床应用价值。方法所有病例均经ERCP确定胆管狭窄部位及程度,选择合适的支架,在透视引导下置入支架。塑料支架组30例,金属支架组26例。分别观察患者术后1周黄疸消退、肝功能变化及并发症发生情况,并随访3～6个月。结果所有病例均一次成功置入支架,成功率100%。塑料支架置入后1周,血清总胆红素（STB）下降51.25%,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）下降52.09%,r-谷胺酸转肽酶（r-GT）下降29.07%,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）下降36.18%。金属支架置入后1周,STB下降70.25%,ALT下降55.23%,r-GT下降41.68%,ALP下降43.74%。早期并发症主要为ERCP术后胰腺炎及胆管炎,其中胰腺炎2例,发生率3.57%,胆管炎3例,发生率5.34%;晚期并发症主要为支架堵塞,共3例,发生率5.34%。结论内镜下胆道支架可有效缓解良恶性胆道梗阻及胆漏、胆道损伤患者的病情,具有创伤小、并发症少、符合生理等特点。塑料支架对胆道良性狭窄及预计恶性梗阻生存期不超过3个月的患者具有优越性;对无法手术根治切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者,经济条件允许下放置金属胆道支架是最佳治疗方法。     

大鼠胆管缺血狭窄模型的构建

背景：有研究表明可以用钳夹法制作心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。目的：采用钳夹法建立大鼠胆管缺血狭窄动物模型。方法：将Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组和模型组,模型组用2枚显微血管夹夹闭一段长约0.8cm的胆总管90min,假手术组仅暴露胆管未夹闭。术后21d两组大鼠均经静脉胆道造影,下腔静脉取血,分离血清进行总胆红素及直接胆红素浓度测定。结果与结论：模型组钳夹部位以上胆管明显扩张,静脉胆管造影示胆管扩张,壁光滑,狭窄部位以下胆管未显影。3只（16.7%）胆道未显影,但解剖动物时发现其肝脏肿大,微呈绿色,钳夹处胆总管闭锁,胆总管扩张。模型组血清总胆红素及直接胆红素高于假手术组（P〈0.05）。结果证实,实验采用血管夹钳闭缺血法成功构建了大鼠胆管缺血狭窄模型。     

大鼠胆管缺血狭窄模型的构建

背景:有研究表明可以用钳夹法制作心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型.目的:采用钳夹法建立大鼠胆管缺血狭窄动物模型.方法:将Wistar 大鼠随机分为假手术组和模型组,模型组用2 枚显微血管夹夹闭一段长约0.8 cm 的胆总管90 min,假手术组仅暴露胆管未夹闭.术后21 d 两组大鼠均经静脉胆道造影,下腔静脉取血,分离血清进行总胆红素及直接胆红素浓度测定.结果与结论:模型组钳夹部位以上胆管明显扩张,静脉胆管造影示胆管扩张,壁光滑,狭窄部位以下胆管未显影.3 只(16.7%)胆道未显影,但解剖动物时发现其肝脏肿大,微呈绿色,钳夹处胆总管闭锁,胆总管扩张.模型组血清总胆红素及直接胆红素高于假手术组(P ＜ 0.05).结果证实,实验采用血管夹钳闭缺血法成功构建了大鼠胆管缺血狭窄模型.     

全覆膜金属可回收支架在治疗食管顽固性良性狭窄中的应用价值

目的探讨全覆膜金属可回收支架治疗食管顽固性良性狭窄的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析行全覆膜金属可回收支架治疗的33例食管顽固性良性狭窄患者的临床资料,评价治疗的可行性、安全性及疗效。结果 33例患者共计放置可回收支架41支,其中8例患者行二次可回收支架置入,术后均有不同程度胸痛及异物感;术后并发支架移位11例(共计14支),移位发生率34.1%(14/41);其余22例患者(共计27支支架)均于术后4~8周顺利回收。术中及术后无明显出血、穿孔等并发症发生,无支架相关死亡病例。所有患者定期参加随访(12个月),其中12例成功解除梗阻,临床缓解率为36.4%(12/33)。结论全覆膜金属可回收支架用于治疗食管顽固性良性狭窄是安全可靠的,可使部分患者成功解除梗阻,但支架移位发生率高,有待于临床进一步研究解决。     

Selecting a model for use in curriculum evaluation

In summary, our purposes have been to emphasize the importance of using a model in curriculum evaluation and to present guidelines for selecting an appropriate model. We have discussed our experience in selecting and using the Stake model only as an example. While a model does not eliminate all of the problems and frustrations of curriculum evaluation, it does make the task more manageable. It can also improve the quality of the evaluation and can even make curriculum evaluation enjoyable.     

恶性胆道梗阻金属支架堵塞后再次置入金属和塑料支架的比较

背景：在堵塞的支架中再次置入金属或塑料支架可解决支架的堵寒问题,然而关于支架间如何搭配组合将使患者受益更大却一直存在着争论。目的：对比恶性胆道梗阻金属支架堵塞后再次在其内置入不同种类支架之间的临床效果。方法：收集在南昌大学第二附属医院行经内镜胆道金属支架置入的,且在原支架堵塞后再次在其内置入另一支架的中、低位胆道恶性梗阻患者83例,并根据原支架与再次置入支架的不同搭配组合形式,将以上患者分为3组,即覆膜金属支架组、无覆膜金属支架组和塑料支架组。结果与结论：在原金属支架堵塞后,再次置入覆膜金属支架的通畅时间显著长于塑料支架（P〈0．05）：覆膜金属支架组的支架累计通畅时间显著长于无覆膜金属支架组（P〈0．05—0．01）。提示经内镜置入胆道金属支架治疗中、低位胆道恶性梗阻时,在原金属支架和支架堵塞后再次置 入金属支架时．使用≥1根覆膜支架的累计通畅时间显著长于先后2次置入无覆膜金属支架者。     

Intraductal ultrasound for the evaluation of patients with biliary strictures and no abdominal mass on computed tomography

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the diagnostic procedure of choice in patients with biliary strictures and no culprit mass lesion on abdominal imaging, but it is limited in its diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the value of intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) in distinguishing between benign and malignant biliary strictures in this clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one patients with painless jaundice and no mass lesion on abdominal computed tomography, who were found to have a biliary stricture at ERCP, underwent IDUS with a high-frequency (20-MHz) wire-guided probe. Histopathological confirmation or clinical follow-up was used to establish the final diagnosis. The diagnostic performances of IDUS, ERCP, and IDUS plus ERCP in the identification of malignant strictures were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-three patients had malignant strictures and 18 had benign strictures. ERCP produced 25 false-negative diagnoses, 22 of which were identified as malignant by IDUS. IDUS provided seven false-negative and three false-positive diagnoses. The proportion of patients with malignant strictures who tested positive with IDUS was 2.06 times that of ERCP (95 % CI, 1.37 - 3.10; 83.3 % vs. 40.5 %, P = 0.0004). When used in conjunction, IDUS increased the accuracy of ERCP from 58 % to 90 %. Patients with operable lesions on IDUS and no contraindication to surgery underwent resection; most patients with pancreatic parenchymal invasion on IDUS underwent EUS, which identified a pancreatic mass in more than 50 % of cases. Patients with negative IDUS and a low clinical suspicion for malignancy were treated endoscopically, while a more aggressive work-up was performed in all patients with high pretest probability, regardless of the IDUS results. CONCLUSIONS: IDUS is a valuable adjunct to ERCP in the characterization of biliary strictures in patients who present with painless jaundice in the absence of a culprit mass on abdominal imaging.