实时荧光聚合酶链反应检测副溶血弧菌致病基因

目的建立一种快速、准确、特异、定量检测副溶血弧菌及其致病因子的方法。方法选择副溶血弧菌TLH、TDH和TRH基因作为靶序列,设计并合成引物和探针;收集疑似食物中毒导致腹泻患者粪便标本487份,并对其进行检测分析。结果采用荧光聚合酶链反应检测TLH和TDH基因的灵敏度为1.0×102拷贝,而检测TRH的灵敏度为1.0×103拷贝;487份粪便标本中检出副溶血弧菌TLH基因112例(23.0%),检出携带TDH基因菌株101例(90.2%),未检出TRH基因。结论应用Taqman探针实时荧光PCR技术能够快速、准确检测副溶血弧菌及其致病基因,适合于大样本筛查;临床分离的副溶血弧菌以携带TDH基因为主。     

日常食品及食物中毒样本中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的分型检测分析

目的通过对北京市海淀区日常食品及食物中毒样本检出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素分型检测,比较两种分离菌株的肠毒素分布差异。方法实验所用的金黄色葡萄球菌为2007-2012年海淀区日常食品和食物中毒样本中分离检出的菌株,依据GB 4789.10-2010采用ELISA方法测定金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SEA-SEE)。结果 127株金黄色葡萄球菌中有108株肠毒素阳性,产肠毒素阳性率为85.0%。日常食品检出金黄色葡萄球菌93株,76株菌产肠毒素,产肠毒素阳性率为81.7%;食物中毒样本检出金黄色葡萄球菌34株,32株菌产肠毒素,产肠毒素阳性率为94.1%。产1种肠毒素和同时产3种肠毒素的菌株分别是47、37株,在产毒株中分别占43.5%和34.3%。食物中毒分离株产SEA和SED的比例(65.6%、65.6%)大于日常食品分离株(32.9%、30.3%).共有98株菌产SEE,在产毒株中占90.7%,肠毒素类型分布由高到低依次为E、A、D、C、B。结论食源性金黄色葡萄球菌产毒素能力较强,金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒分离株和日常食品分离株在肠毒素分布上有差异。     

一起金黄色葡萄球菌A、C肠毒素引起食物中毒的检测分析

金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素菌株可引起食物中毒,且以A型肠毒素引起的食物中毒为最多见。我们报告一起由金黄色葡萄球菌产生A、C二种混合型肠毒素引发的食物中毒检测结果。 1.材料与方法:标本为剩余食物(凉拌菜、三明治蛋糕、     

82株不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的分型检测分析

目的通过对金华市区日常食品标本、医院病人标本中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素分型检测,比较不同来源分离菌株的肠毒素分布差异。方法实验所用的金黄色葡萄球菌为2012年-2013年金华市区日常食品、医院病人标本中分离的菌株。依据GB 4789-2010采用ELISA方法测定金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SEA-SEE)。结果 82株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出62株肠毒素阳性,产肠毒素阳性率为75.6%(62/82),产1种肠毒素和同时产2种及以上肠毒素的菌株分别为24株和30株。日常食品中检出金黄色葡萄球菌40株,29株产肠毒素,阳性率为72.5%;医院病人标本中分离出42株金黄色葡萄球菌,33株产肠毒素,阳性率为78.6%。结论金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素能力较强,医院病人分离株和日常食品分离株在肠毒素分布上差异无统计学意义。     

从人和食品分离出产肠毒素A和B的金黄色葡萄球菌

葡萄球菌食物中毒是由于进食了该菌预先在食物中形成的肠毒素所致。到目前为止,已被鉴定出的肠毒素有A、B、C、D、E和F六种,其中A和B为最常见。虽然产肠毒素的凝固酶阴性菌株曾有报告,但大多数产肠毒素的葡萄球菌均为凝固酶阳性。本文乃从健康带菌者鼻拭子、医院病人病灶和与爆发食物中毒无关的食品所检出的凝固酶阳性菌株中,调查产肠毒素A和B的菌株的分布状况。将从人分离的66株和111份食品分离的36株金黄色葡萄球菌,用Caserio和Valcamonica设计的技术进行产毒培养。结果表明,在来自人的66株金黄色葡萄球菌中,产肠毒素的有54株(82%),其中2     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的多重PCR快速检测法

目的 建立食源性金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的多重PCR快速检测方法.方法 根据公布的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因A～D型序列,分别设计引物并验证引物的特异性,建立多重PCR方法,检测食品风险监测和食物中毒事件中分离得到的165株金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因A～D型.结果 165株金黄色葡萄球菌有95株携带肠毒素基因,毒素基因携带率为57.6％(95/165),携带一种基因型的占42.4％(72/165),同时携带两种以上毒素基因的占13.9％(23/165).结论 该方法具有简便快速、灵敏度高、特异性强等特点,适用于食源性金黄色葡萄球菌和食物中毒中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的检测.     

72株不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的分布及耐药性分析

目的通过对瑞安市日常食品、公共场所、食物中毒样本中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素分型和耐药性检测,比较不同来源分离菌株的肠毒素分布和耐药性差异。方法采用ELISA方法测定金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SEA-SEE),用K-B法测定分离菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 72株金黄色葡萄球菌的肠毒素检出41株,阳性率为56.94%。其中30株产2种及2种以上肠毒素。食物中毒样本、公共场所、日常食品分离株的肠毒素阳性率依次为94.44%、53.33%、33.33%。不同来源样本分离株产肠毒素阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=15.94,P0.05)。72株金黄色葡萄球菌除对左氧氟沙星、万古霉素不耐药外,对其他8种抗菌药物均存在不同程度耐药。结论金黄色葡萄球菌对多数抗菌药物存在不同程度的耐药,临床治疗应建立在体外药敏试验基础上,有针对性地选择抗菌药物。     

89株不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药及肠毒素基因分析

目的分析宁波市不同来源(食品、食物中毒、环境物表)金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗生素的耐药性及肠毒素基因携带情况,为临床合理用药提供依据,预防和控制由该菌引起的相关疾病。方法采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法检测金黄色葡萄球菌对17种临床常用抗生素的敏感性。采用mini-VIDAS检测肠毒素,同时用常规PCR方法扩增分析不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌携带sea、seb、sec、sed、see 5种肠毒素基因情况。结果 89株金黄色葡萄球菌菌株有26株检出肠毒素基因,检出率为29.2%,而来源于食物中毒、食品、环境物表菌株肠毒素基因检出率分别为100.0%、22.9%、10.3%。食物中毒菌株肠毒素基因主要为seb。药敏检测结果显示对青霉素(83.1%)和红霉素(33.7%)耐药性较高,菌株存在多重耐药性。结论食源性金黄色葡萄球菌产毒素能力较强,宁波地区食物中毒菌株肠毒素基因主要为seb。金黄色葡萄球菌对多种药物耐药,提示安全用药的重要性。     

广州市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素及耐药分析

目的 了解广州地区食品和食物中毒样品中金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素和耐药性情况。 方法 按食品安全国家标准和相关文献对2010-2016年广州市疾病预防控制中心微生物实验室从食品和食物中毒样品中分离并保存的118株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了肠毒素和药敏试验。 结果 118株金黄色葡萄球菌有70株产肠毒素,产毒率为59.32%,快餐类食品和食物中毒样品的产毒率偏高。以荧光PCR方法对70株肠毒素阳性的菌株进行肠毒素A-E分型,其中SEA检出率为29.20%、SEB 17.70%、SEC 11.50%、SED 15.93%、SEE 25.67%;携带两种或以上毒力基因的产毒菌株占41.42%。在受检的菌株中,有104株菌不同程度的对一种或多种的抗生素有抗性,占88.14%;青霉素G耐药率高达71.19%;检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)5株,占4.24%,mecA耐药基因检测阳性。 结论 广州市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌中产肠毒素菌株较多,且存在耐药株,甚至MRSA,应加强对广州市食品安全风险的监管。     

食物中毒样本及日常食品中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的分型检测研究

目的:研究食物样本采集到的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素产毒性和分型差异。方法:搜集本市2019年1月至12月日常食物样本和食物中毒样本分离所得的164株金黄色葡萄球菌,以酶联免疫吸附法进行肠毒素检测分型,分析不同食物样本肠毒素检测阳性率和分型差异。结果:164株金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素总阳性率为83.54%,日常食物阳性率为81.25%,食物中毒阳性率为91.67%;分型检测肠毒素A、D、E三型占比较高,分别为40.14%、38.69%、89.05%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:食物中的金黄色葡萄球菌具有极高的毒素生产率,且不同食物的肠毒素类型有分布差异,肠毒素阳性菌株以A、D、E型占比较高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.