神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路鞍区肿瘤的手术治疗

目的报道神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除59例鞍区肿瘤的方法和效果,探讨其优缺点和手术适应证。方法全部病人采用神经内镜下经鼻内-蝶窦标准入路和改良入路切除肿瘤。其中常规的神经内镜下经单侧鼻内-蝶窦入路36例,简化的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路16例,扩大的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路7例。4例手术中利用了神经导航技术。结果全切除肿瘤42例,次全切(>80%)7例,大部切除5例,引流3例,活检2例;本组病例术后1例死亡,7例有一过性脑脊液鼻漏;19例术后出现一过性多尿,术后3d-1周恢复正常,5例术后出现较长时间的多尿,4例经治疗术后3-6个月恢复正常,1例目前维持用药。随访3个月-3.5年,视力不同程度改善20例,异常增高的激素水平降至正常22例;4例手术后再接受了伽玛刀治疗,21例手术后3个月行普通放疗,1例垂体瘤1年后复发,再次接受导航辅助下内镜手术。结论神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路(包括标准入路和改良入路)适用于大多数鞍区肿瘤的切除,如垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、鞍结节脑膜瘤等,可以获得满意的手术效果。     

神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术（附49例报告）

目的 总结神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的经验及体会。方法 对49例垂体腺瘤病人行神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术。结果 肿瘤全切45例，次全切3例，大部分切除1例。无死亡病例，无视神经损伤，1例出现脑脊液漏，40例术后出现一过性多尿，2例多尿持续3个月。随访5个月～3年，所有症状均有所改善。36例激素水平异常病人中29例恢复正常，2例术后行γ-刀治疗。结论 神经内镜经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤损伤小，疗效满意，术中通过内镜变换角度有助于更安全彻底地切除肿瘤。     

神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路手术切除垂体腺瘤(附128例报告)

目的 探讨神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤的方法.方法 回顾性总结经神经内镜下切除垂体腺瘤128例的效果.结果 经标准的神经内镜下单鼻孔-蝶窦入路84例;简化的经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路28例;经双侧鼻孔-蝶窦入路16例.肿瘤全切除99例,次全切除23例,部分切除6例.术后脑脊液漏6例,保守治疗后痊愈.72例患者随访6个月至3年,70例激素水半明显增高的病人中,41例降至正常,18例术后复发.结论 神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤,手术创伤小,安全且并发症少,是垂体瘤手术的理想术式.     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路治疗老年人巨大垂体腺瘤

目的探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路老年人巨大垂体腺瘤切除的手术技术。方法回顺性分析36例老年人巨大垂体腺瘤病人的临床资料,均采用神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路手术,分析该术式的优缺点。结果肿瘤全切除24例,部分切除12例。术后并发症：尿崩症9例,水电解质紊乱12例,脑脊液鼻漏5例,迟发性鼻出血1例,嗅觉减退2例,均经短期治疗后好转。33例随访6～36个月,临床症状完全消失26例,症状部分好转7例：12例泌乳素腺瘤病人血泌乳素水平均降至正常;术后13个月复发1例,再次行神经内镜手术治疗。结论神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除老年人巨大垂体腺瘤,其手术技术简便、安全和有效。     

神经导航辅助下内镜经蝶窦入路切除复杂垂体腺瘤

目的探讨神经导航辅助下内镜经蝶窦入路切除复杂垂体腺瘤的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2014年1月~2015年3月在神经导航辅助下内镜经鼻蝶窦入路行肿瘤切除术的23例复杂垂体腺瘤患者,术后进行激素水平、临床症状改善情况及术后并发症的随访。结果术后经病理证实均为垂体腺瘤,16例全切除,7例次全切除;次全切除的患者术后均给予立体定向放射治疗。2例患者分别在随访12个月和14个月时出现肿瘤复发,再次给予内镜经鼻蝶手术治疗,术后继续随访,未见复发。全部病例术后无严重并发症及死亡,随访时间5~20个月。结论对于复杂垂体腺瘤的患者,将神经导航与内镜相结合,可充分发挥各自优势,可提高经蝶窦入路的手术安全性及切除率,减少并发症。     

神经内镜下经单鼻腔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的总结神经内镜下经单鼻腔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的手术经验,探讨该手术方式的优越性。方法对187例垂体腺瘤采用经右鼻腔蝶窦入路手术,手术全过程在神经内镜下进行。结果脑脊液漏5例,颅内感染2例,术后17 d鼻腔大出血1例。随访3～35个月,MR复查示肿瘤全切除133例,近全切除32例,部分切除20例,活检2例。结论神经内镜下经单鼻腔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤,手术入路最为直接,手术时间短,创伤小,术中视野广,术后恢复快,并发症较少。     

经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除馒袭性垂体腺瘤

目的探讨采用单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤的方法。方法对经神经导航及神经内镜辅助的单鼻孔-蝶窦入路手术治疗的37例侵袭性垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果镜下全切除21例,次全切除10例,大部分切除6例,无死亡。术后有脑脊液鼻漏2例,1例经保守治疗后治愈,另1例经手术修补治愈。患者术后原有症状均有所改善。结论经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤具有手术时间短、创伤小、安全且并发症少等优点。术中利用神经导航系统和神经内镜辅助手术避免重要结构损伤,提高肿瘤的切除程度,值得推广。     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路神经内镜下切除垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨神经内镜在经鼻蝶入路手术切除垂体腺瘤术中的应用价值和术中注意事项。方法 回顾性分析221 例垂体腺瘤手术病例的临床资料。手采用经单侧鼻孔蝶窦入路内镜下切除肿瘤,必要时在导航确认下进行。术后3个月复查头颅增强MRI判断肿瘤切除情况。结果 术中无定位错误病例,无大的血管和神经损伤病例。肿瘤全切除178例,次全切除37例,大部切除6例。术后死亡3例。术后无永久性尿崩和脑脊液漏病例,2例围手术期鼻腔大出血,治疗后好转。术前视力和视野障碍病人术后无恶化。结论 内镜结合导航经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤创伤小,导航可增加手术安全性和扩大手术适应症;充分的术前准备和规范的术中操作是预防术后并发症、提高手术疗效的关键。     

神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤(附60例临床分析)

目的 ;总结神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路行垂体腺瘤切除的手术技巧。方法 2008年4月~2011年3月间共60例内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤。结果肿瘤全切除32例,近全切除17例,大部切除9例,活检2例;术中脑脊液漏9例,予修补;海绵窦出血3例,无颈内动脉损伤;术后一过性尿崩症11例,脑脊液漏2例,脑膜炎1例,均治愈。术后病理示:非功能性腺瘤26例,生长激素腺瘤16例,泌乳素腺瘤12例,促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤6例。随访1个月~3年,所有患者临床症状改善;肿瘤复发8例,予放射治疗5例,再次手术3例。结论神经内镜为经鼻-蝶手术提供了独特的解剖细节,内镜下经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤切除术安全可靠;术者对内镜下解剖的熟悉,手术器械的熟练使用及操作技巧,与肿瘤切除程度及降低手术并发症密切相关。     

神经导航辅助下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤 (附26例临床报告)

目的探讨神经导航辅助下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤的初步体会、注意事项及该手术入路优缺点。方法对26例垂体腺瘤患者采用神经导航辅助下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗。结果术后经MRI检查证实全切除20例,4例次全切除,2例巨大腺瘤大部切除,术后均未出现严重并发症。结论神经导航辅助下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤,手术快捷、安全、创伤小,符合微创治疗趋势。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.