Renal pseudoaneurysm successfully treated by superselective embolization as a complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: report of a case]

A case of renal pseudoaneurysm which occurred as a complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for right renal staghorn calculi is presented. A 59-year-old man, who previously had left nephrectomy due to renal staghorn calculi and right pyelolithotomy due to renal calculi, was admitted to our hospital for treatment of recurrent right renal staghorn calculi on March 29, 1990. Laboratory data on admission revealed no significant abnormality except for a mild elevation on blood glucose (116 mg/dl). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10(6) CFU/ml) was cultured from urine. Preoperative plain abdominal film showed right partial staghorn calculi extending to the lower calyx and pelvis. Three sessions of PNL were performed. Two nephrostomy tubes were placed in the upper and middle calyces at the first session. Although all calculi were removed completely, massive renal bleeding with bladder tamponade occurred several times postoperatively and blood transfusion was necessary. Renal angiography was performed, and it was demonstrated renal pseudoaneurysm at the upper nephrostomy tract. At the same time the pseudoaneurysm was treated by superselective embolization with an absorbable gelatin sponge. We reviewed the related literature on complications of PNL. Etiology and treatment of a renal vascular injury associated with PNL are also discussed.     

三种经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石对照分析

目的：比较李氏肾镜与标准经皮肾镜及微创经皮肾输尿管镜治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性,提高上尿路结石的治疗水平.方法：2005年1月～2009年1月,三种经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石132例,其中包括肾结石87例（包括肾脏单发及多发结石56例,鹿角型结石31例）,输尿管上段结石45例.标准经皮肾镜取石术34例,年龄34～78岁,平均57岁;结石大小2.3～5.8 cm,平均3.5 cm;鹿角型结石14例.微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术52例,年龄31～77岁,平均51岁;结石大小2.1～5.0 cm,平均3.3 cm;鹿角型结石8例.经皮李氏肾镜取石术46例,年龄29～81岁,平均55岁;结石大小2.0～5.5 cm,平均3.0 cm;鹿角型结石9例.对三组患者手术时间、留置造瘘管时间、I期结石清除率及手术出血进行比较.结果：李氏肾镜治疗输尿管上端结石（L4）手术时间（56±5）min,治疗上尿路结石I期手术清除率为80.43%,出血量为（156±38）ml,输血率2.17%,与标准经皮肾镜及微创经皮肾输尿管镜比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对李氏肾镜治疗6例肾盂单发结石患者实行＂无管化＂,均恢复较好,无一例发生出血、漏尿及感染.结论：李氏肾镜在微造瘘经皮肾手术中较标准肾镜和输尿管镜代肾镜具有操作更简化、手术效率更高、剩余结石更少、并发症减少等优点.     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石的安全性及有效性。方法：对接受微创经皮肾取石术治疗的858例上尿路结石患者进行了回顾性分析。其中单发肾盂、肾盏结石213例，输尿管上段结石111例，手术后残留结石129例，肾铸型或鹿角形结石391例；双侧肾结石14例。结果：所有患者均行一期穿刺取石，共行1015次手术。其中单通道穿刺取石672侧肾，二通道186侧肾，三通道13侧肾，四通道1侧肾，结石清除率90．18％，平均手术时间98min，肾造瘘管留置时间平均6d，平均住院14d，其中2例需要输血，仅1例术后10d并发大出血，经高选择性肾动脉栓塞止血治愈，其余未出现大的并发症。结论：微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石是有效的。它与开放手术及传统经皮肾取石术相比，能减少术中、术后出血及并发症，明显提高结石的清除率，具有对患者创伤小、恢复快、缩短住院时间等优点，并对残留结石和复发结石的再次手术治疗有较大优越性。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating renal calculi in children

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with the percutaneous management of renal stone disease in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical and radiological records of children up to 18 years old who were treated for renal calculi by percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) at our institution between March 1995 and April 2003 were reviewed. For stone removal a special paediatric 18 F access sheath was used. RESULTS: In all, 26 PCNLs were used in 23 patients (10 boys and 13 girls, aged 1.7-16.8 years). The presenting symptoms were urinary tract infection, abdominal pain and/or haematuria. Of the 23 patients, 17 (75%) had associated metabolic disease or underlying urological anatomical abnormalities. Urinary tract infections were found in 15 patients (65%). The mean (range) stone burden was 6.0 (0.5-18.2) cm2, and the operative duration 127 (50-260) min. The primary stone-free rate was 58%, which increased to 81% after treating residual fragments. One blood transfusion was required and one patient developed urosepsis after PCNL, which was treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSION: PCNL is an effective alternative for treating renal stones in children, and is the treatment of choice for stones refractory to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.     

经皮肾镜超声弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的：探讨经皮肾镜超声弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法：采用经皮肾镜联合EMS Ⅲ代超声弹道碎石清石系统治疗48例复杂性肾结石患者,完全性鹿角状结石12例,部分鹿角状结石30例,多发性结石6例。结石直径2．0～6．5cm,平均2．8cm。结果：48例患者中,43例Ⅰ期取净结石;5例完全性鹿角状结石者术后2个月仍有结石残留,结石直径均小于1．0cm,辅助施行ESWL后排净。结石粉碎率100％,结石清除率89．6％（43／48）。手术时间50～120min,平均70min,平均出血量50ml。无严重并发症发生。术后随访3～6个月,肾功能均有不同程度改善。结论：经皮肾镜下使用EMSⅢ代碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石,具有高效、可靠、安全、损伤小、出血少及恢复快等优点,可以作为目前治疗复杂性肾结石的首选方法。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾铸型结石的疗效观察

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）治疗孤立肾铸型结石的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性分析2007年4月-2008年12月应用MPCNL治疗34例孤立肾铸型结石患者的临床资料：34例患者结石平均表面积（2314±179）mm^2,肾积脓5例。4例先行穿刺造瘘术,5～7天后行二期经皮肾镜取石术,其余患者均行一期取石术。其中单通道取石18例,双通道取石15例,三通道取石1例。结果：3例一期取石时残余小结石,结合ESWL清除小残石,结石总清除率为91．2％（31／34）。1例出现感染性休克,1例术后大出血行介入栓塞治疗,无死亡患者。术后随访4～18个月,19例肾功能不全患者中,11例肾功能恢复正常,6例肾功能有不同程度改善,2例发展为尿毒症期行血液透析,其中1例为术后大出血行介入栓塞的患者。结论：微创多通道MPCNL治疗孤立肾铸型结石安全可行,效果确切,具有创伤小、恢复快、可反复操作等优点,可作为孤立肾铸型结石的首选治疗方法。     

CT肾血管成像在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用价值

目的探讨螺旋CT肾血管成像在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用价值。方法 2010年5月至2011年8月,对32例肾结石（8 mm×13 mm～26 mm×62 mm,平均27 mm×36 mm）患者先行CT肾血管成像,制定手术方案,然后行经皮肾镜取石术。结果多发性肾结石23例,鹿角形肾结石9例,其中先天或功能性孤立肾结石5例。CT肾血管成像可提供肾血管的清晰图像,与常规图像相比较,有利于选择无血管区域进行穿刺。32例患者均成功行经皮肾镜取石术,结石清除率为89.7%,无术中术后大出血发生,无需要输血者。结论经皮肾镜取石术并发出血应以预防为主,CT肾血管成像可准确显视结石部位和肾血管分布,便于确定经皮肾穿刺部位,避免术中术后大出血的发生。     

鹿角形肾结石肾实质切开取石术的临床研究

目的 改进鹿角形肾结石手术方法。方法 通过对传统手术方法以及田口式手术方法的比较研究。形成了改良田口式法，用上述三种手术方法治疗24例巨大鹿角形肾结石病人，其中传统法15例，田口式法3例。改良田口式法6例。结果 术中平均肾阻血时间，田口式法最短，改良田口式法次之，传统法最长；术中术后平均，输血总量：改良田口式法最少，田口式法次之，传统法最多；改良田口式法便于术后用软性膀胱镜取肾内残余结石。结论 改良田口式法是一种合理的．能适应多种复杂情况的肾实质切开取石术。     

CT三维重建联合肾脏血管造影在经皮肾镜取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石中的应用研究

目的探讨螺旋CT三维重建联合肾脏血管造影(CTA)在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗鹿角形肾结石的可行性及临床效果。方法本组34例鹿角形肾结石均行经皮肾镜取石术,观察手术时间、术中失血量、结石清除率。结果全部手术均取得成功,无严重并发症发生。手术耗时1.0～2.5h,平均1.5h。出血量30～300ml,平均112±30ml。总结石清除率91.4%。结论 CT三维重建联合肾脏CTA可提供肾盂肾盏集合系统、肾实质血管分布的清晰图像,并可发现结石和明确结石与肾盂肾盏集合系统的关系,可在术前发现肾动静脉瘘。与静脉尿路造影相比较,三维CT重建更有利于确定经皮肾穿刺的部位及穿刺通道选择。对于鹿角形肾结石,CT三维重建联合肾脏CTA应该成为经皮肾镜取石术前一种常规的影像学定位方法。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石10例报告

目的：探讨经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术（PCNL）治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及疗效.方法：对接受PCNL治疗的10例肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析总结.结果：9例患者均行单通道一期碎石及取石,平均手术时间90 min,平均留置肾造瘘管7天,平均住院12天,术后住院时间7天.1例患者穿刺失败中转开放手术,均未出现大出血或邻近器官损伤等并发症,术后复查尿路平片示结石全部取净.结论：PCNL术治疗肾盏憩室结石安全、可行,疗效确切,与开放手术相比,能减少术中、术后出血及并发症,结石取净率高.具有创伤小、恢复快等优点.     

Infundibular stenosis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

PURPOSE: Acquired infundibular stenosis can develop after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We review our experience with infundibular stenosis after this procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the records of patients diagnosed with infundibular stenosis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed at our institution between 1995 and 2000. Analysis included medical history, urinary stone type, stone removal procedure technique, length and number, postoperative course, stenosis time to development location, severity and treatment, and treatment outcome. RESULTS: Infundibular stenosis developed in 5 of 223 percutaneous nephrolithotomy cases (2%) performed during this period. Medical history in affected patients included previous ipsilateral open pyelolithotomy, diabetes and morbid obesity in 2 each. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy were done through a standard 30Fr nephrostomy tract and all cases were terminated before complete stone removal. Mean operative time was 258 minutes, which was significantly greater than the mean operative time of 207 minutes in all cases of unilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy (p = 0.03). Postoperatively nephrostomy tube drainage was done for a mean of 33 days (range 16 to 51). All patients underwent at least 1 additional percutaneous stone removal procedure after primary percutaneous nephrolithotomy and before stenosis was detected. The mean time to stenosis detection was 9 months (range 2 to 24). Stenosis generally developed in areas corresponding to previous sites of percutaneous access and the degree of narrowing ranged from mild to severe. Mild and moderate stenosis was managed by observation and endoscopic dilation in 2 each. Severe stenosis in 1 patient was associated with significantly impaired ipsilateral renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Infundibular stenosis is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. In this series it was associated with prolonged operative time, a large stone burden requiring multiple removal procedures and extended postoperative nephrostomy tube drainage. In most cases stenosis developed at previous access sites within 1 year of initial percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Mild and moderate cases may be treated with observation and endoscopic dilation, respectively, while severe cases may result in renal impairment.     

Laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy: feasibility study in a chronic porcine model

PURPOSE Anatrophic nephrolithotomy performed via open surgery involves incising the renal parenchyma along an avascular plane to remove a large, complex renal stone. We determined the feasibility of performing laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy in a survival porcine model. Furthermore, we present a novel technique of creating a staghorn calculus in the porcine model.MATERIALS AND METHODS After developing the technique in 3 pigs the survival study was performed in 10 consecutive animals. The procedure comprised 2 aspects. 1) We developed an animal model for staghorn calculi by retrograde injection of polyurethane (Fomo Products, Inc., Norton, Ohio) into the renal pelvis through a ureteral catheter. For a 2-week period the staghorn calculus was allowed to create hydronephrosis. 2) Laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy was done, involving control of the renal artery and vein, in situ renal hypothermia with ice slush in 1 animal, lateral renal parenchymal incision, stone extraction and suture repair of the incised collecting system and renal parenchyma.RESULTS Synthetic stone formation and laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy were successful in all 10 animals, including 1 that underwent staged bilateral anatrophic nephrolithotomy. Mean operative time for anatrophic nephrolithotomy was 125 minutes. Mean blood loss was 68 cc and mean warm ischemia time was 30 minutes (range 23 to 39). A residual small pelvicaliceal calculus was noted postoperatively in the initial 3 cases only. Thereafter, routine intraoperative ultrasonography and flexible endoscopy were done for stone localization, resulting in a stone-free rate of 100% in all 7 remaining animals. Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid renal scans documented improvement in the glomerular filtration rate from a mean of 26.4 ml. per minute after stone creation and hydronephrosis to 54.8 ml. per minute 4 to 5 weeks after laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy.CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic techniques can be applied to complex stone surgery such as anatrophic nephrolithotomy with encouraging surgical and functional outcomes. To our knowledge this report represents the initial study of in situ creation of experimental staghorn calculi and laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy performed completely intracorporeally in a chronic porcine model.     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石的临床疗效与手术技巧。方法：利用微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石18例，14例患者行一期微创经皮肾取石．4例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术，5～7天后行二期取石术。结果：结石清除15例（83．3％）。在结石残留的3例患者中，1例残留结石下移至输尿管下段，用输尿管镜将结行取出；余2例结石残留。肾内，未作进一步处理，本组患者术后肾功能基本恢复正常或好转。结论：微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石是一种安全、有效的方法。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石52例分析

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术(mPCNL)治疗鹿角形肾结石的疗效和安全性。方法:应用PCNL治疗52例鹿角形肾结石,采用实时彩色多普勒超声引导穿刺、扩张建立F16微通道,钬激光粉碎结石。统计结石清除率以及手术并发症等。结果:52例均一期建立通道。一次治疗结石清除率71.2%,总清除率84.7%,术后2例出现发热,未发生脏器损伤和感染性休克病例。结论:mPCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石效率高、出血量少,是治疗鹿角形肾结石的安全、有效方法。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗肾结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(微创PCNL)治疗肾结石的疗效。方法：采用微创PCNL治疗的235例肾结石患者，肾结石长径为1．5～1．7cm，单发性结石150例，多发性结石85例。其中鹿角状结石60例，双侧肾结石40例，孤立肾并肾结石9例，有开放手术史23例。结果：235例均行一期穿刺取石，其中1次取石183例，2次以上取石52例；单通道取石198例，多通道取石37例，结石清除率85％。手术时间平均2h；术中、术后有明显出血7例(3％)，均经保守治疗治愈，平均住院时间10d。结论：微创PCNL是一种有效的治疗肾结石的方法，创伤小，恢复时间短。     

Combined percutaneous and retrograde approach to staghorn calculi with application of the ureteral access sheath to facilitate percutaneous nephrolithotomy

PURPOSE: We describe our technique and clinical experience with application of the ureteral access sheath for single access ablation of staghorn and partial staghorn calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 9 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn (6) or partial staghorn (3) renal calculi using a combined antegrade and retrograde approach. Patient data, operative parameters, efficacy of stone ablation and convalescence parameters were reviewed. RESULTS: Mean operative time for the primary procedure was 3.1 hours with a mean estimated blood loss of 290 ml. Postoperatively, the mean analgesic requirement was 33.2 mg. MSO(4) equivalents. Hospital stay was 3.2 days. There were no major and 4 minor (44%) complications. No patient required transfusion. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 7 of the 9 cases (78%) using a single percutaneous nephrostomy tract. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary clinical experience using the ureteral access sheath during percutaneous nephrolithotomy for simultaneous antegrade and retrograde stone treatment has been favorable. A large renal stone burden can be successfully managed with a single percutaneous access and limited blood loss.     

腹腔镜辅助经皮肾镜与输尿管软镜治疗盆腔异位肾结石的临床研究

目的探讨经腹途径腹腔镜辅助经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）和输尿管软镜碎石术（RIRS）治疗盆腔异位肾结石的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析从2016年1月至2017年10月采用经腹途径腹腔镜辅助PCNL或RIRS手术方法治疗的6例盆腔异位肾结石病例。对患者术前的基本信息（包括年龄、性别、异位肾位置、结石大小、结石数量、结石位置、特殊病史）和术中、术后的基本情况（包括通道大小、手术时间、曲卡、肾造瘘管、腹腔引流管、双J管、结石清除率和住院时间）进行分析和总结。 结果腹腔镜辅助PCNL和RIRS的平均手术时间分别为92 min和85 min,其平均结石最大径分别为19 mm和12 mm。RIRS术后的平均住院时间（3 d）短于腹腔镜辅助PCNL（5 d）,其手术成功率分别为60%（3/5）和100%（3/3）。两种方法都没有严重并发症发生,术后复查均没有结石残留。 结论两种手术方法治疗盆腔异位肾结石均具有较高的安全性。RIRS在微创和住院时间方面具有优势,腹腔镜辅助PCNL则能够应对更大的结石负荷和更复杂的肾脏结构,其手术成功率亦相对较高。     

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy for large staghorn calculi

Objectives: Treatment of staghorn calculus is challenging. We evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach for the management of large staghorn renal calculi. Methods: Patients with staghorn renal calculi unsuitable for percutaneous nephrolithotomy were analyzed. They underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy, involving control of the renal artery, stone removal through a nephrotomy incision on the Brodel's line and closure with continuous sutures. Results: A total of 11 patients with renal stones were included in the present study. Mean patient age was 55 years (range 42–68) and stone size was 52 mm (range 43–61). Warm ischemia time and operative duration were 31 (range 23–38) and 139 min (range 105–160), respectively. No blood transfusion was needed during or after operation. An 8‐mm residual calculus remained in the lower calyces in one patient who was successfully treated by using shock wave lithotripsy. Intravenous pyelogram after surgery showed a functional corresponding renal unit, with an improvement in obstruction in all patients. Conclusions: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic technique can be applied for patients who are candidates for anatrophic nephrolithotomy. Larger studies with a longer follow up are needed to confirm these findings.     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光治疗孤立肾鹿角性结石疗效分析

目的报道14例孤立肾鹿角性肾结石患者行微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术的疗效以及安全性。方法回顾性总结、分析我院2009年1月至2012年10月应用经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾鹿角性肾结石14例的临床资料,对患者的临床资料、结石清除率、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后。肾功能等进行分析。结果13例患者一期顺利完成手术,1例行二期手术治疗,术后随访时间为（20．8±3．0）个月（12～24个月）,术后一周结石清除率为：85．7％（12／14）,手术时间为：（60．8±15．4）min,平均住院时间（8．2±2．6）d,患者术前、术后3个月以及术后12个月肌酐值分别为：（152．8±61．3）umol／L、（104．9±38．5）umol／L、（100．5±43．9）umol／L,术后与术前比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,术中术后并发症为：1例术中出现肾穿透伤,1例术后继发出血,1例术后出现发热。结论微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾鹿角性肾结石并发症的发生率低,安全、有效、可行。     

不同路径微创经皮肾取石术治疗肾上盏结石(附64例报告)

目的总结提高微创经皮肾取石术治疗肾上盏结石的水平。方法回顾性总结64例肾上盏结石患者接受微创经皮肾取石的手术路径、效果和主要并发症。结果肾中盏穿刺入路43例，结石清除率为88．4％；下盏穿刺入路7例，结石清除率为85．7％；上盏穿刺入路为14例，结石清除率为78．6％。1例第10肋间上盏穿刺入路患者，术后第6天拔除肾造瘘管后出现轻度液胸。无严重出血和需要输血病例。结论根据上盏结石的大小、形态、部位和肾脏集合系统的解剖情况，恰当地选择微创经皮肾取石的手术入路，可以提高疗效和减少并发症的发生。