锰对男工性机能及其生殖结局的影响

为明确职业性接触锰是否损害男性生殖机能，采用生殖流行病学的方法，对３１４名锰作业男工和３１４名对照男工的性机能及其生殖结局进行了调查。结果发现，７４个作业点的２０９个空气ＭｎＯ２样品的几何平均浓度为０．１４５ｍｇ／ｍ３（０．００２～９．３４０ｍｇ／ｍ３），作业点和样品的超标率分别为４７．３％和４０．２％；锰作业男工生殖结局与对照组相比差异无显著性；其性机能障碍、阳萎和性欲减退发生率分别为８．９％、５．４％和１８．８％，均明显高于对照组（对照组上述异常发生率相应为４．８％、１．９％和１１．８％；ＲＲ＝１．９，２．８和１．６，９５％ＣＩ＝１．０～３．６，１．１～７．３和１．０～２．５，Ｐ＜０．０５），而且在不同工龄亚组间的分布差异亦有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１），有随锰作业工龄增加而增高的趋势。提示：低浓度锰暴露对男性性机能障碍有病因学意义。     

武汉市城区0～7岁儿童单纯性肥胖流行病学调查

１９９６年６～９月对武汉市城区０～７岁儿童进行单纯性肥胖流行病学调查。结果显示，儿童单纯性肥胖患病率为１．１７％，轻度肥胖占５５．５６％，中度占３７．０４％，重度占７．４１％；男童患病率均高于女童，存在明显的性别差异（χ２＝２５．４，Ｐ＜０．０１）；１月组患病率较高，随后下降，４岁组及以上年龄组又显著升高；肥胖具有显著的家庭聚集性（χ２＝３９．５２，Ｐ＜０．０１）；家长对肥胖的认识正确与否对小儿肥胖的发生产生重要影响；未发现睡眠时间、人均居住面积、喂养方式等因素与肥胖的发生有直接联系；超重儿占１．４２％。提出控制儿童单纯性肥胖症的发生最有效的手段是预防。     

流行性乙型脑炎灭活疫苗三针基础免疫效果及反应研究

采用ＢＨＫ－２１细胞蚀斑减少中和试验，检测扬中县６～１８月龄婴儿乙型脑炎灭活疫苗中和抗体，追踪调查接种反应和第２年加免前后抗体变化，探讨３针基础免疫效果。结果表明：乙脑基础免疫中和抗体阳转率３针组达８２．２６％，２针组５２．９４％．Ｐ＜０．００５；抗体ＧＭＴ３针组１３．９０，２针组７．５７．Ｐ＜０．００５。第２年抗体维持水平，阳性率３针组７５．００％，２针组５１．５％．Ｐ＜０．００５；抗体ＧＭＴ３针组１１．８７，２针组５．８６，Ｐ＜０．０２。加免后阳性率，３针组达１００％，２针组９７．０６５，Ｐ＞０．５；抗体ＧＭＴ３针组１８８．０９，２针组为５６．１９．Ｐ＜０．００１。接种反应追踪调查未见严重反应，有关指标无组间和注射针次间差异（Ｐ＞０．５）。提示：采用３针进行乙脑疫苗基础免疫是安全的．可供选择的免疫策略。     

铅性肾病的流行病学分析

我们检查了铅接触人员１０２３名，发现铅性肾病８４例，患病率８．２％。女性３４例（７．２％），男性５０例（９％），男女铅性肾病患病率无显著性差异。印刷厂空气铅浓度平均０．００６９ｍｇ／ｍ３，蓄电池厂为０．１００５ｍｇ／ｍ３，铅矿为０．５ｍｇ／ｍ３。铅性肾病患病率分别为４．７３％，８．３％和２８．５７％（Ｐ＜０．００５）。分析铅性肾病患病率与年龄和铅接触年限的关系。年龄小于３０岁，～４０岁，～５０岁和大于５０岁者，铅性肾病患病率分别为５．５％，８．６％，１２．１％，和１５．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。铅接触年限小于１０年，～２０年和大于２０年者，铅性肾病患病率分别为６．６％，９．９％和１３．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

中国10个省乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及其影响因素

本文根据世界银行贷款卫生Ⅶ项目计划免疫接种率基线调查的数据，对１０个项目省的乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗接种率及影响接种率的有关主要因素，如经济水平、地理地貌、计划免疫保偿及家长计划免疫知识水平进行了分析。出生于１９９４年７月１日～１９９５年６月３０日的８３８９名儿童，在４个不同层次的经济水平间乙肝疫苗全程接种率分别为城区８２．９％、农村一层４４．３％、农村二层３２．９％、农村三层１８．４％（Ｐ＜０．０００１）；不同地理地貌因素乙肝疫苗接种率分别为山区１８．１％、丘陵地区３６．３％、平原地区６５．５％（Ｐ＜０．０００１）；参加计划免疫保偿乙肝疫苗接种率为６３．６％、未参加者３１．５％（Ｐ＜００００１）；家长计划免疫知识水平的高低与乙肝疫苗接种率水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９４，ｐ＝０．００５）。通过多因素分析，发现计划免疫保偿加入与否对乙肝疫苗接种率的影响最大（ＯＲ＝２．８５），其次为地理地貌（ＯＲ＝２．０７）、经济水平（ＯＲ＝１．９８）和家长的一般计划免疫知识水平（ＯＲ＝１．２３）。     

麻疹、猩红热流行中存在“Z-D现象”的进一步论证及其预测价值研究

目的　进一步论证疾病流行中“Ｚ－ Ｄ 现象”的存在，并探讨其与病种和时间序列的关系。方法　利用１９７５～１９９６ 年全国疫情资料，建立了麻疹、猩红热两种疾病１９７５ ～１９９５ 年、１９８０～１９９５ 年、１９８５ ～１９９５ 年和１９９０～１９９５ 年４ 个不同长度的时间序列，进行最佳截取点的月累计百分位数与前兆升降比的相关分析，并通过构建外推模型进行了预测研究。结果　相关分析显示：在上述两种疾病４ 个时间序列共２３６ 份资料中，９８ ．３ ％ 的资料Ｒ＜ ０（２３２／２３６） ，这进一步论证了疾病流行中“Ｚ－ Ｄ现象”的存在。从时间序列来看，Ｒ＜ ０，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 的资料在上述４ 个时间序列中所占比例分别为：６３．８％ 、５４．２％ 、４４．１％ 、３５ ．０ ％ ，四者之间差异有显著性（χ２ ＝ １０．８６ ，Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。从病种来看，麻疹Ｒ＜ ０，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 的资料，在上述４ 个时间序列中所占比例分别为：７３．３％ 、５６．７％ 、３６．７％ 、３６ ．７ ％ ，四者之间差异有显著性（χ２ ＝ １１ ．１６，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ；猩红热为：５３ ．６ ％ 、５１．８％ 、５１．７％ 、３３．３％ 。说明“Ｚ－ Ｄ现象”与时间序列、病种的相关性     

呼和浩特市玉泉区小学生贫血调查分析

本文采用氰化高铁法对呼和浩特市玉泉区小学生１５３３名血红蛋白进行测定。Ｈｂ低下率为９．２６％，均值为１３８．３７９／Ｌ，高于各地报告均值。１１岁以前各年龄组女生高于男生（８岁组除外），两者有显著性差异（Ｕ＝３．７０，Ｐ＜０．００５）。各年龄组贫血分布有年龄小、发病率高的特点。建议此年龄组应注意合理的营养饮食。     

医院感染患者血粘附分子的变化意义

目的研究粘附分子在医院感染患者发病过程中的变化意义。方法用流式细胞术测定６４例医院感染患者血粘附分子ＣＤ４４, ＣＤ５４,ＣＤ６２Ｐ的变化,并与２０例正常人比较。结果医院感染患者血粘附分子ＣＤ４４（ ２１．２％９．１％）,ＣＤ５４（５．４％±２．７％）,ＣＤ６２Ｐ（１８．９％±７．６％）较正常人（８．６％ ±４．４％,２．０％ ±０．９３％,６．３％±３．５％）明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;轻症医院感染患者上述指标（１５．２％ ±５．９％,４．０％±２．１％,１３．８％ ±５．６％）较重症医院感染患者（２７．２％± ８．１％,７．２％± ３．８％,２６．３％± ５．２％）显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但仍高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论粘附分子升高在医院感染的发病机制中起重要作用,对判断或监测病情有一定意义。     

六种常用野菜抗氧化活性探讨

以６种常用野菜对四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）致小鼠肝脏脂质过氧化的阻抑率及对亚硝酸钠（ＮａＮＯ２）的消除作用为指标进行体外实验观察。结果表明：（１）６种野菜５０％鲜汁对等体积８０％ＣＣｌ４酒精溶液所诱导的脂质过氧化阻抑率为４１．２％～６０．８％。煮沸１５ｍｉｎ后野菊和野苋菜阻抑率升高（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），鸭跖草下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。其余变化不明显。野菊、羊蹄菜、泥胡菜无论鲜汁还是煮后汁对脂质过氧化阻抑率高于其它３个品种（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）在模拟胃液条件下，６种５０％野菜汁１．０ｍｌ与０．２ｍｌ对２０μｇＮａＮＯ２的消除率为７５．２％～９８．７％和３７．６％～５８．１％。统计分析结果表明：煮沸前后及６种野菜之间均无显著差别（Ｐ＜０．０５）     

乙型肝炎病毒e系统状态与慢性乙型肝炎纤维化分期的关系

表１慢性乙型肝炎不同纤维化期与乙型肝炎病毒ｅ系统状态的关系　（％）状态Ｓ１Ｓ２Ｓ３Ｓ４ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性８５２（２３／２７）７２．７（２４／３３）６３．３（１９／３０）５０．０（１２／２４）抗－ＨＢｅ阳性１１．１（３／２７）２１．１（７／３３）２６．７（８／３０）３７．５（９／２４）△ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗－ＨＢｅ阴性３．７（１／２７）６．１（２／３３）１０（３／３０）１２．５（３／２４）　　注：Ｓ３、Ｓ４分别与Ｓ１ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性（率）比较χ２＝５２４９～７３０６,Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜００…     

北京市东城区学龄前儿童超重/肥胖现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解北京市东城区学龄前儿童超重和肥胖现状及影响因素,为儿童合理膳食干预提供数据支持.方法 采取分层整群随机抽样方法,在北京市东城区抽取18所幼儿园,调查中班和大班学龄前儿童的饮食情况,测量儿童的身高和体重,采用x2检验和Logistic回归模型进行统计学分析.结果 2985名学龄前儿童超重、肥胖检出率分别为8.1...     

杭州市7～18岁儿童青少年体质指数标准研究

目的研究杭州市7～18岁儿童青少年体质指数（BMI）分布、超重和肥胖的检出率。方法抽取21536名杭州城区17所小学和12所中学学生作为研究对象,以国际生命科学会中国肥胖问题工作组（WGOC）颁布的“中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖体质指数筛查分类标准”作为参考标准,对学龄儿童青少年进行体质指数研究。结果杭州市男性学龄儿童青少年超重（P85）和肥胖（P95）普遍要高于WGOC标准;女性学龄儿童青少年超重（％）7—10岁组要稍高于WGOC标准,大于10岁各年龄组的超重BMI值都要低于WGOC标准;而肥胖（P醅）各年龄组的值均低于WGOC标准。各年龄组超重与肥胖检出率男生平均高达23．5％和10．0％,女生也有14．0％和4．9％。结论杭州市学龄儿童青少年超重和肥胖的流行水平较高,尤其是男性学龄青少年,应尽快将超重和肥胖的防治列入学校卫生工作的重点,开展适宜的健康教育,引导学生和家长建立正确的生活习惯和健康观念。     

Obesity rates among rural Ontario schoolchildren

BACKGROUND: The majority of existing studies of obesity risk among Canadian children come from urban populations. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of obesity in a sample of rural Ontario children. METHODS: Measures of height and weight were obtained for 504 children attending seven public elementary schools in Grey and Bruce Counties, a predominantly rural area of Southern Ontario. Body mass index (BMI, or weight/height2) scores were calculated and compared with reference data from the Centers for Disease Control. RESULTS: Rates of overweight and obesity were high in this sample, with 17.7% of children classified as overweight and 10.9% classified as obese. There was a significantly high prevalence of overweight for both boys (17.8%) and girls (17.5%) (Chi-square = 75.70, p < 0.001). However there was a significant gender difference in obesity prevalence: 15.0% of boys were obese, compared with 6.8% of girls (Mann-Whitney U = 29133.0, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that among rural children--particularly boys--risk of overweight and obesity are at least as high as in their urban Canadian counterparts. There appear to be fewer girls than boys at the extreme high end of the distribution of BMI, which may indicate differences in the growth environment of rural boys and girls.     

义乌市城区学龄儿童性发育现状分析

目的 了解义乌市城区学龄儿童性发育现状,比较义乌地区与全国水平的差异。方法 于2016年9-10月分层整群抽取义乌市城区2所小学学龄儿童共1 026名(男578名,女448名),按照统一标准测量其身高、体重、腰围和臀围等。青春期发育指标为女童乳房发育和男童睾丸发育Tanner分期。结果 1)女童9岁组乳房发育到达B2期占18%,B3期及以上达11.5%;男童10岁组睾丸开始发育达8.9%,G3期及以上达1.1%;2)男童超重及肥胖分别占16.1%和13.0%,女童超重及肥胖分别占7.2%和12.6%;3)男童睾丸容积与年龄、身高、体重、BMI、腰围均呈正相关,与年龄相关性最强;4)男童和女童各年龄段超重组及肥胖组开始青春发育比例均高于正常组。结论 义乌市城区学龄儿童性发育水平高于全国平均水平,应引起重视。     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in a national representative sample of Greek children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek school age children and adolescents. DESIGN: Nationwide representative survey. SETTING: Primary and secondary schools all over Greece. SUBJECTS: In all, 6448 students (50.4% boys, 49.6% girls) 6-17 years old. METHOD: A nationwide multistage procedure was followed to obtain a representative sample of youths. Body mass and height were measured by trained personnel. Data were collected between October 1990 and May 1991. RESULTS: According to the 12-month-International Obesity Task Force cutoff values, the overall prevalence of overweight was 17.3% (16.9% for boys, 17.6% for girls). The rate of obesity was 3.6% (3.8% for boys, 3.3% for girls). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was decreasing with age in girls (6-9 years: 23.2 and 6.7%, respectively, 10-17 years: 14.8 and 1.6%, respectively). In boys, the prevalence of overweight was higher in 10-17 years (19.3 and 2.7%, for the rate of overweight and obesity, respectively) than in 6-9 years (12.1 and 5.9%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek children and adolescents is comparable to that reported for most European countries.     

绍兴市0~2岁婴幼儿超重和肥胖现状及影响因素研究

【目的】 了解绍兴市0~2岁婴幼儿超重肥胖流行现状及影响因素,为早期干预提供理论依据。 【方法】 按照随机整群抽样的方法,调查7 985名婴幼儿,以WHO身高标准体重为肥胖的判断标准。 【结果】 0~2岁婴幼儿总的肥胖检出率为2.64%,男童2.99%,女童 2.24%,总的超重检出率为9.83%,男童10.50%,女童9.06%,男女童之间肥胖超重检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ²_肥胖=4.424,χ²_超重=4.687,P均<0.05)。1岁以内婴儿年龄越小肥胖检出率越高,18月以后随年龄增加肥胖检出率呈上升趋势,各年龄组之间的超重及肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(χ²_肥胖=173.627,χ²_超重=161.542,P值均<0.01)。肥胖影响因素有高出生体重、家庭人口多、父母BMI、家长对子女肥胖的态度。 【结论】 绍兴市婴幼儿肥胖检出率处于较高水平,高出生体重、家庭人口多、父母BMI、家长对子女肥胖的态度是本次调查婴幼儿肥胖的影响因素。     

西安市城区2009年7~18岁儿童、青少年超重和肥胖流行病学调查

【目的】 了解西安市城区儿童、青少年超重和肥胖的发病情况。 【方法】 随机整群抽取西安市城区7~18岁中小学生13 994人,采用体质指数(body mass index,BMI)诊断超重和肥胖。采用三次样条对西安市7~18岁儿童青少年体重、身高和BMI百分位数进行拟合,将身高,体重P₅₀,及BMI的P₈₅、P₉₅百分位数值与2005年中国全国标准进行比较。 【结果】 西安市城区7~18岁中小学生超重总发病率为10.42%,男生和女生分别为11.85%和8.83%;肥胖总发病率为4.67%,男生和女生分别为4.92%和4.40%。男生身高P₅₀值在10~15岁(除12岁)比全国标准稍低,男女体重和女生身高P₅₀中位数与全国数值基本接近;男生BMI的P₈₅、P₉₅数值与2005年全国水平基本接近;女生P₈₅和P₉₅值在14岁以前与全国水平基本接近,15岁后有所减低。 【结论】 西安市中小学肥胖发病率在17年间增加了一倍,制定预防儿童超重和肥胖的有效措施势在必行。     

Comparison of anthropometry and parent-reported height and weight among nine year olds

BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is reaching epidemic proportions in North America. We compared parent-report vs. measured BMI overweight and obesity prevalence estimates among 9 year olds using the 1996 NLSCY reports published by Willms et al. (2003) and anthropometric measurements from a regional population of public school children. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for 1,497 9-year-old children (males N = 734; females N = 763) from 75 public schools in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada. BMI from the 1996 NLSCY was based on parental reports of height and weight of 879 nine year olds. To define overweight and obese children, we used internationally accepted age- and gender-specific cut-offs as defined by Cole et al. (2000). RESULTS: The NLSCY overweight prevalence estimates of boys and girls may overestimate overweight boys and girls by 17% and 10%, respectively. Measured obesity prevalence estimates were similar to parent-reports. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that parental reports of height and weight may inflate prevalence estimates of overweight children, but appear reasonably accurate for estimating obesity. Since prevalence of overweight and obesity are often combined to form a global estimate, reliance on parent-reported height and weight may overstate the magnitude of the problem.     

兰州市小学生超重肥胖与锻炼及学校周边环境关联性分析

了解兰州市小学生超重肥胖现象与锻炼及学校周边环境因素的相关性,为降低学生超重肥胖率提供参考.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,选取兰州市4个区8所小学四到六年级共3 600名学生进行身高、体重测量.运用Logistic回归模型,分析学生超重肥胖与锻炼及学校周边环境因素的关联.结果 兰州市小学生超重率为13.8%(男生18.0%,女生9.5%),肥胖率为10.8%(男生11.7%,女生9.8%);性别间超重率差异有统计学意义(χ2=55.10,P<0.01),肥胖率差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.39,P=0.07).Logistic回归分析结果显示,引起男生超重、肥胖的学校周边环境影响因素主要有网吧数量(OR=1.81),女生主要为周边快餐店数量(OR=2.39).结论 学校周边网吧、快餐店数量多是引发学生超重肥胖的重要因素.建议有关部门加强学校周边环境建设,以降低小学生超重肥胖现象的发生.     

Obesity and socioeconomic status in children of Tijuana

BACKGROUND: Although obesity has been associated with socioeconomic status among Hispanics living in the United States, little is known about whether a similar association exists among Hispanics living in Mexico, particularly among those living along the U.S.-Mexico border. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of obesity and its association with socioeconomic status in Mexican schoolchildren attending public and private schools in Tijuana, Baja California. METHODS: Anthropometric measurements and socioeconomic status were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 1172 school children, aged 6 to 13 years from 55 schools in Tijuana in 2001-2002. Underweight (body mass index [BMI] for age 5th percentile or lower), risk of overweight (BMI at 85th percentile or higher), and overweight (BMI greater than 95th percentile) were assessed using charts published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: Abnormalities in weight were found in 46.3% of 587 boys and 43.7% of 585 girls in the study. Undernutrition was found in 3.7% of the boys and 3.8% of the girls. The general prevalence of overweight was 23.2% for boys and 21.7% for girls. Children living in low-income neighborhoods had the thickest biceps skinfolds (p<0.01), while children living in moderate-income neighborhoods and attending public schools had the thickest triceps skinfolds (p<0.001). Although boys living in high socioeconomic status neighborhoods were at decreased risk for being overweight, boys and girls attending private schools had a 75% increased risk (odds ratio, 1.75; confidence interval, 1.22-2.52) of being overweight than children attending public schools. CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity varies by type of school and neighborhood socioeconomic status. The biphasic curve in risk for being overweight associated with neighborhood socioeconomic status suggests that Mexican children living along the U.S. border may be experiencing a nutrition transition with respect to an increased risk of obesity and related chronic disease.