Detection of metallic ocular foreign bodies with handheld sonography in a porcine model.

OBJECTIVE: Eye conditions are common in emergency departments. Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) are a frequent concern. Orbital computed tomography (CT) is traditionally used for evaluation. We sought to evaluate bedside ocular sonography for detecting metallic IOFBs. METHODS: A pig model was chosen. A micrometer was used to create 3 precise metallic fragments: 0.012 x 0.012 x 0.012, 0.025 x 0.025 x 0.012, and 0.05 x 0.05 x 0.012 in. Individual eyes were randomized to the presence or absence of a foreign body. Randomization was also used to determine the specific size of any given IOFB. A standard 18-gauge spinal needle was used to puncture the sclera and introduce the IOFB into the vitreous. Each eye was then evaluated by 2 sonologists for the presence or absence of an IOFB. RESULTS: A total of 28 eyes were used; 12 (43%) were randomized to no IOFB and 16 (57%) to the presence of an IOFB. Of the 16 eyes that received IOFBs, 8 (50%) were 0.012 x 0.012 x 0.012 in; 5 (31%) were 0.025 x 0.025 x 0.012 in; and 3 (19%) were 0.05 x 0.05 x 0.012 in. Sensitivity was 87.5% and specificity 95.8%. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 96.5% and 85.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bedside sonography may identify the presence of metallic IOFBs. The PPV allows a high degree of certainty that an IOFB is actually present if seen and may negate the need for uninfused orbital CT. The NPV was 85.2%. Given the potential grave consequences of a missed IOFB, sonography cannot be used as the definitive test to rule out the presence of a metallic IOFB. In the presence of negative findings, further imaging is warranted.     

Value of power Doppler imaging and the hypoechoic halo in the sonographic detection of foreign bodies: correlation with histopathologic findings.

OBJECTIVE: To present the power Doppler findings and evaluate the hypoechoic rim in increasing the conspicuity of foreign bodies detected on sonography and to correlate the sonographic and histopathologic findings. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2001, all sonographic examinations for evaluation of possible foreign bodies were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who had surgical exploration and pathologic evaluation were included in the study. Gray scale and power Doppler examinations were performed with high-frequency linear array transducers. Histologic evaluation was then correlated with the sonographic findings. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were referred for evaluation of possible foreign bodies. Twelve patients underwent surgery and had pathologic correlation. Sonography had sensitivity of 92% for the overall detection of foreign bodies. There were 2 false-positive findings in which discrete foreign bodies were not seen at gross inspection, but inflammation and scar tissue were present at histologic examination. Pathologic findings were thought to represent chronic foreign body reactions. Hypervascularity immediately surrounding the foreign bodies was shown on power Doppler imaging in all cases, correlating with granulation tissue and neovascularity on pathologic examinations. The hypoechoic halo was shown in all but 2 cases and correlated with fibrinous exudate, granulation tissue, and collagenous capsule formation. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography is an effective and sensitive tool for the detection of soft tissue foreign bodies. The use of power Doppler imaging may aid in detection of possible foreign bodies by increasing the conspicuity of both the hypoechoic halo and the foreign body itself.     

气管、支气管内特殊异物取出术的临床研究

目的探讨气管、支气管内特殊异物的手术方法,提高手术成功率。方法气管、支气管内特殊异物30例,分别应用支气管镜、气管切开及开胸手术等不同方法将异物取出。结果93.3%(28/30)异物在支气管镜下取出,其中应用反张钳取异物占33.3%(10/30),成功率为90.0%(9/10);应用鳄鱼嘴钳取异物占20.0%(6/30),成功率为83.3%(5/6);应用普通异物钳取异物占30.0%(9/30),成功率为100%(9/9);应用尖嘴钳取异物占6.7%(2/30),成功率为100%(2/2);应用成人食管镜钳取异物占10.0%(3/30),成功率为100%(3/3);支气管镜下未取出病例分别经气管切开及开胸手术取出,成功率为100%(2/2)。结论只有根据异物特点选择合适异物钳,并设计合理的手术方法才能将气管、支气管内特殊异物顺利取出。     

Detection of soft tissue foreign bodies in the presence of soft tissue gas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of soft tissue gas on the accuracy of foreign body detection by realtime sonography. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized study using glass, metal, and bone inserted into turkey breasts to simulate human soft tissue foreign bodies. Air was subsequently injected around a random selection of the foreign bodies to simulate soft tissue gas that can accompany a blast or high-force injury. Using a linear transducer, physicians credentialed in the use of sonography were each asked to scan the breasts, identify the location of any foreign body, and describe whether the object located was bone, metal, or glass. They were also asked to describe the characteristics of the foreign body, including surface echogenicity, visibility, and artifacts, if any. RESULTS: The sensitivity for localization of each foreign body by each sonographer was 100% (48 of 48) and was unaffected by the presence of soft tissue gas. The accuracy of classifying the foreign body was poor except with bone. Glass and metal were often confused with each other. With the addition of soft tissue gas over the foreign bodies, the sensitivity of classifying the foreign body was decreased further from a combined 58% to 28%. The presence of soft tissue gas decreased the amount of reflection of the foreign body and obscured the subtle differences in the brightness of each foreign body, leading to a decrease in the accuracy of identification but not localization of the foreign body. CONCLUSIONS: In an experimental model, soft tissue gas does not affect the localization of soft tissue foreign bodies. However, correct identification of the type of foreign body is limited by soft tissue gas because of loss of the typical sonographic characteristics.     

内镜治疗上消化道异物70例分析

目的对上消化道异物的临床特点及内镜下治疗措施进行分析。方法对1993年10月～2007年1月的70例内镜治疗的上消化道异物患者的资料作回顾性分析。结果70例中内镜下成功取出68例（97．1％），其中34例食管异物成功取出32例（94．1％），21例胃内异物全部取出（100．0％），15例十二指肠异物全部取出（100．0％）。21例尖锐形异物取出19例（90．5％），10例长形异物全部取出（100．0％），39例圆钝形异物全部取出（100．0％）。1例（1．4%）轻微并发症为异物嵌顿处黏膜少量出血。2例未能取出的异物为食管异物。病程超过48h有穿孔并发症迹象，其中1例为鱼骨，1例为塑料药品包装板，后经外科手术治疗成功。结论内镜消化道异物取出术是有效、安全的方法。     

儿童上消化道异物并发损伤的危险因素分析

目的:探讨儿童上消化道异物的种类、异物所处消化道位置及异物并发的消化道损伤,对儿童发生上消化道异物造成消化道损伤的相关危险因素进行分析,为上消化道异物的诊断及干预提供进一步的资料及依据.方法:选择安徽省儿童医院2018年6月-2021年6月期间因上消化道异物就诊且完善了无痛电子胃镜(胃镜型号为OLYMPUS EG-27...     

Sonographic findings of intraabdominal foreign bodies due to retained gauze

The ultrasonic images obtained in 2 patients with retained gauze in the abdomen are presented. Identification of a cystic mass with highly irregular internal echoes in patients with previous laparotomy should alert the radiologist to the possibility of foreign body retention.     

Soft tissue foreign bodies: A training manual for sonographic diagnosis and guided removal

Sonography provides excellent detection, localization, and characterization of soft-tissue foreign bodies. Ultrasound guided foreign body removal is a safe and highly successful minimally invasive procedure that facilitates effective treatment and avoidance of complications in patients with soft tissue foreign bodies. Focused laboratory training is critical to successful implementation of a sonographic foreign body management practice.     

小儿支气管异物取出术中并发症原因分析及护理

笔者报道小儿气管支气管异物取出术中常出现喉痉挛、喉水肿、张力性气胸、呼吸心跳骤停等并发症，分析原因：(1)麻醉过浅窥镜刺激，插镜次数多；(2)小儿喉组织松软，粘膜下组织疏松而少纤维，异物进入呼吸道出现炎症反应；(3)异物钳尖穿破支气管，术中不正确高频正压通气；(4)麻醉过浅刺激喉气管后引起迷走神经反射出现呼吸心跳骤停。并针对原因提出护理对策：(1)术前准备好急救物品、器械，确保性能良好；(2)术中监测患儿心率、心律、呼吸、血氧饱和度；(3)异物取出后密切观察患儿的血氧饱和度和二氧化碳浓度；(4)巡回护士、麻醉医师、手术医生密切配合。以提高手术抢救成功率。     

成年食管异物住院患者的临床分析

目的该研究旨在分析食管内异物住院患者的临床特征、手术方法、相关的并发症、术后住院时间以及多科协作的优势。方法回顾性分析71例食管内异物住院患者,将患者分为两组(A组,误食异物24 h内得到有效治疗;B组,误食异物超过24 h得到有效治疗)。比较两组患者的病历资料、食道异物的种类、并发症和术后住院时间方面的差异。结果最常见的异物为枣核、动物骨头和鱼骨。食管上段异物常见,其中A组比B组更常见。两组间的并发症发生率和术后住院时间存在明显差异。B组患者并发症发生率高,术后住院时间长,多科协作治疗能给患者提供更合适的治疗方法。结论大多数食管内异物能在内镜下取出,24 h内有效的治疗能减少并发症和缩短术后住院时间,消化内科、耳鼻喉科及胸外科多科协作能给患者提供有效安全的治疗。     

上消化道异物41例胃镜下治疗分析

目的总结上消化道异物的内镜治疗方法及效果。方法对该院2014年10月-2016年5月41例上消化道异物内镜下治疗病例临床资料进行分析。结果上消化道异物中老年患者多见,异物潴留部位多见于食管(53.6%),异物类型以枣核为主(56.1%),41例患者异物均成功取出,合并穿孔1例。结论内镜治疗上消化道异物是一种安全、有效的方法。     

高龄股骨近端骨折52例手术治疗体会

目的通过对52例70岁以上高龄股骨近端骨折的临床手术治疗分析,探讨其手术适应证、手术方式、围手术期注意事项及术后康复要点。方法回顾性分析52例70岁以上高龄股骨近端骨折手术治疗的临床资料,对手术适应证的把握,手术方式的选择,围手术期注意事项及康复治疗的成功经验进行分析总结。结果本组病例无术中死亡,住院期间死亡1例。随访患者50例,平均随访12个月,功能优良者46例,占88．5％;可4例,占7．7％;差2例3．8％。结论高龄股骨近端骨折只要无手术禁忌证,应积极创造条件,进行手术治疗。合理的围手术期治疗及正确的手术方式和技巧是提高成功率的关键,同时康复治疗是提高疗效、减少并发症必不可少的环节。     

眼内异物的B超诊断及漏诊分析

目的 分析眼内异物的B超诊断图像特征及漏诊情况.方法 应用Cine-Scan法国光太AB超声诊断仪对我院126例手术前眼内异物外伤患者进行B超检查,并根据经手术后情况进行分析.结果 金属异物占74.6%,非金属异物占25.4%;球内异物占81.8%、眼球壁异物占9.5%和眶内异物占7.1%;漏诊占1.6%.漏诊原因主要是B超未能发现微小异物和临床医生未对有眼内异物征象的外伤患者行B超检查.结论 B超检查对眼内异物具有较高的临床诊断价值.在眼科临床诊疗过程中,对有眼外伤史尤其有眼内异物症状的患者,B超应列为常规检查,以避免漏诊、误诊.     

螺旋CT多平面重组对诊断眼眶内异物的应用价值

目的探讨螺旋CT多平面重组（MPR）技术在眼眶内异物的定位诊断中的价值。方法收集我科5年来12例经外科手术证实的病例，采用以色列Marconi公司Sele型螺旋CT进行眼眶轴位薄层扫描，并利用MPR技术对异物进行三维定位分析。结果所有异物通过MPR定位诊断与手术结果相符。结论CT多平面重组技术对眼眶异物的三维定位有重要价值。     

低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理对小儿气管支气管异物的诊断价值

目的:探讨低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理技术对气管支气管异物的诊断价值。方法:对103例气道异物患儿行螺旋CT扫描,CT扫描参数为120kV,40～80mA,层厚7mm,间距7mm,螺距3,扫描后进行层厚3mm,间隔1.5mm内插式重建,对获得的数据进行图像后处理,后处理技术包括多平面重建(MPR)、最小密度投影(MinP)、表面遮盖法重建(SSD)、CT仿真支气管内窥镜(CTVB)。与支气管内窥镜进行比较。结果:103例气管支气管异物均获得满意的后处理图像,螺旋CT及后处理技术的诊断准确性为100%,异物定位与支气管镜检相符97.1%。其中MPR(包括CPR)在显示异物本身和局限性气管、支气管阻塞最好。结论:小儿气管支气管异物可用螺旋CT低剂量扫描,但不能用单一的后处理技术,应该将轴位和多种后处理技术结合起来,综合分析。本病的直接征象是显示异物本身,而局限性支气管阻塞需结合其他征象才能确诊。     

特殊人群上消化道异物的无痛胃镜治疗

目的观察异丙酚联合芬太尼无痛胃镜下治疗特殊人群上消化道异物的安全性和有效性。方法对45例特殊人群上消化道异物患者行异丙酚联合芬太尼静脉全身麻醉下胃镜取出术,记录治疗前、治疗中及治疗后的BP、HR、R、SaO2及患者的反应,记录操作时间。结果45例患者均顺利接受胃镜下治疗,麻醉效果满意。治疗前、治疗中及治疗后BP、HR、R及SaO2差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。44例(44/45)上消化道异物顺利取出,胃镜治疗时间为(13.8±7.2)min。结论对特殊人群的上消化道异物,无痛胃镜下的治疗成功率高,安全性好,值得临床推广应用。     

Airway foreign bodies: A critical review for a common pediatric emergency

BACKGROUND: Airway foreign bodies (AFBs) is an interdisciplinary area between emergency medicine, pediatrics and otolaryngology. It is a life-threatening condition that is not infrequently seen; however, it is poorly covered in medical literature. Accidental aspiration of an element into airways is a widespread clinical scenario among children under 3 years, predominantly males. Moreover, it is the leading cause of infantile deaths and the fourth one among preschool children. DATA RESOURCES: A systemic search was conducted in July 2015 using PubMed/PubMed Central Database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). A total of 1 767 articles were identified and most of them were meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and case series. Those thoroughly discussing assessment and management of AFBs were retrieved. RESULTS: AFBs episodes may be either witnessed or missed. Presence of a witness for the inhalation is diagnostic. The later usually present with persistent active cough. A classical triad of paroxysmal cough, wheezing, and dyspnoea/decreased air entry was reported, though many presentations have inconsistent findings. Hence, diagnosis requires high index of clinical suspicion. Flexible fibro-optic bronchoscopy is the gold standard of diagnosis, whereas inhaled objects are best retrieved by rigid bronchoscopes. CONCLUSIONS: Close supervision of pediatrics is the hallmark of prevention. Caregivers should ensure a safe surrounding milieu, including the toys their offspring play with. Immediate complications result from direct obstruction or injury by the inhaled object. Alternatively, prolonged lodging traps air and induces inflammatory response causing atelectesis and pneumonia, respectively.     

Isolated choroid plexus separation on second-trimester sonography: natural history and postnatal importance.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to investigate the natural history and clinical importance of choroid plexus separation (a > or = 3 mm distance between the choroid plexus and medial wall of the lateral ventricle) as an isolated finding in the second trimester. METHODS: This was a 5-year retrospective review of an ultrasound database, looking for singleton fetuses with a menstrual age of 16 to 26 weeks and a finding of isolated choroid plexus separation. RESULTS: There were 78 cases available for study. The finding of choroid plexus separation was usually transient. Resolution was noted in 37% of the cases that were rescanned within 2 weeks and 71% of the cases that were rescanned more than 2 weeks after the initial diagnosis. Two abnormal karyotypes (trisomy 21 and 47,XXY) and 3 cases with abnormal development not associated with an abnormal karyotype were noted on neonatal follow-up. Cases with abnormal development were quite varied in their presentation. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of isolated choroid plexus separation is usually temporary, resolving in most cases within 4 weeks of the initial diagnosis. Most infants with this finding have no abnormalities. The clinical implication of the lone case of trisomy 21 was limited by a major preexisting risk in this patient. The 3 cases of abnormal development had varying presentations; the causal nature of this association is not yet clear. No trends were noted between the changing choroid plexus appearance with time and abnormal neonatal outcome, but the number of abnormal cases was quite limited.     

儿童上消化道异物特点及电子胃镜取出的有效性分析

目的通过分析不同年龄段儿童上消化道异物特点及临床诊治方法,探讨消化道异物知识普及的必要性及电子胃镜取出的有效性。方法回顾该院1996-2017年收治的101例年龄小于18岁、行上消化道异物电子胃镜取出的患儿资料,分析上消化道异物性质、嵌顿位置、并发症及电子胃镜治疗的有效性。结果学龄期(6~<13岁)和学龄前期(3~<6岁)患儿发生上消化道异物的占比明显高于幼儿期(1~<3岁),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。101例患儿中食源性异物21例(20.79%),非食源性异物中以金属为主。学龄期患儿食源性异物占比明显高于学龄前期和幼儿期(P<0.05)。非食源性异物中,硬币占比明显高于其他金属异物(P<0.05)。硬币异物在学龄前期和学龄期患儿中的占比高于幼儿期(P<0.05)。青春期(13~<18岁)患儿常规性消化道异物(食源性异物和硬币)占比明显低于学龄期和学龄前期(P<0.05);青春期非常规性消化道异物(除食源性异物和硬币外)占比明显高于学龄期和学龄前期(P<0.05)。异物嵌顿于胃和食管的例数明显多于口咽部(P<0.05);食管上段发生异物的占比明显高于食管中段和食管下段(P<0.05)。消化道异物电子胃镜取出的总体成功率为97.03%;鼠齿钳是最常用的钳取器械(51.40%),在硬币异物取出中使用率明显高于非鼠齿钳器械(P<0.05)。结论各年龄段儿童均易发生上消化道异物,以金属异物居多;电子胃镜取出上消化道异物成功率高,鼠齿钳最常用。     

硬质视频内镜取喉咽及食管上段异物177例回顾性分析

目的喉咽及食管上段异物为耳鼻咽喉科常见急诊,探讨使用新的简便的方法取喉咽及食管上段异物。方法回顾性分析2008年6月-2016年1月治疗的177例喉咽及食管上段异物病例。其中,视频内镜下异物取出术130例,视频支撑喉镜下异物取出术47例。结果 177例喉咽及食管上段异物均顺利取出,无咽瘘、食管穿孔等严重并发症出现。结论视频内镜辅助取喉咽及食管上段异物简便、高清、安全和有效。